The Androscoggin ( Ammoscongon ) were an Abenaki people from what are now the U.S. states of Maine and New Hampshire . By the 18th century, they were absorbed by neighboring tribes.
62-651: The Main Street–Frye Street Historic District is a historic district comprising houses on Frye Street and parts of College Street and Main Street in Lewiston, Maine . This area was part of the most fashionable residential district of the city in the second half of the 19th century, and was home to many of the city's elite. Its architectural styles are diverse, with a significant number of homes designed by local architect George M. Coombs . The district
124-707: A Masonic temple on Lisbon Street. This group would from 1908 to 1910 build the Kora Temple on Sabattus Street, the largest home of a fraternal organization in the state. Architect George M. Coombs designed this Moorish -style structure. City leaders decided to build a cathedral to which the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland could relocate. Construction of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul began in 1905 and ended in 1938, funded mostly through thousands of small donations from Lewiston residents. It
186-456: A spree shooting occurred at two locations in Lewiston. Eighteen people were killed, and 13 others were injured. The first mass shooting occurred at a bowling alley during a youth league event, while the second occurred minutes later at a restaurant. After a two-day manhunt, the shooter, 40-year-old Robert R. Card, was found dead on October 27 from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound in
248-583: A distinctive view of his residential designs. The area contains the Sen. William P. Frye House and the James C. Lord House , both previously listed on the National Register. Bates College now owns most of the houses on Frye Street. Lewiston, Maine Lewiston ( / ˈ l uː ɪ s t ən / ; French: [luistɔ̃] ) is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine , with
310-473: A female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. Of all households, 35.9% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.81. The median income for a household in the city was $ 36,743, and the median income for a family was $ 46,289. Males had a median income of $ 38,881 versus $ 30,465 for females. The per capita income for
372-554: A large wooden sawmill next to the falls. Burned in 1814 by an arsonist , it was later rebuilt. In 1836, local entrepreneurs—predominantly the Little family and friends—formed the Androscoggin Falls Dam , Lock & Canal Company: ...for the purpose of erecting and constructing dams, locks, canals, mills, works, machines, and buildings on their own lands and also manufacturing cotton, wool, iron, steel, and paper in
434-618: A low crime rate and cheap housing. In 1999, ethnic Somalis subsequently began a secondary migration from other states to the former mill town, and after 2005, many Somali Bantus , a separate ethnicity, followed suit. In October 2002, then- Mayor Laurier T. Raymond wrote an open letter addressed to leaders of the Somali community, predicting a negative impact on the city's social services and requesting that they discourage further relocation to Lewiston. The letter angered many and prompted some community leaders and residents to speak out against
496-454: A period of ten years. Some residents of the affected neighborhoods felt that the plan was initially announced with little input from them. They formed a neighborhood group called "The Visible Community", which has since been actively involved in the planning process, and resulted in cooperation between neighbors and city officials to redesign Kennedy Park , including input on the location of new basketball courts, and feedback regarding creation of
558-452: A significant influx of Québécois millworkers who worked alongside Irish immigrants and Yankee mill girls. Lewiston's population boomed between 1840 and 1890 from 1,801 to 21,701. Canadiens settled in an area downtown that became known as Little Canada, and Lewiston's character has remained largely Franco-American ever since. In 1855, a Maine preacher traveled from Parsonsfield to Lewiston to establish an institution of higher learning in
620-656: A small farming town into a textile manufacturing center on the model of Lowell, Massachusetts . The creation of the Bates manufacturing trusts saw rapid economic growth, positioning the city as the wealthiest city in Maine, and created budding affluent districts such as the Main Street–Frye Street Historic District . Although the odd-majority of the population was working class , a distinctive upper class emerged at this time. The Bates Mill remained
682-609: A small library. Lewiston also features The Public Theatre, which puts on different plays throughout the year with about six to eight productions per season. It is downtown on Maple St. It was on Park street. It features all types of plays, with actors from all over the world. Its offices are in Auburn at the Great Falls Plaza. Androscoggin people The name of the Androscoggin is derived from an anglicization of
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#1732791815633744-549: A wooded area near Lisbon . It was the deadliest mass shooting in the history of Maine. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 35.54 square miles (92.05 km ), of which 34.15 square miles (88.45 km ) is land and 1.39 square miles (3.60 km ) is water. Lewiston is drained by the Androscoggin River , which forms its western border. The city
806-468: Is bordered by Auburn beyond the river, as well as the towns of Greene , Sabattus , and Lisbon . It is between Portland , the state's largest city and cultural center, and the state capital of Augusta . Downtown Lewiston runs from Oxford Street up to Jefferson Street, and from Adams Avenue to Main Street. This is the city's most densely settled area, home to about half the population. It contains mostly housing, although on Lisbon Street and Main Street, it
868-584: Is bounded by the triangle formed by Pond Road, Randall Road, and Sabattus Street (Route 126). This neighborhood is mostly mid-income suburban residential. McMahon Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School serve the area. Lewiston has a humid continental climate , with very significant temperature variation throughout the year. Summers are usually short, warm, and humid, while winters tend to be very cold, long, and snowy. Lewiston averages 74 inches (190 cm) of snow annually, although this number varies greatly from winter to winter. Snow tends to be
930-688: Is entirely businesses. This neighborhood was once the commercial hub of the whole county, but with the city's economic decline, many downtown stores closed and the former mill housing became run-down, resulting in fallen land values. But like many post-industrial centers, there has followed a period of renovation and revitalization that continues today. This neighborhood includes: Consisting mostly of suburban mid-income housing, this neighborhood runs between Lisbon and Webster Streets, East Avenue, and Alfred Plourde Parkway. Schools that serve this neighborhood are Farwell Elementary, Martel Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School. This neighborhood
992-483: Is known for having an overall low cost of living , substantial access to medical care , and a low violent-crime rate. In recent years, the city of Lewiston has also seen a spike in economic and social growth. While the dominant language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a significant Somali population as well as the largest French-speaking population in the United States (by population) while it
1054-621: Is now called the Business Service Center at Key Bank Plaza, and is home to the local Chamber of Commerce , the Lewiston-Auburn Economic Growth Council, and an arrangement with a number of business service providers. The area's renaissance has gained local, regional, and national recognition. In 2002 and again in 2006, the L-A area led the state in economic development activity, according to
1116-749: Is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana , in percentage of speakers. The Lewiston area traces its roots to 1669 with the early presence of the Androscoggin tribe (the namesake of the county in which the city resides ). In the late 18th century, in 1795, Lewiston was incorporated as Lewistown. The presence of the Androscoggin River and Lewistown Falls made the town an attractive area for manufacturing and hydro-power businesses. The rise of Boston rail and textile tycoon Benjamin Bates saw rapid economic growth rivaling that of Cambridge , Worcester , and Concord . Irish immigrants were recruited to build
1178-586: Is the largest Roman Catholic Church in Maine, and Lewiston's most prominent landmark. While the Diocese of Portland did not relocate to Lewiston, the church nevertheless became a basilica in 2004. It is one of the few American basilicas outside of a major metropolitan area. In 1937, one of the largest labor disputes in Maine history occurred in Lewiston and Auburn. The Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike lasted from March to June and at its peak involved 4,000 to 5,000 workers on strike. After workers attempted to march across
1240-706: The Pigwacket near Fryeburg, Maine they formed the southernmost of the Abenaki tribes and were therefore one of the first in contact with the English colonists of New England . In 1675, the Androscoggin took part in King Philip's War . The renowned hunter, trapper, fisherman and guide, Metallak (1727-1847), was a member of the Androscoggin tribe. In 1725, the Androscoggin joined the Pequawket and migrated to
1302-619: The South due to lower costs of power from more modern technologies (Lewiston's water wheel technology gave way to hydroelectricity , cheaper transportation—as most cotton and materials came from the South—and cheaper labor). Starting in the late 1950s, many of Lewiston's textile mills began closing. This gradually led to a run-down and abandoned downtown area. Chain stores located downtown— Woolworth's , W. T. Grant , S. S. Kresge , JC Penney and Sears Roebuck —shut their doors or moved to malls on
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#17327918156331364-428: The 1980s that saw high unemployment and downtown stagnation, several key events have led to economic and cultural growth, including the transformation of the historic Bates Mill Complex . Because the city took over the complex in 1992 after back taxes went unpaid, years of taxpayer frustration in the city's need to maintain the 1.1-million-square-foot (100,000 m ) behemoth led to two referendums (one non-binding vote,
1426-420: The 2020 census , there were 37,121 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 77.9% White, 13.9% Black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.4% Native American, and 1.0% some other race. 5.5% were of two or more races. As of the 2010 census , there were 36,592 people, 15,267 households, and 8,622 families residing in the city. The population density
1488-470: The Abenaki-language term Ammoscongon, which was the name given for the portion of the Androscoggin river from Lewiston Falls northward, as stated by Pere Pole in 1793. The Ammoscongon once lived in the Androscoggin River watershed, located in present-day southern Maine and northern New Hampshire . Their main village was located in the vicinity of present-day Lewiston, Maine . Together with
1550-785: The Androscoggin River from Lewiston to Auburn, Governor Lewis Barrows sent in the Maine Army National Guard . Some labor leaders, among them CIO Secretary Powers Hapgood , were imprisoned for months after a Maine Supreme Judicial Court judge issued an injunction seeking to end the strike. After World War I, profits from the textile industry in New England mill towns such as Lewiston; Biddeford ; Manchester, New Hampshire ; Waterbury, Connecticut ; and Fall River , Haverhill , Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts began to decline. Businesses began moving to
1612-562: The Androscoggin had been completely driven out of Maine. The governor of New France , Louis de Buade , allocated them two seigneuries on the Saint Francis River . A grant comprising the area of Lewiston was given to Moses Little and Jonathan Bagley, members of the Pejepscot Proprietors , on January 28, 1768, on the condition that fifty families live in the area before June 1, 1774. Bagley and Little named
1674-795: The Maine Department of Economic and Community Development's list of business investments and expansions. In a 2006 KPMG International study measuring the cost of locating and maintaining a business, Lewiston ranked first among the New England communities analyzed, and finished 24th out of 49 U.S. communities analyzed. Lewiston earned a 2007 All-America City Award designation by the National Civic League . The national competition "recognizes communities whose residents work together to identify and tackle community-wide challenges and achieve measurable, uncommon results." 10 cities are selected as All-America Cities each year. In 1999,
1736-565: The Somali community. The rally repudiating the white nationalists attracted 4,000 attendees, including governor John Baldacci , Senators Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins and other officials. Mayor Raymond was reportedly out of town on vacation on the day of the protests. In August 2010, the Lewiston Sun Journal reported that Somali entrepreneurs had helped reinvigorate downtown Lewiston by opening shops in previously closed storefronts. Amicable relations were also reported by
1798-495: The United States government began preparations to resettle an estimated 12,000 refugees from Somalia to select cities throughout the United States. Most of the early arrivals in the United States settled in Clarkston , Georgia , a city adjacent to Atlanta . However, they were mostly assigned to low-rent, poverty-stricken inner-city areas, so many began to look to resettle elsewhere in the U.S. Word soon spread that Lewiston had
1860-399: The age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. Of all households, 34.4% were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size
1922-440: The city was $ 20,014. About 16% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over. Survey Year 2000 Source: U.S. Route 202 and Maine State Routes 11 and 100 are co-signed along Main Street. According to Lewiston's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The Franco Center opened in 2000 in what
Main Street–Frye Street Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue
1984-468: The city's business and political elites because it lay just beyond company-owned lands, and was close to the college. As a result, a significant number of architecturally high-quality houses were built, from Greek Revival and Gothic Revival cottages to elaborate Second Empire style mansions. There are 12 Queen Anne Victorians, and 11 Colonial Revival houses. Twelve of the district's 37 houses were designed by local architect George M. Coombs , providing
2046-572: The city's population at 37,121 as of the 2020 United States Census . The city lies halfway between Augusta , the state's capital , and Portland , the state's most populous city. A part of Androscoggin County , it is one-half of the Lewiston–Auburn metropolitan statistical area , commonly referred to as "L/A." or "L-A." Lewiston exerts a significant impact upon the diversity , religious variety, commerce, education, and economic power of Maine. It
2108-610: The city. In 1855, the Maine State Legislature was petitioned by Lewiston locals to found the Maine State Seminary . The school opened in 1855, and educated the working class of Maine while also providing education for blacks and women at a time when other universities barred their entrance. At its founding, it became the first coeducational college in New England and one of the earliest proponents of abolitionism . During this time, in 1863, Lewiston
2170-853: The college was chartered as Bates College . The city is home to the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul ; 5 colleges and universities; 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places ; the Androscoggin Bank Colisée ; the Stephens Observatory ; the Olin Arts Center ; the Bates College Museum of Art (BCMoA); and two significant general hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center . Prior to European colonization ,
2232-474: The dominant form of precipitation between late November and late March, although freezing rain , sleet , and rain can also occur in the winter when large low pressure systems track directly over or west of the city. Summer in Lewiston typically consists of pleasant temperatures, although high humidity can make the temperature feel more uncomfortable at times. Severe summertime storms, such as tornadoes and tropical cyclones are rare, but not unheard of. As of
2294-596: The first canal in the city. In the spring of 1850, some 400 Irish men recruited in and around Boston by construction contractor Patrick O'Donnell arrived in Lewiston and began work on the canal system. Impressed with the labor force and "working spirit" of the Lewistonions, Bates founded the Bates Manufacturing Company , leading to the construction of 5 mills starting with Bates Mill No. 1 . In August 1850, Maine Governor John Hubbard signed
2356-629: The high demand for textiles helped Lewiston develop a strong industrial base through the Bates Enterprise. However, the concentration of wealth in Benjamin Bates sparked the 1861 Lewiston cotton riots which prompted him to give thousands of dollars back to the city and expand the employment opportunities at his mills. In 1861, a flood of French-Canadian immigration into Maine began, spawned by industrial work opportunities in Maine cities with water power from waterfalls. This brought
2418-650: The incorporation act and the mill was completed 1852. Bates positioned the mill in Lewiston due to the location of the Lewiston Falls which provided the mill with power. Under Bates' supervision, during the Civil War, the mill produced textiles for the Union Army . His mills generated employment for thousands of Irish, Canadians, and immigrants from Europe. The mill was Maine's largest employer for three decades. This company began Lewiston's transformation from
2480-414: The largest all-concrete skate park in Maine. Downtown is home to a new headquarters for Oxford Networks, along with a $ 20-million upgrade in local fiber-optics, a new auto parts store, a campus of the for-profit Kaplan University , the headquarters for Northeast Bank , a parking garage, and the newly renovated Maine Supply Co. building , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . That facility
2542-480: The largest employer in Lewiston from the 1850s to the mid-late 20th century. Railroad construction was key to the development of both Lewiston and its neighbor, Auburn. In 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, running through Lewiston and Auburn, connected these towns to Waterville and the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railway line between Portland, Maine, and Montreal, Quebec. The Androscoggin & Kennebec Railroad
Main Street–Frye Street Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue
2604-576: The local Franco-American merchants and the Somali storekeepers. Somali farmers have had a positive impact on Lewiston agriculture life. Farming was known to be "low caste" to Somalis, before they were forced to labor during slavery. Since migrating to Maine farming has become a part of life to some Somalis. Somali-American players contributed to the Lewiston High School boys soccer team's state championship wins in 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023 under coach Mike McGraw. On October 25, 2023,
2666-404: The mayor, drawing national attention. Demonstrations were held in Lewiston, both by those who supported the immigrants' presence and those who opposed it. In January 2003, about 32 members of a white nationalist group from Illinois demonstrated in Lewiston to denounce Somali immigrants. This prompted a simultaneous counter-demonstration on the campus of Bates College to demonstrate support of
2728-558: The mill building. The Bates Mill complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2010. In May 2004, the city officials announced a plan for urban renewal near the downtown area. The plan was to demolish several blocks of 19th-century millworker housing, lay new streets with updated infrastructure, construct more owner-occupied, lower-density housing, and build a boulevard through one neighborhood using federal Community Development Block Grant funds provided over
2790-460: The mills, owned much of the land in the area, and laid out its streets. Bates College was founded in 1864, named for later mill owner Benjamin E. Bates . The area in between the city's downtown and the Bates campus was originally farmland, which began to be sold off for development in 1851. One of the first houses built on Frye Street was that of Oren B. Cheney , the founder of Bates College, in 1866. The Frye Street area became popular with many of
2852-444: The most represented ethnic group in Lewiston, with 29.4% being of French-Canadian descent and 18.3% French (the two were listed as separate categories in the census although the vast majority were of French-Canadian descent). Following French were Irish at 10.2% and English at 9.9%. There were 15,290 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had
2914-404: The new town Lewistown. Paul Hildreth was the first man to settle in Lewiston in the fall of 1770. By 1795, Lewiston was officially incorporated as a town. At least four houses that have survived from this period are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places . King Avenue and Ralph Avenue were named after Ralph Luthor King, who owned the land near the fairgrounds. Elliott Avenue
2976-482: The other binding). Voters soundly supported the need to pursue redevelopment by maintaining the property and selling it to private developers. In 2001, the city sold three mill buildings to local developers. In 2003, Platz Associates sold the Bates Mill Complex, with the exception of Mill 5 and a small support building. For the next four years, a number of business enterprises expanded after Platz redeveloped
3038-399: The outskirts of Lewiston or Auburn. The city's flagship department store, the four-story B. Peck & Co., closed in 1982 after more than a century in business. As businesses and jobs began to leave the city, people followed. The population stopped increasing at its previous rate and began to slowly decline after 1970, then at a greater rate in the 1990s. After a difficult economic period in
3100-481: The populace rose from 1,801 in 1840 to 21,701 in 1890. In 1855, local preacher Oren Burbank Cheney founded the Maine State Seminary , the first coeducational university in New England and one of the first universities to admit black students before the Emancipation Proclamation . Lewistown quickly became associated with the liberal arts and was incorporated as "Lewiston" in 1864, a year before
3162-477: The railroad links and dig the canals for the textile mills. The Irish stayed, and worked the mills and established flourishing businesses, as evidenced by the McGillicuddy, Callahan, and other Blocks and the St. Joseph's and St. Patrick's churches. In the 1850 U.S. Census , Lewiston was 23% Irish born. The increase in economic stimulus prompted thousands of Quebecers to migrate, causing a population boom ;
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#17327918156333224-435: The region of Lewiston was inhabited by the Androscoggin , an Abenaki people. During the 17th century, Androscoggin were among the first Native American tribes to make contact with European colonists in Maine. Relations soon deteriorated over colonial expansion, and conflicts with colonists and epidemics of infectious diseases devastated the Androscoggin, which responded by migrating to New France from 1669 onwards. By 1680,
3286-478: The towns of Lewiston, Minot , and Danville. The sales of stock attracted Boston investors—including Thomas J. Hill, Lyman Nichols, George L. Ward and Alexander De Witt . De Witt convinced textile and rail tycoon Benjamin Bates , then-President of the Union Pacific Railroad , to come to Lewiston and fund the emerging Lewiston Water Power Company. Soon after Bates arrived, the company created
3348-456: The west side, north of Central Street. It includes all properties on Frye Street, running east from Main to College Streets, and three adjacent houses on the west side of College Street north of Frye. Many of these properties are now part of the Bates campus. Lewiston was developed as a major textile center beginning in the 1830s by John and William Frye. The Franklin Company, which operated
3410-423: Was 1,047.0 inhabitants per square mile (404.2/km ). There were 16,470 housing units at an average density of 483.2 per square mile (186.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 1.3% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.4% from some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. People of French-American descent were by far
3472-442: Was 1,071.5 inhabitants per square mile (413.7/km ). There were 16,731 housing units at an average density of 489.9 per square mile (189.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 86.6% White , 8.7% Black, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.0% Asian , 2.0% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.6% from some other race , and 2.6% from two or more races. In 2010, there were 15,267 households, of which 27.5% had children under
3534-431: Was 2.90. The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. As of the 2000 census, there were 35,690 people, 15,290 households, and 8,658 families residing in the city. The population density
3596-521: Was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The Main Street–Frye Street Historic District encompasses 37 houses, primarily located on two blocks of Main and Frye Streets, between the city's downtown area and the early portions of the Bates College campus. The district extends on the east side of Main Street, between Mountain Avenue and Whipple Street, and includes three houses on
3658-460: Was constructed by Irish laborers, many of whom joined the Lewiston canal construction crews in 1850. The Irish laborers and their families lived in shanty-town neighborhoods called "patches". By 1854, one quarter of Lewiston's population was Irish, the highest concentration in any settlement in Maine. Subsequently, trains connected Quebec with Lewiston on a daily schedule. During the Civil War ,
3720-439: Was formerly St. Mary's Parish. The performing arts center programs events for both Franco-American related performances as well as other cultural displays, such as the center's Piano and Celtic Series. The diverse programming of the venue hosts both local and international performers. The center also hosts events and serves as a museum of the city's Franco-American past with historical artifacts and documentation on display as well as
3782-509: Was incorporated as a city. In 1872, St. Peter's church was built in Lewiston. This was the first French-Canadian national church in Maine. In 1864, the Maine State Seminary was renamed Bates College in honor of Benjamin Bates . In 1880, Le Messager , a French-language newspaper, began printing in Lewiston to serve its predominant ethnic population. The local Kora Shrine was organized in 1891 and held its first meetings in
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#17327918156333844-411: Was named after his wife, Grace O. Elliott, whose son eventually built the family home at 40 Wellman Street. Lewiston was a slow but steadily growing farm town throughout its early history. By the early-to-mid-19th century, however, as water power was being honed, Lewiston's location on the Androscoggin River would prove to make it a perfect location for emerging industry. In 1809, Michael Little built
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