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100-451: On January 31, 1581, King Stefan Batory allowed Mikołaj Firlej, the starosta of Biecz , to grant Magdeburg rights to the town of Radomyśl, located on the territory of villages Dulcza and Ruda. The area of Radomyśl had since the 14th century belonged to the Ligęza noble family ( Półkozic coat of arms ). After the wedding of Elżbieta Ligęza with Mikołaj Firlej, Radomyśl passed as a dowry into

200-706: A decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearls (both were sanctified by Pope Gregory XIII himself), while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania , this way ignoring the stipulations of the Union of Lublin . The Báthory's ceremony of 29 May 1580 coincided with the nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g. Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł , Eustachy Wołłowicz , Jan Karol Chodkiewicz , Konstanty Ostrogski ) initial demands before

300-575: A supermajority for election. The Regency of Algiers (from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century) was an elective monarchy, whose dey was elected, depending on the period, by the Divan of Algiers or by the Taïfa of the raïs (Assembly of the corsairs). The elected deys also bore the title of governor-sultan of Algiers or sultan of Algiers. In Africa, the Mali Empire functioned as both

400-716: A King at their discretion, despite having already elected Ferdinand II as king, and bestowed the Bohemian Crown on Frederick V, Elector Palatine – "The Winter King". However, the Habsburgs regarded this as an act of rebellion, re-imposed their rule over Bohemia in the Battle of the White Mountain and in the aftermath abolished the Bohemian Elective Monarchy and made exclusive Habsburg rule

500-510: A Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski ). Stephen Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's Șimleu Silvaniei ). He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi . He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters. Little

600-508: A conference of tribal and village elders in 57 BC. Unified Silla 's kings were elected by the aristocracy whose powers were on par with the king. In the kingdom of Goguryeo, the ruler was originally chosen from among the heads of the five tribes, most often the Sono tribe. There were several occasions that the Kingdom of Siam and Thailand turned to a semi-elective monarchy system to settle

700-551: A constitutional and elective monarchy. The mansa , or emperor, had to be approved by the Great Assembly known as the Gbara , despite hereditary claims. The Kingdom of Kongo was a purer example of an elective monarchy, where blood claims had even less influence. Nobles elected a king's successor, and it was common for the successor to be of a different family than his predecessor. This form of elective monarchy existed in

800-799: A decade. This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family , framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years. In external politics, Báthory was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed due to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass the requested tax raises. Báthory's health had been declining for several years. He died on 12 December 1586. He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians. His death

900-457: A democratically elected monarch was needed in Spain. The debates regarding Isabella's succession took place until October 1869, when Amadeo I was finally chosen. Nevertheless, his reign lasted until 11 October 1873, when he abdicated citing his inability to solve the problems Spain was going through, after which the parliament proclaimed a republic . Portugal's monarchy contained the remnants of

1000-770: A different king than Denmark and Norway upon succession. The election was usually contested through a Danish invasion of Sweden until Christian II of Denmark after his reconquest of Sweden had many of those voting against him executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath (1520), which ended much of the support for the Danish king on the Swedish throne. In 1810, the Swedish Riksdag elected the French Marshall and Prince of Pontecorvo Jean Bernadotte to be

1100-554: A field in Wola , today a district in Warsaw . Since in Poland, all sons of a noble were nobles, and not only the eldest, every one of an estimated 500,000 nobles could potentially have participated in such elections in person – by far the most extensive franchise of any European country at the time. During the election period, the function of the king was performed by an interrex (usually in

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1200-646: A grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions. In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania . On 29 May 1580 a ceremony was held in the Vilnius Cathedral during which bishop Merkelis Giedraitis presented Báthory

1300-480: A member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes . In 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski . The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to

1400-499: A monarch, to make it officially hereditary (which it became in the later part of the 18th century) and finally to transform it into a full-fledged monarchy – as it was in 1815. The Gallic tribes were each ruled by a rix , which can be translated as king, who were elected for terms of one year or longer. Candidates were drawn from relatives of past kings. The Frankish kingdom was at least partly elective. Merovingian kings were elected, while Carolingian kings were elected at times. In

1500-576: A non-binding referendum was held, in which William Charles Lunalilo won; he was subsequently elected king by the legislature in 1873. King Kalākaua was elected by the legislature in 1874, after Lunalilo's death. However, when Kalākaua died in 1891, the crown demised to the collateral line of his sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani . Prior to 1864, the Hawaiian King-in-Council appointed the heir to the Hawaiian throne. The Tlatoanimeh of

1600-573: A number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews , and denouncing any religious violence . In external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of the Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II . The troublesome south-eastern border with

1700-460: A number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden , the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway ). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and the resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War . By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived. In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored

1800-455: A number of victories in Liviona and began pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war . Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580. In 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov . While

1900-625: A pertaining territory. Since medieval times, the King of Bohemia was elected by the Estates of Lands of the Bohemian Crown . Since 1526, when Ferdinand I assumed the Bohemian Crown, it was always held by the Habsburg branch who later became Holy Roman Emperor and who expected this situation to go on indefinitely. In 1618 the Bohemians chose to exercise in practice their legal right to choose

2000-726: Is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians". During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef Piłsudski . After the Second World War , in the communist People's Republic of Poland , he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary. Nonetheless, his good image remained intact, reinforced by

2100-568: Is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University . Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor , and took part in his military struggle against the Turks . Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined

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2200-490: Is perhaps the best-known example of an elective monarchy. However, from 1440 to 1740, a Habsburg was always elected emperor , the throne becoming unofficially hereditary. During that period, the emperor was elected from within the House of Habsburg by a small council of nobles called prince-electors . The secular electoral seats were hereditary. However, spiritual electors (and other prince-(arch)bishops) were usually elected by

2300-555: The simite . Sabhā was a sort of rural council. In India they are referred to as Samiti and Sabha . The Parthian Empire (248 BC–224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire, is considered to be the oldest elective monarchy in Asia. The King of Kings has been required to undergo an assembly of the nobles called Mahestān , as a vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the imperial throne or to be removed from

2400-400: The 1575/1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election as the most significant for several reasons. First, 'the citizens of the commonwealth were forced to de facto depose their first elected king  – thus applying the right of disobedience they had inscribed in their public records only two years before.' Second, it resulted in two candidates being proclaimed the winner, and in subsequent events

2500-452: The 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election , Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania . Báthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action. At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as

2600-683: The Aztec Empire were chosen by a council of elders, nobles, and priests. He would be selected from a pool of four candidates. The mánkeme (king) of the Kingdom of Nicoya was elected by a council of elders known as the monéxico . French explorer Orélie-Antoine de Tounens claimed to be elected by the Mapuche to be the Great Toqui , Supreme Chieftain of the Mapuches, possibly in the belief that their cause might be better served with

2700-521: The Dutch Republic of the 17th and 18th centuries there was the office of the Stadtholder , whose powers fell short of those of a monarch, and which was elective. Each of the seven Dutch provinces could separately elect its own Stadtholder, and it did not have to be the same person in all of them. In theory anyone could be elected Stadtholder, though in practice it was restricted to members of

2800-805: The Exclusion Crisis , King Charles II strongly opposed any such idea. Following the Glorious Revolution , Parliament enacted the Act of Succession , whose effect was to disinherit the Stuarts and replace them by the Hanoverians , whose dynastic claim was far more remote. William III and Mary II were chosen by Parliament to replace James II . (Mary was James' daughter, William was James' nephew, and William and Mary were succeeded by Mary's younger sister Anne .) Parliament passed laws in

2900-823: The First French Republic . The Order is ruled by the Prince and Grand Master , who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. The Prince and Grand Master holds the rank of Prince, bestowed by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1607 and holds the precedence of a cardinal of the Church since 1630. The Council that elects the prince includes members of the Sovereign Council and other high-ranking office-holders and representatives of

3000-593: The House of Orange . There was no obligation to elect a Stadtholder at all, and the leaders of the Dutch Republican faction, such as Oldenbarnevelt and De Witt , repeatedly tried to abolish the office of Stadtholder or leave it vacant – which it was for several decades of Dutch history. Conversely, the House of Orange and its adherents tried to increase the powers of the Stadtholder to approximate those of

3100-603: The Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579. The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy . A number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics. In his last years, Báthory, with Pope Gregory XVIII 's approval, made a plan with Antonio Possevino for

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3200-907: The Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939. His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy , the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory . In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill , a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation , the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade , and numerous Polish streets and schools. One of

3300-421: The cathedral chapters as religious leaders, but simultaneously ruled as monarch (prince) of a territory of imperial immediacy (which usually comprised a part of their diocesan territory). Thus the prince-bishoprics were elective monarchies too. The same holds true for prince-abbacies, whose princess-abbesses or prince-abbots were elected by a college of clerics and imperially appointed as princely rulers in

3400-547: The de jure apparatus of republicanism. This was particularly the case for Augustus , the first Emperor, who established the Principate. Whilst given many titles (including "Augustus", i.e. "majestic") he described himself as princeps senatus , or merely "first among senators". The illusion of being elected from the Senate continued. Over time the principle weakened as republican government passed into distant history, and

3500-497: The 10th century Western Frankish royal elections switched between different lineages before settling on the Capetians. Medieval France was an elective monarchy at the time of the first Capetian kings; the kings however took the habit of, during their reign, having their son elected as co-king and successor during their reigns. The election soon became a mere formality and vanished after the reign of Philip II . After declaring

3600-551: The Austrian - Russian border, further declined. Its population shrank, there was no industry and no prospects for the residents. The town burned several times, and the situation did not begin to slowly improve until the early 20th century. In 1907, the name of the town was changed to Radomyśl Wielki, to distinguish it from Radomyśl nad Sanem . In September 1914, during World War I , Russian troops seized Radomyśl and their occupation lasted until May 1915, when they were pushed back by

3700-540: The Austrians. In the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Radomyśl belonged to Kraków Voivodeship . The town was a local center of commerce, with several stores and businesses. Radomyśl did not take advantage of the Central Industrial Region (Poland) in the late 1930s. No factories were built here, nevertheless, many residents moved to Dębica and Mielec in search of work. In 1934 Radomyśl regained

3800-482: The Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania. He also founded the Academy of Vilnius , the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university. He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism , while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance , issuing

3900-541: The Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski , who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers. Báthory reorganised the judiciary by the formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581). While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it

4000-654: The Commonwealth. He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber ( szabla batorówka ). His later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland when the Polish state lost its independence. He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi , Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie , Michał Bobrzyński , Józef Szujski and others. Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon , Joachim Lelewel and Jędrzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory

4100-512: The Empire became functionally an absolute monarchy. The office of Roman and Byzantine emperor remained vaguely elective (albeit with the election procedure never strictly defined, but generally understood to be a matter for the Senate). For instance, whilst the first five Emperors were all descended from Julius Caesar , in each case their position was proclaimed, not inherited as of right. Claudius ,

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4200-529: The Estates designated the heirs of King Gustav Vasa as the heirs to the throne. The Danish monarchy was also officially elective, although the eldest son of the reigning monarch was usually elected. This continued until 1660, when a hereditary and absolute monarchy was instituted by Frederick III . Though the monarchy of Norway was originally hereditary, it too became elective in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Candidates had to be of royal blood, but

4300-589: The Legions or Senate as much as by blood (though sons did succeed fathers). In order to bypass the prohibition on heredity and ensure dynastic continuity, many reigning Byzantine emperors had their heirs crowned co-emperor so that the throne could not be considered vacant at their own death and thus the need for succession by election would not arise. A system of elective monarchy existed in Anglo-Saxon England (see Witenagemot ). John of England

4400-777: The Order's worldwide entities. The Sovereign Council, including the Grand Commander, the Grand Chancellor, the Grand Hospitaller, and the Receiver of the Common Treasure, aid the prince in governing the order. The Republic of Venice was ruled from 697 to 1797 by a doge , who normally ruled for life, though a few were forced from office. His powers were never those of an absolute monarch, but he

4500-418: The Polish language. In his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes. Before Báthory's election to the throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia ; the conflict would grow to involve

4600-456: The Polish-Lithuanian one by returning to France. Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at the Battle of Kerelőszentpál . On 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub Uchański , representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Archduke Maximilian III as

4700-463: The Roman kings were overthrown, there remained an absolute prohibition for royal establishment in the Roman constitution, a prohibition which formally remained in place during imperial times, both classical Roman and Byzantine . In practice, however, Imperial Rome was a monarchy. During the Principate (27 BC to 284 AD), which was the foundational stage of Roman imperialism, Roman monarchs would often take care to disguise their de facto position with

4800-410: The Transylvania position. In 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs. The Sejm was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France ; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited

4900-442: The Union of Lubin to have a separate declaration act of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius. With Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was Prussia . Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions. The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and

5000-519: The aftermath of 1383–1385 Crisis , the Council of the Kingdom elected John I , then Master of the Order of Aviz , as King of Portugal . His half-brother Ferdinand I had died without a male heir in October 1383, and different factions made strenuous efforts to secure the throne for Princess Beatrice , Ferdinand's only daughter and Queen consort of Castile and León , or for either of her uncles Infante John, Duke of Valencia de Campos and Infante Denis, Lord of Cifuentes . The Council elected instead

5100-405: The army, which was similar in composition to the Ecclesia of the Demos , the assembly of all free Athenian citizens. Military service often was linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house. In the ancient Roman Kingdom the kings were elected by the Roman assemblies . When a king died, the senate would appoint an interrex to oversee the election for a new king. Once

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5200-416: The childless King Louis II died after the Battle of Mohács . Visigothic Hispania elected the king from the relatives of past kings, in accordance with the Germanic traditions. In practice, the Visigoth kings appointed their eldest sons to manage the kingdom's affairs, so that when the king died the eldest son was politically skilled enough to secure the throne. In the 5th century, hereditary succession

5300-443: The city by force, a compromise was reached. In exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation. Tying up the administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia , receiving his feudal tribute. After securing control over

5400-450: The city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582. The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk , Veliz and most of the Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel . In 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski , whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly

5500-400: The de jure as well as de facto situation. The attempt to make Frederick V King of Bohemia is regarded as a catalyst for the Thirty Years War . Hungary was an elective monarchy until 1687. This elective right carried on for another two more decades in the Principality of Transylvania which de jure continued to belong to the Lands of the Hungarian Crown but had split from Hungary when

5600-430: The descendants of a previous king, which was connected to descent from gods. There could also be joint rule between multiple kings. Disputed succession was common because of a large number of sons sired by kings. However, when single rule appeared in the 9th century, civil wars grew in frequency throughout the region. Later, Christianisation led to the promulgation of primogeniture in Norway in 1163 and Denmark in 1170, but

5700-441: The destruction of 1655–60. In the 18th century, first Jews settled here, and after the Partitions of Poland , Radomyśl found itself in the Austrian province of Galicia (1772–1918). In the mid-19th century, local peasants took part in the Galician slaughter , and during the January Uprising , residents of the town supported Polish rebels fighting in Russian-controlled Congress Poland . In the 19th century Radomyśl, located close to

5800-427: The districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him. Immediately after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy . His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of

5900-401: The elective idea still persisted in the requirement to be certified by a local assembly and subsequently the magnates would still elect the new king, albeit while the incumbent king was still alive. This demonstrated the enduring power of the nobles. Originally, the Kings of Sweden were elected by all free men at the Mora Thing . Elective monarchy continued until 1544, when the Riksdag of

6000-460: The elective principle in requiring reciprocal oaths, the assent of the Cortes and acclamation before acceding to the throne. Portugal's first king Afonso I followed Visigothic precedent by appointing his son as co-ruler to establish a hereditary line of succession, but whenever there was doubt on succession, the elective principle would resume. The Cortes affirmed the crown as elective when it elevated King John in 1385. In Portugal, on 6 April 1385 in

6100-417: The event of the extinction of the royal line, the Legislature would elect a "native aliʻi " as the new monarch and stirps of a new dynasty. In practice, however, during the entire time from 1864 until the abolition of the monarchy, the throne was never passed from parent to child, as every Hawaiian monarch who reigned during that period died without leaving issue. Following the 1872 death of King Kamehameha V ,

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6200-406: The fourth Emperor, in particular stands out, being "elected" to office once the Praetorian Guard had made it clear he was their candidate. Accordingly, heredity never was, and could never be, formally established in law. And whilst the later, more overtly authoritarian Dominate period further stripped the republican veneer from the constitution, Emperors succeeded by a mixture of proclamation by

6300-412: The hands of the Firlej family . In the late 16th century, the town had a parish church, which burned in 1646. New church was funded by the Firlejs, but it was not completed until 1740. Radomyśl also had a hospital and a parish school, and belonged to Lesser Poland’s Sandomierz Voivodeship (province). The town was burned and looted in the Swedish invasion of Poland (Deluge), and it never recovered from

6400-450: The king was considered a primus inter pares (first among equals), and in his absence his duties were performed by his seneschal . The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred when there was no clear heir to the throne, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as wiec , was usually limited to the most powerful nobles ( magnates ) or officials, and

6500-418: The kingdom from its inception around 1400 until its complete disintegration in the early 20th century. In the pre-colonial period, a number of West African rulers, such as the kings and chieftains of the Ashanti Empire and those of Ife and the Oyo Empire , were elected from amongst the various royal families of their polities by colleges of noblemen known as kingmakers . This practice has continued to

6600-422: The kingship was elected by a council of noblemen, rather than automatically passing to the eldest son. In 1905 Prince Carl was elected King of the newly independent Norway by the Storting after a referendum resolved in favor of monarchy. The Scandinavian kingdoms were united under the Danish crown by Margaret I of Denmark in 1389, but many of her successors had the united kingdoms split up as Sweden elected

6700-404: The late 17th and early 18th centuries which explicitly excluded Catholics (and thus the male descendants of James II) from the order of succession . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture and ended disqualification of a person who married a Roman Catholic from succession. In Scotland, the Declaration of Arbroath of 1320 asserted

6800-399: The liberation of Ottoman Hungary by a well organized (mostly Polish) Christian army, and the creation of a strong and independent Hungarian-Polish union under his rule. However, the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area. In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin , and spoke Italian and German; he never learned

6900-436: The most remote of dynastic claims to the Swedish throne – his being chosen derived solely from urgent political and military considerations of the crisis time of the Napoleonic Wars . The Sovereign Military Order of Malta , formerly known as the Knights Hospitaller or the Knights of Malta, remains a sovereign subject of international law since it was exiled to Rome from Malta during the French occupation of Malta under

7000-453: The new Crown Prince , since it was apparent that the Swedish branch of the House of Holstein-Gottorp would die with the childless King Charles XIII . Bernadotte eventually ascended the throne as Charles XIV John of Sweden and founded the still current House of Bernadotte . In this case the elective aspect in the choice of Monarch was especially prominent, since Bernadotte had been a French commoner with no previous connection to Sweden and not

7100-417: The new monarch. However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski , Piotr Zborowski and other opponents of Habsburgs argued against a Habsburg king, fearing the political power of a native Polish king. Zborowski in particular supported electing a princely or ducal ruler. Bathory also pledged several bribes, including 200,000 florins and ransoms for Polish captives taken by the Tatars . After a heated discussion, it

7200-614: The nobility was able to confirm their majority choice for Stephen Báthory and have it recognised, while avoiding war with Maximilian II of Habsburg . Scandinavian kingship, according to the Germanic tradition, was elected upon the death of the previous king. The selection was not always limited to the heirs of the previous king (e.g. in Sweden when the royal house was changing between the houses of Eric and Sverker between generations). Originally, kings were supposed to be elected from among

7300-605: The opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . As Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat. During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years. During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes . Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and

7400-508: The painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and Stanisław Wyspiański . A statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua , Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, Stanisław August Poniatowski . Other monuments to him include one in the Łazienki Palace (1795 by André Lebrun ) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939). He was a patron of

7500-579: The parish church. Also, in the market square there is the only existing prototype of PZL M-2 , Polish trainer aircraft designed in PZL Mielec . Stefan Batory Stephen Báthory ( Hungarian : Báthory István ; Polish : Stefan Batory ; Lithuanian : Steponas Batoras ; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). The son of Stephen VIII Báthory and

7600-576: The person of the primate of Poland ). This unique Polish election was termed the free election ( wolna elekcja ). Although the elective principle was already established in Polish political culture in the late Middle Ages, the rules changed significantly in the 1570s, and the principles developed in that period lasted until the Partitions of Poland . There have been thirteen royal elections in Poland–Lithuania from 1573 to 1764. Roșu (2017) marked

7700-495: The position is not hereditary, in practice every Māori monarch thus far has been a child of the previous monarch. The Hawaiian Kingdom could be considered a de facto example. From 1864 until the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, it was constitutionally a hereditary monarchy utilizing male-preference primogeniture . However, the Constitutions of 1864 and 1887 , and the draft constitution of 1893, all provided that, in

7800-448: The positive views of a popular Polish historian of that period, Paweł Jasienica . Royal election Philosophers Works An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by a monarch who is elected , in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance. The manner of election, the nature of candidate qualifications, and the electors vary from case to case. Historically, it

7900-586: The power. Other monarchs, such as the former Shahs of Iran , have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne. In the Mongol Empire , the Great Khan was chosen by the Kurultai . This was often convened in the capital. Other critical leadership positions were also assigned. The ancient Korean kingdom of Silla elected its first king by

8000-606: The present day. In Afghanistan , loya jirgas have been reportedly organized since at least the early 18th century when the Hotaki and Durrani dynasties rose to power. The ancient Aryan tribes, who are hypothesized to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , came down in intermittent waves from Central Asia and Afghanistan which is a common myth. They practiced a sort of jirga system with two types of councils – simite and sabhā . The simite (summit) comprised elders and tribal chiefs. The king also joined sessions of

8100-458: The rights of the nobles to choose a king if required, which implied elective monarchy. Tanistry was also the system of royal succession until King Malcolm II in the early 11th century introduced direct inheritance. The Isle of Man also used tanistry. In Ireland, from the beginning of recorded history until the mid-16th/early 17th century, succession was determined by an elective system based on patrilineal relationship known as tanistry . In

8200-556: The secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as the legitimate ruler. The resulting conflict was known as the Danzig rebellion . Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached. The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577. However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take

8300-459: The succession of the crown among disputed heirs: Several Māori tribes of the central North Island of New Zealand elected Pōtatau Te Wherowhero as their monarch in 1858. The Māori King movement or Kiingitanga has continued to the present. The current Māori monarch (i.e. monarch of the Kiingitanga movement, not of all Māori) is Kuīni (Queen) Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō . While in principle

8400-609: The throne vacant, the French Chamber of Deputies voted 229–33 to declare Louis-Philippe of France as King of the French during the July Revolution of 1830, creating an elective monarchy. France briefly had again a kind of elective monarchy when Napoleon III was first elected President of France and then transformed himself into an Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire , beginning with its predecessor Eastern Francia,

8500-457: The throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion . He reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish and Lithuanian history , particularly in the military realm. His signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed

8600-566: The throne. Henry IV of England was chosen by Parliament in 1399 to replace Richard II . Richard was childless, and the Earl of March , the next in line to the throne, was a young child at the time, so Parliament bypassed him in favour of Henry, who had led a revolt against Richard. Parliament also confirmed depositions during the Wars of the Roses , as well as Henry VIII's settlements of the crown. During

8700-409: The title and office stayed within the royal family and specifying, more or less precisely, the order of succession. Today, almost all monarchies are hereditary monarchies in which the monarchs come from one royal family with the office of sovereign being passed from one family member to another upon the death or abdication of the incumbent. The kings of Macedon and of Epirus were elected by

8800-576: The town charter, which it had lost in 1919. During World War II , Germans murdered most of town’s Jewish residents. Radomyśl Wielki had its own, local Home Army unit, which in August 1944 took part in Operation Tempest . As a result of the war, the population of the town was reduced from approximately 3,000 (in 1939), to 1,156 (1945). Since 90% of houses were destroyed during the war, Radomyśl does not feature many historic buildings, except for

8900-534: The younger (and illegitimate) son of Peter I , thus avoiding a jure uxoris Castilian king. In the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem , the kingship was partially elected and partially hereditary. During the height of the kingdom in the mid-12th century there was a royal family and a relatively clear line of succession. Nevertheless, the king was elected, or at least recognized, by the Haute Cour . Here

9000-574: Was chosen as King of England by a council of nobles and royal advisors at the death of his brother, Richard I , in 1199 because the heir by strict primogeniture, Arthur of Brittany , was a child at that time. This affirmed the principle of elective monarchy. In 14th, 15th, late 17th and early 18th century England, the evolving relations between the Crown and Parliament resulted in a monarchy with both hereditary and quasi-elective elements – at least as between various contenders with some dynastic claim for

9100-517: Was common for elective monarchies to transform into hereditary ones (whether legally or de facto ) by repeated election of the previous rulers' children, or for hereditary monarchies to acquire elective or semi-elective succession laws, particularly following dynastic crises. Many kingdoms were officially elective historically, though the candidates were typically only from the family of the deceased monarch. Eventually, however, most elected monarchies introduced hereditary succession , guaranteeing that

9200-401: Was decided that Anna Jagiellon , sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus , should be elected 'king' and marry Stephen Báthory. In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland. On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania . After being chosen as king in

9300-410: Was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski , Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and many others. He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub Jasiński , Józef Ignacy Kraszewski , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Henryk Rzewuski and others. He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among

9400-540: Was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III , was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa , who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth. Báthory actively promoted his legend, sponsoring many works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry. In his lifetime, he

9500-514: Was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler. In Poland , after the death of the last Piast in 1370, Polish kings were initially elected by a small council; gradually, this privilege was granted to all members of the szlachta (Polish nobility). Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) were elected by gatherings of crowds of nobles at

9600-601: Was increasingly stable until the Frankish invasions against the Visigoths led to a period of crisis in which the Visigoths reverted to elections. After the crisis was over in the 6th century, the family of Leovigild attempted to revive hereditary succession until Swintila was overthrown and the Fourth Council of Toledo formally declared elective succession as the principle of succession in 633. The Kingship of Aragon

9700-467: Was initially elected by the "rich men" barons. Later this right was limited to the Cortes confirming the succession of the heir. During the 19th century, more precisely between 1870 and 1873, an attempt of such a system took place in Spain. After the Glorious Revolution and Isabella II 's subsequent deposition in 1868 a new parliament was constituted through direct male suffrage. It was then decided that

9800-411: Was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne. In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the piechota wybraniecka , an infantry formation composed of peasants. Many of his projects aimed to modernize

9900-619: Was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya. After Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania . Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania. He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen

10000-540: Was the Republic's highest official and powerful within restrictions and levels of oversight that varied in different periods. The election process began with the Great Council of more than 2000 Venetian aristocrats and employed an elaborate system designed to prevent one family or alliance from dominating the process. It used smaller nominating groups that were reduced in number by the drawing of lots and required

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