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89-734: Situated across the Danube from the municipality center, Neštin is a practical exclave , as the shortest road (9 km) linking it with Bačka Palanka (across the Ilok–Bačka Palanka Bridge ) leads halfway through the territory of Croatia, and includes two border crossings. A tightened border regime owing to Croatia's accession to the European Union in 2013 has caused considerable inconvenience for daily commuting of students and workers. Agriculture producers of Neštin were affected in particular, because transport of goods through Croatia

178-710: A French–Navarrese expedition attempted to reconquer Navarre while a French army invaded the Low Countries . A Spanish army drove the Navarrese forces back into the Pyrenees , and other Imperial forces attacked northern France , where they were stopped in turn. In 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed the Treaty of Bruges in secret against France, and hostilities resumed on the Italian Peninsula . At

267-549: A Habsburg to succeed him—campaigned throughout 1518 on behalf of his grandson Charles I of Spain , while Francis I of France put himself forward as an alternate candidate. The Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire were forced to cooperate in dealing with the rising influence of Martin Luther , who found support among some Imperial nobles when he opened the way for them to assume authority over their local churches. At

356-532: A French military expedition or might escape, decided it would be safer if he was held captive elsewhere. Francis was convinced he would gain his freedom again if he obtained a personal audience with Charles, and pressed Lannoy, who had intended to transport the king to the Castel Nuovo in Naples, to send him to Spain instead. Lannoy agreed, and on 31 May 1525 he was taken by ship from Genoa, having been told he

445-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

534-718: A host of lesser nobles. The night following the Battle of Pavia, Francis gave Lannoy a letter to be delivered to his mother in Paris, in which he related what had befallen him: "To inform you of how the rest of my ill fortune is proceeding, all is lost to me save honour and life, which is safe." The broken remnants of the French forces, aside from a small garrison left to hold the Castello Sforzesco in Milan, retreated across

623-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

712-424: A lack of gunpowder, the French decided to wait for the defenders to starve. In early December, a Spanish force commanded by Hugo of Moncada landed near Genoa , intending to intervene in a conflict between pro-Valois and pro-Habsburg factions in the city. Francis dispatched a larger force under Michele Antonio I of Saluzzo to intercept them. Confronted by the more numerous French and left without naval support by

801-711: A meeting that achieved little, although the Treaty of Windsor (16 June 1522) reaffirmed the alliance between England and Aragon . Henry and Francis staged an extravagant meeting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold throughout June 1520. The following month, Henry sought an agreement with Charles at Gravelines . Charles was crowned King of the Romans at Aachen in October 1520, but not Holy Roman Emperor, which could only happen if he

890-460: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. Treaty of Madrid (1526) Habsburg victory Capture of Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED]   Republic of Venice [REDACTED]   Papal States (1524–1525) The Italian War of 1521–1526 , sometimes known as

979-685: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

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1068-527: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

1157-495: A raid led by Medici and Bonnivet, occupied the town. On 22 January the main imperial army at Lodi simulated an offensive against Milan, which failed to lure away the French. The Imperial commanders marched with 22,000 infantry, 2,300 cavalry, and 17 cannon to Pavia from Lodi on 25 January. Early in February, a thousand Italian soldiers were defeated at Alessandria before they could reach the French at Pavia. The French position

1246-529: A settlement with the French before another war began. Francis, having argued to retain Burgundy without result, was prepared to surrender it to achieve his own release. On 14 January 1526, Charles and Francis signed and agreed to the Treaty of Madrid. The French king renounced all his claims in Italy, Artois , and Flanders . He surrendered Burgundy to Charles, agreed to send two of his sons to be hostages at

1335-529: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

1424-472: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

1513-825: A veteran of the War of the League of Cambrai , to power in Venice . He quickly began negotiations with the Emperor and on 29 July 1523 concluded the Treaty of Worms, which removed the Republic from the war. Bourbon continued his scheming with Charles, offering to begin a rebellion against Francis in exchange for money and German troops. When Francis, who was aware of the plot, summoned him to Lyon in October, he feigned illness and failed to appear. Francis ordered as many of Bourbon's associates as could be captured to be brought to justice after

1602-494: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

1691-563: Is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave

1780-870: Is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

1869-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

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1958-483: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

2047-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

2136-480: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

2225-412: The Battle of Bicocca on 27 April 1522, Imperial and Papal forces defeated the French, driving them from Lombardy . Following the battle, fighting again spilled onto French soil, while Venice made a separate peace . The English invaded France in 1523, while the French military leader Charles de Bourbon , alienated by Francis's attempts to seize his inheritance, betrayed Francis and allied himself with

2314-735: The Duke of Albany , sending 5,000 infantry and 500 cavalry south to aid the pope in the invasion of Naples. The size of the army grew when it was joined by Papal States recruits, and French infantry led by the Italian condottiero (Italian mercenary captain), Renzo da Ceri . Francis's ploy failed to achieve his aim of leading the Spaniards to abandon northern Italy, as the Imperial commanders ultimately decided not to attack Albany but to concentrate on relieving Pavia. Lannoy attempted to intercept

2403-670: The Edict of Worms against Luther, whilst also aiding the Pope in the return of Parma and Piacenza to Italian authority. Leo, needing the Imperial mandate for his campaign against what he viewed as a dangerous heresy, promised to assist in expelling the French from Lombardy , leaving Francis with only the Republic of Venice for an ally. On 20 August 1521, the Imperial army under Henry of Nassau invaded northeastern France—an attack made in response to de Marck’s attack on Luxembourg. Ardres

2492-732: The Four Years' War , ( French : Sixième guerre d'Italie ) was a part of the Italian Wars . The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , Henry VIII of England , and the Papal States . It arose from animosity over the election of Charles as Emperor in 1519–1520 and from Pope Leo X 's need to ally with Charles against Martin Luther . The war broke out across Western Europe late in 1521, when

2581-592: The Franco-Ottoman alliance . Suleiman invaded Hungary in the summer of 1526, defeating Charles' allies at the Battle of Mohács . Despite these efforts, Francis signed the Treaty of Madrid , surrendering his claims to Italy, Artois , Flanders , and Burgundy . A few weeks after his release, he repudiated the terms of the treaty, starting the War of the League of Cognac . The Italian Wars continued for another three decades, ending with France having failed to regain any substantial territories in Italy. Following

2670-581: The Fugger banking family. The prince-electors all eventually voted for Charles, and he was crowned King of the Romans on 23 October 1520, by which point he already controlled both the Spanish crown and the hereditary Burgundian lands in the Low Countries . During the autumn of 1521, the English became involved in arbitrating between Spain and France. Henry entertained the emperor in Kent for three days, in

2759-472: The Piedmont . The Imperial commander, Prospero Colonna, had only 9,000 men to oppose the French advance and was forced to retreat to Milan. Bonnivet overestimated the size of the Imperial army and moved into winter quarters rather than attacking the city; the Imperial commanders were able to summon 15,000 landsknechts and a large force under Bourbon's command by 28 December, when Charles de Lannoy replaced

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2848-465: The Somme , devastating the countryside in his wake and stopping only 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Paris . When Charles failed to support the English offensive, Suffolk—unwilling to risk an attack on the French capital—turned away from Paris on 30 October, returning to Calais by mid-December. Francis now turned his attention to Lombardy. In September 1523, a French army under Bonnivet advanced through

2937-606: The Treaty of London (1518) , the major European powers ( France , England , Spain , and the Holy Roman Empire ) were outwardly friendly towards each other. The treaty pledged them all to come to the aid of any signatory that was attacked, and to unite against any state that broke the peace. They were divided on the question of the Imperial succession; the Holy Roman Emperor , Maximilian I —intending for

3026-532: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

3115-478: The Alps under the nominal command of Charles IV of Alençon, reaching Lyon by March 1525. After Pavia, the fate of the French king, and of France itself, became the subject of furious diplomatic manoeuvring. Charles V, lacking funds to pay for the war, sought to marry Isabella of Portugal , who would bring with her a substantial dowry. Bourbon, meanwhile, plotted with Henry to invade and partition France, and at

3204-748: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

3293-524: The Duke reached Imperial territory and openly entered the Emperor's service. Charles then invaded southern France over the Pyrenees . Lautrec successfully defended Bayonne against the Spanish, but Charles was able to recapture Fuenterrabia in February 1524. On 19 September 1523, an English army under the Duke of Suffolk advanced into Picardy from Calais. The French, stretched thin by the Imperial attack, were unable to resist, and Suffolk soon advanced past

3382-421: The Emperor's growing power was a threat to his own position in Italy, and Venetian and papal envoys went to Francis suggesting an alliance against Charles. Francis never had any intentions of complying with the remaining provisions of the Treaty of Madrid. On 10 May 1526 the royal council decided to break the treaty. It was made clear that the king would not be bound by the treaty because it had been signed when he

3471-512: The Emperor. The failure of a French attempt to regain Lombardy in 1524 provided Bourbon with an opportunity to invade Provence at the head of a Spanish army. Francis led a second attack on Milan in 1525. His disastrous defeat at the Battle of Pavia , where he was captured by the Imperial captain Charles de Lannoy and many of his chief nobles were killed, led to the end of the war. Francis

3560-481: The French army commanded by Francis himself arrived at Avignon at the end of September 1524, they were forced to retreat back to Italy. On 17 October 1524, as Bourbon and Pescara were returning to Genoa, Francis confirmed his mother as regent during his absence. Shortly afterwards, he crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army numbering more than 40,000. Imperialist troops, not yet recovered from

3649-566: The French from concealed positions in the park's woodland. The French knights in their suits of armour were shot down with ease, and later butchered with daggers. A series of protracted infantry engagements resulted in the rout of the Swiss and French infantry. The French suffered massive casualties, losing the majority of their army. Bonnivet, Jacques de la Palice , La Trémoille , and Richard de la Pole were killed, while de Montmorency, de la Marck, and Francis himself were taken prisoner along with

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3738-482: The French vanguard under Salazzo entered through another. Francis installed Louis II de la Trémoille as the city's governor. At the urging of Bonnivet and against the advice of his other senior commanders, who favoured a more vigorous pursuit of the retreating Lannoy, the king's army then advanced on Pavia , where Antonio de Leyva remained with a sizable garrison. The main mass of French troops arrived at Pavia on 24 October. By 2 November, Montmorency had crossed

3827-468: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

3916-548: The Milan garrison to offset the departure of the Black Band. On 21 February, imperial troops were repelled by the French when they attempted to storm the gates of the park. After the failure of a peace mission proposed by Pope Clement VII , Francis and the pope negotiated an alliance in secret. Negotiations were concluded on 12 December 1524, and a secret treaty was signed by the pope on 5 January. Clement pledged not to assist Charles in exchange for Francis's assistance with

4005-531: The Spanish court, and to restore to Bourbon the territories that had been seized from him. He also agreed to persuade Henry to relinquish the throne of Navarre in favor of Charles "in order to uproot the errors of the Lutheran sect and the rest of condemned sects", and requested to marry Charles' sister Eleanor . Francis was released on 6 March. On 17 March, he crossed the Bidasoa north into France, while at

4094-558: The alliance, he also agreed to marry Henry's only daughter, Mary . In July, the English raided Morlaix and in September an English army marched from Calais, burning and looting the countryside in an unsuccessful attempt to engage the French in battle. To raise money, Francis pursued a lawsuit against Charles III, Duke of Bourbon , who had received the majority of his holdings through his marriage to Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon . After Suzanne's death, Louise of Savoy , her sister and

4183-462: The arrival of a pro-Valois fleet commanded by Andrea Doria , the Spanish troops surrendered. In January 1525, Lannoy was reinforced by the arrival of Frundsberg with fresh landsknechts and cavalrymen, enabling him to renew the offensive. The French outpost at San Angelo was taken, cutting the lines of communication between Pavia and Milan, while a separate column of landsknechts advanced on Belgiojoso and, despite being briefly pushed back by

4272-508: The campaign in Provence, were in no position to offer serious resistance. As the French advanced, the viceroy of Naples retreated from Asti towards Milan. Lannoy, the city's viceroy, who had concentrated 16,000 men to resist the French advance, decided that Milan could not be defended. The city was ridden with the plague , and so to avoid his troops becoming infected, on 26 October he withdrew to Lodi , leaving Milan through one gate as

4361-522: The citadel there. Charles showed no desire to receive Francis personally. Meanwhile, Henry II of Navarre , who had fought alongside Francis at Pavia and who had been imprisoned in Madrid as well, escaped in December 1525. The Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre continued, with Charles occupying Navarre and Henry remaining at large following his escape from Imperial captivity. Charles demanded not only

4450-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

4539-530: The conquest of Naples by giving Albany free passage through his lands. In return, Francis promised to cede lands and maintain Medici rule in Florence. The pope tried to stop Francis from acting immediately, because of the dangers inherent in fighting during the winter months. Against the pope's advice, and the counsel of his own senior commanders, Francis almost immediately detached a portion of his forces under

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4628-543: The dying Colonna. Many of the Swiss now abandoned the French army, and Bonnivet began his withdrawal. The French defeat at the Battle of the Sesia , where Bayard was killed while commanding the French rearguard, again demonstrated the power of massed arquebusiers against more traditional troops; the French army then retreated over the Alps in disarray. D'Avalos and Bourbon crossed the Alps with nearly 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524. Sweeping through most of

4717-591: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

4806-422: The enemy, masked his guns and charged against the entrenched Spanish arquebusiers . In the resulting melee , the Swiss were badly mauled by the Spanish and by a force of landsknechts (Germanic mercenaries). Their morale broken, the Swiss returned to their cantons ; Lombardy was abandoned. Colonna and d'Avalos, left unopposed, proceeded to besiege Genoa , capturing the city on 30 May. The loss of Lombardy

4895-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

4984-524: The expedition near Fiorenzuola , but suffered heavy casualties and was forced to return to Lodi by the intervention of the Black Bands of Giovanni de' Medici , which had just entered French service. On the night of 23 February, Imperial artillery began a bombardment to distract the French, whilst the remainder of the Imperial army moved from their camp to flank the brook that separated the two armies. Ahead of them were sappers , who dismantled part of

5073-542: The fortress of Amaiur ( Baztan , Navarre), laying siege to the fortress the Castilians had just reinforced. On 3   October 1521 the Castilians capitulated in exchange for free passage to Castile. The troops of Guillaume Gouffier then headed to Labourd and on to Behobia , capturing the fortress of Urantzu. Fuenterrabia , at the mouth of the river Bidasoa on the Franco-Spanish border, was captured later in

5162-553: The king's mother, insisted that the territories in question should pass to her because of her closer kinship to the deceased. Francis was confident that seizing the disputed lands would improve his own financial position sufficiently to continue the war and began to confiscate portions of them in Louise's name. Bourbon, angered by this treatment and increasingly isolated at court, sought redress by making overtures to Charles V. The death of Doge Antonio Grimani brought Andrea Gritti ,

5251-590: The mission was lost on its way in Bosnia . In December 1525 a second mission was sent, led by the Croatian nobleman John Frangipani , which managed to reach Constantinople with secret letters asking for the deliverance of Francis and an attack on the House of Habsburg. Frangipani left Constantinople on 8 February with an answer from Suleiman, that promised nothing. Francis' captors, concerned he could be rescued by

5340-516: The month by French-Navarrese troops under Bonnivet and Claude of Lorraine . The French held this advantageous foothold in northern Spain until March 1524. On 28 November 1521 Charles V and Henry VIII signed in secret the Treaty of Bruges . Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec , the French governor of Milan, was tasked with resisting the Imperial and Papal forces. Lautrec was outmatched by Prospero Colonna , and by late November 1521 had been forced out of Milan and had retreated to located towns around

5429-449: The park wall as quietly as possible, in an operation that took most of the night. Columns of Imperial soldiers then entered the park. At the same time, Leyva sortied from Pavia with what remained of the garrison. In the ensuing four-hour battle, the French heavy cavalry masked its own artillery by a rapid advance, and was surrounded and cut apart by  landsknechts  and a thousand massed Spanish arquebusiers , who attacked

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5518-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

5607-575: The presence of Spanish troops 64 kilometres (40 mi) from the Vatican , supported the French candidacy. The election was not a foregone conclusion; with the exception of Frederick of Saxony and Joachim I of Brandenburg , all the electors accepted large bribes from Charles to obtain their votes. Maximilian had already promised sums of 500,000 florins to the prince-electors in exchange for their votes, but Francis offered up to three million florins, and Charles retaliated by borrowing vast sums from

5696-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

5785-402: The river Adda . Lautrec's army was reinforced by Swiss mercenaries . Unable to pay them, he had to give in to their demands to engage the Imperial forces immediately. On 27 April 1522, Lautrec attacked Colonna's combined Imperial and Papal army near Milan at the Battle of Bicocca . Lautrec had planned to use his superiority in artillery to his advantage, but the Swiss, impatient to engage

5874-453: The river Ticino and invested Pavia from the south, completing its encirclement. Inside were about 9,000 men, mainly mercenaries whom Antonio de Leyva was forced to pay by melting down the gold and silver treasures in the city's churches. The French bombardment of Pavia began on 6 November. On 21 November, Francis attempted an assault on the city through two of the breaches but was beaten back with heavy casualties. Hampered by rainy weather and

5963-603: The same time the Dauphin and his brother, who had been brought to Bayonne by Louise and Lautrec, crossed into Spain and captivity. By this time, Francis had attained peace with England by the Treaty of Hampton Court; drafted by Wolsey and the French ambassador at Hampton Court Palace . The treaty—in which France and England agreed not to ally with the Empire independently—was signed in August 1526. Clement VII became convinced that

6052-660: The same time the Milanese chancellor, Girolamo Morone  [ it ] , proposed to d'Avalos that he lead the Italians against their oppressors, and seize the Neapolitan crown for himself. Louise of Savoy raised a small army and funds to defend France against an expected attack upon its eastern borders by English troops. She also sent a first French mission to Suleiman the Magnificent , requesting assistance, but

6141-412: The same time, Francis was faced with Henry's able, efficient and intelligent chief advisor Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , the "power behind the throne" who interposed himself into the quarrels of the continent in an attempt to increase both England's influence and his own. Maximilian's death on 12 January 1519 brought the Imperial election to the forefront of European politics. Pope Leo X , threatened by

6230-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

6319-408: The smaller towns unopposed, Bourbon entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence on 9 August 1524, taking the title of Count of Provence and pledging his allegiance to Henry VIII in return for the latter's support against Francis. By mid-August, Bourbon and d'Avalos had besieged Marseille , the only stronghold in Provence that remained in French hands. Their assaults on the city failed and when

6408-476: The surrender of Lombardy, but also of Burgundy and Provence, forcing Francis to argue that French law prevented him from surrendering any lands possessed by the crown without the approval of Parlement , which would not be forthcoming. By the beginning of 1526, Charles was faced with demands from Venice and the Pope to restore Francesco II Sforza to the throne of the Duchy of Milan , and had become anxious to achieve

6497-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

6586-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

6675-660: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

6764-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

6853-456: The town on 26 September, which was by then largely destroyed. Nassau was forced to withdraw, laying waste to towns along his route of retreat. Tournai , which had been returned to France by Henry VIII in February 1519 as part of the terms of the Treaty of London, was besieged by Imperial forces. Tournai was left to surrender to the besiegers after Francis's army was ordered to retreat, and later disbanded. A Franco-Navarrese force approached

6942-404: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

7031-464: Was a prisoner under duress to give promises. In June 1526, Francis and the Pope, together with the northern Italian cities of Milan, Venice, Florence and Genoa, launched the War of the League of Cognac at Angoulème in an attempt to reclaim the territory the French had lost to the Empire; Henry, named the 'protector' of the League, was not formally involved. Francis and his successor, Henry II , would continue to assert their claims to Milan through

7120-528: Was being taken to Naples. Francis arrived in Barcelona on 19 June. Francis was initially held at the castle at Tarragona, before being moved to Valencia and then to a nearby villa in Benisanó , but Charles, urged to negotiate a settlement by Montmorency and Lannoy, who suggested that the Italians would soon prove unfaithful to their Imperial alliance, ordered the king brought to Madrid and imprisoned in

7209-501: Was crowned by the pope in Rome. To divert Charles—and his army—from entering and possibly taking control of Italy, Francis sought to wage war on the emperor by proxy, and made plans for simultaneous incursions into German and Spanish territory. Luxembourg was attacked under the leadership of Robert de la Marck , whilst a French-Navarrese army simultaneously advanced through Navarre after reconquering St-Jean-Pied-de-Port . The expedition

7298-543: Was driven from Navarre after being defeated at the Battle of Esquiroz on 30 June 1521. Charles was meanwhile preoccupied with the issue of Luther, whom he confronted at the Diet of Worms in April 1521. Pope Leo X was unwilling to tolerate open defiance of his own authority, and considered the Emperor as a potential ally to support him against Luther, whose backers included Frederick of Saxony. In May 1521, Charles proclaimed

7387-435: Was encamped along with the majority of his forces in the great walled park of Mirabello outside the city walls, placing them between Leyva's garrison and the approaching relief army. On 4 February an attack on the park was repelled by the French. Skirmishes and sallies by the garrison continued through the month of February. Medici was seriously wounded and withdrew to Piacenza to recuperate, forcing Francis to recall much of

7476-425: Was followed by England entering openly into the conflict, when on 29 May 1522, the English formally declared war on France. Henry VIII and Charles signed the Treaty of Windsor on 16 June 1522. The treaty outlined a joint English-Imperial attack against France. Charles agreed to compensate England for the pensions that would be lost because of conflict with France and to pay the past debts that would be forfeit; to seal

7565-581: Was imprisoned in the Lombard city of Pizzighettone and then in Madrid . Diplomatic manoeuvres to obtain his release included a French mission sent by his mother, Louise of Savoy , to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent that resulted in an Ottoman ultimatum to Charles. This unprecedented alignment between Christian and Muslim monarchs caused a scandal in the Christian world , and laid the foundation for

7654-484: Was nominally led by the 18-year-old Navarrese king Henry d'Albret , whose kingdom had been invaded by Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1512, but the army was effectively commanded by André de Foix and funded and equipped by the French. The French plans proved to be flawed, as the intervention of Henry of Nassau drove back the Luxembourg offensive; and although de Foix was initially successful in seizing Pamplona , he

7743-483: Was not permitted anymore without extensive paperwork. The 12-meter tall obelisk "Monument to Victims of Fascism 1941-45" designed by Jovan Soldatović is located in Neštin. According to the last official census done in 2011, the village of Neštin has 794 inhabitants. This South Bačka District , Vojvodina location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Practical exclave An enclave

7832-412: Was overrun, Mouzon was severely damaged after being besieged, and Aubenton was sacked and its inhabitants massacred. The attackers were delayed during the three-week siege of Mézières by the resistance of the French, led by Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard . Francis had time to raise a large army at Reims to relieve Mézières . The town was resupplied a few days before the king's army arrived at

7921-404: Was weakened when Medici returned to Pavia on 8 February and replenished the garrison's supply of gunpowder, gathered by the Duke of Ferrara . It was further weakened by the desertion of 2,000 Germans and the departure of nearly 5,000 Grisons Swiss mercenaries, who returned to their cantons to defend their own region following the capture of the town of Chiavenna by Milanese troops. Francis

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