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148-485: The conservancy is located east of Mount Edziza and northwest of Kakiddi Lake . It covers an area of approximately 3,528 hectares (8,720 acres) along the eastern boundary of Mount Edziza Provincial Park . The Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy protects habitat for a variety of mammal species such as mountain goats , grizzly bears , caribou and moose . Tenh Dẕetle is the Tahltan name for Mount Edziza, meaning Ice Mountain in

296-475: A collective noun is a specific term of art used as a legal term encompassing all Indigenous peoples living in Canada. Although "Indian" is a term still commonly used in legal documents for First Nations, the descriptors "Indian" and " Eskimo " have fallen into disuse in Canada, and most consider them to be pejorative . Aboriginal peoples has begun to be considered outdated and is slowly being replaced by

444-487: A national historic site , one of the first Indigenous spiritual sites in Canada to be formally recognized in this manner. The Plano cultures was a group of hunter-gatherer communities that occupied the Great Plains area of North America between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. The Paleo-Indians moved into new territory as it emerged from under the glaciers. Big game flourished in this new environment. The Plano culture

592-494: A 101,171-hectare (250,000-acre) recreation area surrounding the 132,000-hectare (330,000-acre) park was also established in 1972. In 1989, Mount Edziza Provincial Park roughly doubled in size when 96,770 hectares (239,100 acres) was annexed from the Mount Edziza Recreation Area . In doing so, the recreation area was greatly reduced in size to around 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres). This small remnant of

740-766: A diet of squash, corn, and bean crops. The Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE – 500 CE. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell Exchange System networked cultures and societies with the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula , Saugeen , and Laurel complexes . First Nations peoples had settled and established trade routes across what

888-533: A distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. The Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages , but are related to each other. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for Eskimo , inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik across the geographical area inhabited by them. Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are often divided into legal categories based on their relationship with

1036-661: A few hundred years ago. The cause of volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates. A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise Mount Edziza, the main mafic rock being basalt which comprises lava flows, cinder cones and ash beds on

1184-451: A large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna , and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or linguistic divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions. Language contributes to

1332-749: A mixed language called Michif . Michif, Mechif or Métchif is a phonetic spelling of Métif, a variant of Métis. The Métis today predominantly speak English , with French a strong second language, as well as numerous Aboriginal tongues . A 19th-century community of the Métis people, the Anglo-Métis , were referred to as Countryborn. They were children of Rupert's Land fur trade typically of Orcadian , Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent. Their first languages would have been Aboriginal ( Cree , Saulteaux , Assiniboine , etc.) and English. Their fathers spoke Gaelic , thus leading to

1480-494: A more moderate climate put an end to the neoglacial period in the 19th century which has resulted in rapid glacial recession throughout the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. This rapid glacial recession is apparent from the lack of vegetation on the barren, rocky ground between the glaciers and their trim lines which are up to 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) apart. Mount Edziza has an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet), making it

1628-624: A pathway and refuge for ice age plants and animals. The area holds evidence of early human habitation in Canada dating from about 12,000 years ago. Fossils from the area include some never accounted for in North America, such as hyenas and large camels . Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon from which a specimen of apparently human-worked mammoth bone was radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago. Clovis sites dated at 13,500 years ago were discovered in western North America during

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1776-486: A prominent cinder cone 2,100 metres (6,900 feet) in elevation. Eve Cone , 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) in elevation, is a symmetrical cone between Buckley Lake and Mount Edziza. The northernmost cinder cone in the Desolation Lava Field is Sidas Cone which consists of two symmetrical halves and reaches an elevation of 1,540 metres (5,050 feet). Mount Edziza is drained on all sides by streams within

1924-570: A regional glaciation that occurred during the Early Pleistocene . The lowermost basalt flow contains basal pillows , directly overlies hyaloclastites and is brecciated and deformed, suggesting it may have been extruded onto a glacier or an ice sheet . Its extrusion onto glacial ice is also evident due to the lack of fluvial and lacustrine sediments at the base of the basalt flow which suggests it did not extrude into lakes or streams. The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of

2072-814: A remote location that is only accessible during summer and early autumn. There is no established road access to the mountain, although the Stewart–Cassiar Highway to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest both extend within 40 kilometres (25 miles) of Mount Edziza. Extending from these roads are horse trails that provide access to the mountain. From Telegraph Creek, the Buckley Lake Trail extends about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake. It then traverses about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to

2220-551: A separate volcanic zone called the east slope centres. The Sheep Track Member is the product of an explosive eruption that originated from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak. It was deposited on all lava flows and cinder cones in the Snowshoe Lava Field with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The source of the Sheep Track pumice is unknown but it probably originated from

2368-425: A small crater at its summit; the current peak is an erosional remnant etched from the eastern crater rim. High on the eastern rim of Ice Peak are two glaciated volcanic cones called Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone , both of which are about 2,285 metres (7,497 feet) in elevation. Punch Cone on the western flank of Ice Peak protrudes through Mount Edziza's ice cap whereas Koosick Bluff and Ornostay Bluff , also on

2516-736: A vent hidden under Tencho Glacier. Holocene in age, the Big Raven Formation has yielded dates of 6520 BCE ± 200 years, 750 BCE ± 100 years, 610 CE ± 150 years and 950 CE ± 6000 years. Underlying the aforementioned geological formations is the Tenchen Member of the Nido Formation , one of many stratigraphic units forming the Big Raven Plateau. Basalt flows and pyroclastic rocks of this Pliocene geological member are exposed north of Raspberry Pass on

2664-443: Is native to America rather than a person who is ethnically Indigenous to the boundaries of the present-day United States. In this sense, native may encompass a broad range of populations and is therefore not recommended, although it is not generally considered offensive. The Indian Act  ( Revised Statutes of Canada (R.S.C.) , 1985, c. I-5) sets the legal term Indian , designating that "a person who pursuant to this Act

2812-466: Is 1,920 metres (6,300 feet) in elevation and has a diameter of about 0.5 square kilometres (0.19 square miles). The Desolation Lava Field contains at least 10 cinder cones, most of which are clustered near the northern trim line of Mount Edziza's ice cap. Sleet Cone and Storm Cone are rounded, mostly soil-covered, conical mounds that reach elevations of 1,783 metres (5,850 feet) and 2,135 metres (7,005 feet), respectively. North of Storm Cone are

2960-417: Is a hunting grounds that was in use for about 5,000 years. By 7,000–5000 BCE (9,000–7,000 years ago) the west coast of Canada saw various cultures who organized themselves around salmon fishing. The Nuu-chah-nulth of Vancouver Island began whaling with advanced long spears at about this time. The Maritime Archaic is one group of North America's Archaic culture of sea-mammal hunters in

3108-413: Is a nearly symmetrical stratovolcano, its symmetry having been broken by several steep-sided lava domes. Its eastern flank has been eroded by a narrow cirque which is bounded by near-vertical headwalls that breach the eastern summit crater rim. A system of radial meltwater channels has moderately eroded the upper flanks and summit crater rim elsewhere. Lesser modification by erosion has taken place on

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3256-430: Is a partially buried lava dome on the northeastern flank of Mount Edziza. Remnants of a volcanic pile called Pharaoh Dome occur along the eastern flank of Mount Edziza. They lie at an elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) between Tennaya Creek and Cartoona Ridge. Cinder Cliff is a 210-metre-high (690-foot) barrier of volcanic rocks on the eastern side of Mount Edziza at an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) in

3404-424: Is almost completely surrounded by ice. Cocoa Crater is the largest cone in the Snowshoe Lava Field and is 2,117 metres (6,946 feet) in elevation. To the southeast is Coffee Crater which has an elevation of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet). Keda Cone , 1,980 metres (6,500 feet) in elevation, lies just south of Coffee Crater on the south side of upper Taweh Creek . A saucer -shaped mound of lava called The Saucer

3552-409: Is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnic identity. In conversation, this would be "I am Haida ", or "we are Kwantlens ", in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. Also coming into general use since the 1970s, First Peoples refers to all Indigenous groups, i.e. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Notwithstanding Canada's location within

3700-566: Is believed the inhabitants entered the Americas pursuing Pleistocene mammals such as the giant beaver , steppe wisent (bison), muskox , mastodons , woolly mammoths and ancient reindeer (early caribou). One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice-free corridor on the east side of the Rocky Mountains , and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America. The other conjectured route

3848-644: Is characterized by a range of projectile point tools collectively called Plano points , which were used to hunt bison . Their diets also included pronghorn , elk , deer , raccoon and coyote . At the beginning of the Archaic period , they began to adopt a sedentary approach to subsistence. Sites in and around Belmont, Nova Scotia , have evidence of Plano-Indians, indicating small seasonal hunting camps, perhaps re-visited over generations from around 11,000–10,000 years ago. Seasonal large and smaller game fish and fowl were food and raw material sources. Adaptation to

3996-563: Is indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America. The culture flourished between 3,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE (5,000–3,000 years ago) and was named after their burial ceremonies, which used large quantities of red ochre to cover bodies and grave goods. The Arctic small tool tradition is a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula , around Bristol Bay , and on

4144-537: Is instead translated as "kutlves" in the Tahltan language. An explanation listed in the BC Parks brochure is that Edziza means "cinders" in the Tahltan language. Another explanation proposed by Canadian volcanologist Jack Souther is that Edziza is a corruption of Edzerza, the name of a local Tahltan family. Misspellings of Edziza include Eddziza, Eddiza, Edidza, Edzia and Etseza. Mount Edziza rises from within

4292-664: Is located on the Big Raven Plateau of the Tahltan Highland which extends along the western side of the Stikine Plateau . Mount Edziza has an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet), making it the highest point of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex . However, it had an elevation of at least 3,396 metres (11,142 feet) before its formerly cone-shaped summit was likely destroyed by a violent eruption in

4440-662: Is now Canada by 500 BCE – 1,000 CE. Communities developed each with its own culture, customs, and character. In the northwest were the Athapaskan speaking , Slavey , Tłı̨chǫ , Tutchone , and Tlingit . Along the Pacific coast were the Tsimshian ; Haida; Salish ; Kwakwakaʼwakw ; Heiltsuk ; Nootka ; Nisga'a ; Senakw and Gitxsan . In the plains were the Niisitapi ; Káínawa ; Tsuutʼina ; and Piikáni . In

4588-510: Is one of seven ecosections comprising the Boreal Mountains and Plateaus Ecoregion , a large ecological region of northwestern British Columbia encompassing high plateaus and rugged mountains with intervening lowlands . Boreal forests of black and white spruce occur in the lowlands and valley bottoms of this ecoregion whereas birch , spruce and willow form forests on the mid-slopes. Extensive alpine altai fescue covers

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4736-506: Is partially exposed above the ice cap as a discontinuous series of spires and serrated nunataks . Spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest and consist of greenish grey, sparsely porphyritic trachyte . They comprise well-formed, small diameter rock columns that rise nearly vertically more than 90 metres (300 feet) above the ice cap. Nunataks elsewhere on the summit ridge are more subdued, consisting of pyroclastic debris that has been glacially reworked. The eastern side of

4884-406: Is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian." Section 5 of the act states that a registry shall be maintained "in which shall be recorded the name of every person who is entitled to be registered as an Indian under this Act." No other term is legally recognized for the purpose of registration and the term Indian specifically excludes reference to Inuit as per section 4 of

5032-559: Is sparsely covered by trachyte of the Edziza Formation while the western edge of the ridge overlaps with a large flow of Edziza trachyte. Tsekone Ridge is an isolated volcanic pile adjacent to Pillow Ridge consisting of basaltic pillow lava and tuff breccia that has been cut by vertical north-trending feeder dikes . This ridge is elliptical in structure, containing a nearly 2-kilometre-long (1.2-mile), north–south trending axis. Nearly surrounding Tsekone Ridge are trachyte flows of

5180-535: Is that they migrated, either on foot or using primitive boats , down the Pacific coast to the tip of South America, and then crossed the Rockies and Andes . Evidence of the latter has been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of metres following the last ice age. The Old Crow Flats and basin was one of the areas in Canada untouched by glaciations during the Pleistocene Ice ages , thus it served as

5328-668: Is the Pyramid Formation which formed during a period of volcanic activity 1.1 million years ago. Another period of volcanic activity about 1 million years ago deposited the Ice Peak Formation on the southern part of the Pyramid Formation. The Pillow Ridge and Edziza formations were formed by two periods of volcanic activity 0.9 million years ago, both of which overlie the Ice Peak Formation. A period of volcanic activity 0.3 million years ago deposited

5476-399: Is the glacially eroded remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza. The southern and western flanks are approximal to those of the original stratovolcano whereas the eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by headward erosion of glacial valleys. At its climax, the stratovolcano had a symmetrical profile and contained

5624-463: Is the only location where mugearites and benmoreites are found in the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Felsic volcanic rocks such as trachyte and rhyolite form the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, the upper part of Ice Peak and several lava domes and flows, as well as pyroclastic rocks. Mount Edziza is subdivided into at least six geological formations , each the product of a distinct stage of volcanic activity. The oldest geological formation

5772-527: The Americas , the term Native American is hardly ever used in Canada, in order to avoid any confusion due to the ambiguous meaning of the word "American". Therefore, the term is typically used only in reference to the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of the present-day United States . Native Canadians was often used in Canada to differentiate this American term until the 1980s. In contrast to

5920-574: The Canadian Martyrs ). Christianization as government policy became more systematic with the Indian Act in 1876, which would bring new sanctions for those who did not convert to Christianity . For example, the new laws would prevent non-Christian Aboriginal people from testifying or having their cases heard in court, and ban alcohol consumption. When the Indian Act was amended in 1884, traditional religious and social practices, such as

6068-516: The Eramosa River around 8,000–7,000 BCE (10,000–9,000 years ago). They were concentrated between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay . Wendat hunted caribou to survive on the glacier-covered land. Many different First Nations cultures relied upon the buffalo starting by 6,000–5,000 BCE (8,000–7,000 years ago). They hunted buffalo by herding migrating buffalo off cliffs. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump , near Lethbridge, Alberta ,

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6216-543: The French colonizers . First Nations and Métis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting Europeans during the North American fur trade . Various Aboriginal laws , treaties , and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and Indigenous groups across Canada. The impact of settler colonialism in Canada can be seen in its culture, history, politics, laws, and legislatures. This led to

6364-717: The Northwest Territories (NWT). Amongst notable Métis people are singer and actor Tom Jackson , Commissioner of the Northwest Territories Tony Whitford , and Louis Riel who led two resistance movements: the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870 and the North-West Rebellion of 1885, which ended in his trial and subsequent execution. The languages inherently Métis are either Métis French or

6512-565: The Potlatch , would be banned, and further amendments in 1920 would prevent " status Indians " (as defined in the Act ) from wearing traditional dress or performing traditional dances in an attempt to stop all non-Christian practices. Another focus of the Canadian government was to make the Aboriginal groups of Canada sedentary, as they thought that this would make them easier to assimilate. In

6660-571: The Stikine River watershed . Elwyn Creek is a westward-flowing stream originating from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza. It contains one named tributary , Kadeya Creek , which flows northwest from Mount Edziza. Sezill Creek is a westward-flowing stream originating from the western flank of Mount Edziza. It is a tributary of Taweh Creek which flows northwest from just south of Mount Edziza. Elwyn Creek and Taweh Creek are tributaries of Mess Creek which flows northwestward into

6808-429: The Stikine River watershed . Mount Edziza consists of several types of volcanic rocks and at least six geological formations that formed during six distinct stages of volcanic activity . The first stage 1.1 million years ago produced basalt flows and a series of rhyolite and trachyte domes. Basalt flows and smaller amounts of trachyte, tristanite , trachybasalt , benmoreite and mugearite produced during

6956-525: The Tahltan language . This British Columbia protected areas related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mount Edziza Mount Edziza ( / ə d ˈ z aɪ z ə / əd-zy-zə ), known to the local Tahltan people as Tenh Dẕetle ( / ˈ t ɛ n ˌ θ ɛ t . l ʌ h / ten-thet-luh ), is a volcanic mountain in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia , Canada. It

7104-848: The Thule culture , which emerged from western Alaska around 1,000 CE and spread eastward across the Arctic , displacing the Dorset culture (in Inuktitut , the Tuniit ). Inuit historically referred to the Tuniit as "giants", who were taller and stronger than the Inuit. Researchers hypothesize that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies used by the expanding Inuit society. By 1300,

7252-578: The Wisconsin glaciation , 50,000–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to northwest North America (Alaska). Alaska was ice-free because of low snowfall , allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide ice sheet covered most of Canada, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years. Aboriginal genetic studies suggest that

7400-498: The subarctic . They prospered from approximately 7,000 BCE–1,500 BCE (9,000–3,500 years ago) along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert , a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine . The Pre-Columbian culture, whose members were called Red Paint People ,

7548-570: The 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation . Throughout the 16th century, European fleets made almost annual visits to the eastern shores of Canada to cultivate the fishing opportunities. A sideline industry emerged in

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7696-457: The 1930s. Clovis peoples were regarded as the first widespread Paleo-Indian inhabitants of the New World and ancestors to all Indigenous peoples in the Americas . Archaeological discoveries in the years 1979–2009 brought forward other distinctive knapping cultures who occupied the Americas from the lower Great Plains to the shores of Chile. Localized regional cultures developed from

7844-476: The 1950s where gold , silver and other metals were discovered. This mineral exploration was conducted by several mineral exploration companies into the early 1990s. Mount Edziza and the surrounding area was made into a large provincial park in the early 1970s to showcase the volcanic landscape. The mountain and provincial park can only be accessed by aircraft or by a network of footpaths from surrounding roads. A number of explanations have been made regarding

7992-698: The 19th century, the government began to support the creation of model farming villages, which were meant to encourage non-sedentary Aboriginal groups to settle in an area and begin to cultivate agriculture. When most of these model farming villages failed, the government turned instead to the creation of Indian reserves with the Indian Act of 1876. With the creation of these reserves came many restricting laws, such as further bans on all intoxicants, restrictions on eligibility to vote in band elections, decreased hunting and fishing areas, and inability for status Indians to visit other groups on their reserves. Farming

8140-516: The Aboriginal peoples. These policies, which were made possible by legislation such as the Gradual Civilization Act and the Indian Act , focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education. Missionary work directed at the Aboriginal people of Canada had been ongoing since the first missionaries arrived in the 1600s, generally from France, some of whom were martyred ( Jesuit saints called

8288-481: The Big Raven Plateau where Eve Cone, Sidas Cone and Tsekone Ridge are visible along the route. Most of the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route is marked by a series of rock cairns from Tsekone Ridge onwards. The distance between Buckley Lake and Mowdade Lake is about 70 kilometres (43 miles) but the hiking length between these two lakes varies depending on the route taken; it can take a minimum of 7 days to hike

8436-399: The Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The weather can change extremely fast along this hiking trail. Mount Edziza can also be accessed by float plane or helicopter, both of which are available for charter at the communities of Iskut and Dease Lake. Kakiddi Lake, Nuttlude Lake, Mowdade Lake, Mowchilla Lake and Buckley Lake are large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft. Landing on

8584-856: The Crown (i.e. the state). Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the federal government (as opposed to the provinces) the sole responsibility for "Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians." The government inherited treaty obligations from the British colonial authorities in Eastern Canada and signed treaties itself with First Nations in Western Canada (the Numbered Treaties ). The Indian Act , passed by

8732-582: The Desolation Lava Field, the Snowshoe Lava Field, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Cinder Cliff and the Sheep Track Member . All of these features consist of alkali basalt and hawaiite with the exception of the Sheep Track Member which comprises a small volume of trachyte pumice. Some of the lava flows comprising the Desolation Lava Field issued from vents adjacent to the northern trim line of the summit ice cap where meltwater interacted with

8880-420: The Edziza Formation has yielded an age of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years. The Kakiddi Formation consists of the remains of thick trachyte flows and associated pyroclastic rocks. They are lithologically and geomorphologically similar to Edziza Formation trachytes but occur south of the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. The remains of a nearly 1-kilometre-wide (0.62-mile), rubble-covered trachyte flow are present on

9028-484: The Edziza Formation which is slightly younger than the Pillow Ridge Formation. Fission track dating of apatite from partially fused granitic xenoliths in contaminated Pillow Ridge Formation basalt has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years. In contrast, potassium–argon dating has yielded an anomalously old age of 5.9 ± 0.9 million years which is inconsistent with

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9176-552: The Edziza Formation. From Cartoona Ridge north to Tennaya Creek are isolated remnants of Pharaoh Dome, the main mass of which comprises flow-layered rhyolite and is buried under basalt of the Ice Peak Formation. The Ice Peak Formation consists of lava and pyroclastic rocks that originated mainly from Ice Peak about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) south of the summit of Mount Edziza. Two stratigraphic units comprise this once symmetrical stratovolcano, both of which are lithologically distinct. The lower stratigraphic unit, which forms much of

9324-453: The Hawk vein. Further geochemical and geological surveying was performed by Moongold Resources from 1987 to 1989. Mineral exploration conducted by Columbia Gold Mines from 1990 to 1992 consisted of rock sampling, trenching and 7,066 metres (23,182 feet) of drilling in 50 holes. Mount Edziza and the surrounding area was designated as a provincial park in 1972 to showcase the volcanic landscape;

9472-402: The Ice Peak Formation has yielded ages of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years, 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years. These dates being older than those of the Pyramid Formation may be due to excess argon in the Ice Peak Formation and are therefore considered unreliable. Ice Peak Formation basalt flows on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza are interbedded with diamictites recording

9620-577: The Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century. The Inuit had trade routes with more southern cultures. Boundary disputes were common and led to aggressive actions. Warfare was common among Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit, such as the Nunamiut ( Uummarmiut ) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area, often engaged in common warfare. The Central Arctic Inuit lacked

9768-649: The Kakiddi Formation which also overlies the Ice Peak Formation. The youngest geological formation comprising Mount Edziza is the Big Raven Formation which was formed by a period of volcanic activity in the last 20,000 years. The Pyramid Formation is exposed along the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza where rhyolite and trachyte flows, domes and pyroclastic rocks of this formation comprise ridges and prominent cliffs. A basaltic lava flow sequence up to 65 metres (213 feet) thick overlies

9916-746: The Klastline River. After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) and then crosses the river north of the MEVC. From there, the Klastline River Trail traverses west for about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route traverses south from Buckley Lake along Buckley Creek and gradually climbs onto

10064-430: The Koosick and Ornostay bluffs, both of which are thick lobes of trachyte that originated under the summit ice cap. Both bluffs are similar in geomorphology and composition, consisting of several lava flows up to 75 metres (246 feet) thick. The Neck, which forms a prominent 215-metre-high (705-foot) buttress on Sorcery Ridge, is also part of the Ice Peak Formation. Potassium–argon dating of pantelleritic trachyte from

10212-466: The Métis, their heritage and Aboriginal ancestry have often been absorbed and assimilated into their surrounding populations. From the late 18th century, European Canadians (and the Canadian government) encouraged assimilation of Aboriginal culture into what was referred to as " Canadian culture ." These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a series of initiatives that aimed at complete assimilation and subjugation of

10360-435: The New World began. Lower sea levels in the Queen Charlotte sound and Hecate Strait produced great grass lands called archipelago of Haida Gwaii . Hunter-gatherers of the area left distinctive lithic technology tools and the remains of large butchered mammals, occupying the area from 13,000– 9,000 years ago . In July 1992, the Government of Canada officially designated X̱á:ytem (near Mission, British Columbia ) as

10508-718: The Pre-Dorset, and the Independence traditions . These two groups, ancestors of Thule people , were displaced by the Inuit by 1000 CE. The Old Copper complex societies dating from 3,000 BCE – 500 BCE (5,000–2,500 years ago) are a manifestation of the Woodland culture , and are pre-pottery in nature. Evidence found in the northern Great Lakes regions indicates that they extracted copper from local glacial deposits and used it in its natural form to manufacture tools and implements. The Woodland cultural period dates from about 1,000 BCE – 1,000 CE, and has locales in Ontario , Quebec , and Maritime regions. The introduction of pottery distinguishes

10656-488: The Spectrum property by Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines and Newhawk Mines between 1976 and 1981. Consolidated Silver Ridge Mines also built an airstrip and carried out 3,232 metres (10,604 feet) of drilling in 28 holes during this time period. Additional work on the Spectrum property by Newhawk Mines during this time period included the construction of an access road and 313 metres (1,027 feet) of underground development on

10804-513: The Stikine River. Tsecha Creek is a northeast-flowing stream originating from the northern flank of Mount Edziza. Nido Creek flows northeastward from the eastern side of Mount Edziza into Nuttlude Lake . Flowing from the eastern flank of Mount Edziza just southeast of The Pyramid is Tenchen Creek. Shaman Creek flows east and north into Kakiddi Lake from the southern flank of Mount Edziza. Tennaya Creek flows northeastward from

10952-565: The Stikine or Iskut rivers, potentially destroying salmon runs and threatening river bank villages. Like other volcanoes in Canada, Mount Edziza is not monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain its activity level. The Canadian National Seismograph Network has been established to monitor earthquakes throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under

11100-543: The Tahltan Central Government, said "Mount Edziza and the surrounding area has always been sacred to the Tahltan Nation. The obsidian from this portion of our territory provided us with weaponry, tools and trading goods that ensured our Tahltan people could thrive for thousands of years." The mountain was labelled Edziza Peak on Geological Survey of Canada maps as early as 1926. This name for

11248-540: The Tahltan people. This volcanic glass was used in the manufacturing of projectile points and cutting blades which were widely traded throughout the Pacific Northwest . Artifacts made of this obsidian have been recovered from archaeological sites over an area of more than 2,200,000 km (850,000 sq mi) across Alaska, Alberta , Yukon and the British Columbia Coast , making it

11396-531: The Triplex Cones, a group of three eroded circular mounds reaching an elevation of 1,785 metres (5,856 feet). Twin Cone , 1,430 metres (4,690 feet) in elevation, is a pyroclastic cone whose southeastern side has been breached. Moraine Cone has an elevation of nearly 2,135 metres (7,005 feet) and has been nearly destroyed by alpine glaciation. The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains Williams Cone ,

11544-525: The Woodland culture from the earlier Archaic stage inhabitants. Laurentian people of southern Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada. They created pointed-bottom beakers decorated by a cord marking technique that involved impressing tooth implements into wet clay. Woodland technology included items such as beaver incisor knives, bangles, and chisels. The population practising sedentary agricultural life ways continued to increase on

11692-564: The act. Indian remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution ; however, its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive. The term Eskimo has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland . Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit , though the Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are

11840-413: The age of the underlying and overlying formations. This date being much older than the fission track dates most likely results from contamination and introduction of excess argon from the partially fused granitic and gneissic xenoliths in Pillow Ridge Formation basalt. The Edziza Formation consists mainly of trachyte that straddles the pantelleritic trachyte and comenditic trachyte boundary. It includes

11988-496: The basal trachytic surge deposit of the Pyramid Formation; it is included as a part of this formation due to it being coeval with the early stages of Pyramid felsic volcanism. Potassium–argon dating of the Pyramid Formation has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years and 1.2 ± 0.03 million years from comenditic glass , as well as 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years from trachyte. The Pyramid Formation includes Sphinx Dome, Pharaoh Dome and The Pyramid which were

12136-485: The central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, as well as several satellitic features on its summit and flanks. Inside the summit crater of the stratovolcano is a succession of at least four lava lakes that are exposed in the breached eastern crater rim. They are represented by at least four cooling units, the lower two of which are about 30 metres (98 feet) thick. The two upper cooling units reach thicknesses of about 90 metres (300 feet) and may have originated from Nanook Dome,

12284-560: The development of an English dialect referred to as " Bungee ". S.35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 mentions the Métis yet there has long been debate over legally defining the term Métis, but on September 23, 2003, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Métis are a distinct people with significant rights ( Powley ruling ). Unlike First Nations people, there has been no distinction between status and non-status Métis;

12432-411: The earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. The characteristics of Indigenous cultures in Canada prior to European colonization included permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies , and trading networks . Métis nations of mixed ancestry originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married Europeans, primarily

12580-599: The eastern and western flanks of Mount Edziza. Much of the Tenchen Member as well as the southern edge of the Ice Peak volcanic pile are underlain by the Armadillo Formation which consists of Miocene comendite, trachyte and alkali basalt. Most of Mount Edziza is also underlain by Miocene basalt flows of the Raspberry Formation which form the base of prominent escarpments east and west of

12728-516: The eastern flank of Ice Peak in Sorcery Valley and in the south fork of Tennaya Valley where it is divided into two tributary branches. In Kakiddi Valley, the lava flow appears to have spread out to form a once continuous, terminal lobe at least 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) wide; remnants of this terminal lobe are present in the form of isolated outcrops adjacent to Kakiddi Lake and Nuttlude Lake. The source of this Kakiddi flow remains unknown but

12876-546: The eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2,500 BCE (4,500 years ago). These Paleo-Arctic peoples had a highly distinctive toolkit of small blades ( microblades ) that were pointed at both ends and used as side- or end-barbs on arrows or spears made of other materials, such as bone or antler . Scrapers , engraving tools and adze blades were also included in their toolkits. The Arctic small tool tradition branches off into two cultural variants, including

13024-903: The eastern side of Mount Edziza into Nuttlude Lake. All five streams are tributaries of Kakiddi Creek , a north-flowing tributary of the Klastline River which flows north into the Stikine River. Mount Edziza is part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province , a broad area of shield volcanoes, lava domes, cinder cones and stratovolcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska . The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are alkali basalts and hawaiites , but nephelinite , basanite and peralkaline phonolite , trachyte and comendite are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as

13172-486: The erupting lava to form tuff rings . These tuff rings composed of quenched breccia later transitioned into normal subaerial cinder cones as the progressing eruptions displaced ice and meltwater. The Snowshoe Lava Field contains subglacial and subaerial cones, as well as transitional cones which consist of both subaqueous and subaerial ejecta . Eruptions on the heavily eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza created Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone and Cinder Cliff which comprise

13320-558: The federal Parliament in 1876, has long governed its interactions with all treaty and non-treaty peoples. Members of First Nations bands who are subject to the Indian Act are compiled on a list called the Indian Register , and such people are designated as status Indians. Many non-treaty First Nations and all Inuit and Métis peoples are not subject to the Indian Act . However, two court cases have clarified that Inuit, Métis, and non-status First Nations people are all covered by

13468-489: The first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10,000–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting , allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. The first inhabitants of North America arrived in Canada at least 14,000 years ago. It

13616-420: The flanks of the mountain. Basalt at Mount Edziza is in the form of alkali basalt and hawaiite; the latter is thought to be the product of partial fractional crystallization in subterranean magma chambers . Volcanic rocks of intermediate composition such as trachybasalt , tristanite , mugearite and benmoreite are restricted to Ice Peak where they form the upper part of this subsidiary peak. Ice Peak

13764-430: The geologic past; its current flat summit contains an ice-filled, 2-kilometre-in diameter (1.2-mile) crater . The mountain contains several lava domes , cinder cones and lava fields on its flanks, as well as an ice cap that is characterized by several outlet glaciers stretching out to lower altitudes. All sides of Mount Edziza are drained by tributaries of Mess Creek and Kakiddi Creek which are situated within

13912-606: The government would encourage Indians (i.e., First Nations) to enfranchise – to remove all legal distinctions between [Indians] and Her Majesty's other Canadian Subjects . If an Aboriginal chose to enfranchise, it would strip them and their family of Aboriginal title , with the idea that they would become "less savage" and "more civilized," thus become assimilated into Canadian society. However, they were often still defined as non-citizens by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment. The final government strategy of assimilation, made possible by

14060-440: The harsh environment included tailored clothing and skin-covered tents on wooden frames. The North American climate stabilized by 8000  BCE (10,000 years ago); climatic conditions were very similar to today's. This led to widespread migration, cultivation and later a dramatic rise in population all over the Americas. Over the course of thousands of years, Indigenous peoples of the Americas domesticated, bred and cultivated

14208-509: The highest point of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. It has been considered by some to be the highest volcano in Canada, but other sources give higher elevations of 2,860 and 3,160 metres (9,380 and 10,370 feet) for the Silverthrone volcanic complex in southwestern British Columbia. The nearly flat summit of Mount Edziza contains a circular ridge that surrounds an ice-filled, 2-kilometre-in diameter (1.2-mile) crater . This ridge

14356-400: The ice cap near the head of Tennaya Creek . At the head of Tenchen Creek is Tenchen Glacier , a debris-covered glacier on the eastern side of the ice cap. Tencho Glacier at the southern end of the ice cap is the largest outlet glacier. At the head of Tennaya Creek on the eastern side of the ice cap is Tennaya Glacier . As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Mount Edziza

14504-717: The identity of a people by influencing social life ways and spiritual practices. Aboriginal religions developed from anthropomorphism and animism philosophies. The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status. There is a continuous record of occupation of S'ólh Téméxw by Aboriginal people dating from the early Holocene period, 10,000–9,000 years ago. Archaeological sites at Stave Lake , Coquitlam Lake , Fort Langley and region uncovered early period artifacts. These early inhabitants were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, consisting of about 20 to 50 members of an extended family. The Na-Dene people occupied much of

14652-525: The land area of northwest and central North America starting around 8,000 BCE. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabaskan -speaking peoples, including the Navajo and Apache . They had villages with large multi-family dwellings, used seasonally during the summer, from which they hunted, fished and gathered food supplies for the winter. The Wendat peoples settled into Southern Ontario along

14800-423: The largest of three lava domes consisting of Edziza Formation trachyte. Nanook Dome is about 750 metres (2,460 feet) in diameter whose structure appears to be nearly identical to its original form. The other two Edziza Formation trachyte domes, Glacier Dome and Triangle Dome, are elliptical in structure and contain concentric flow layering. Potassium–argon dating of pantelleritic trachyte or comenditic trachyte from

14948-507: The last 20,000 years with the eruption of cinder cones, basalt flows and minor trachyte. Renewed volcanism could block local streams with lava flows, disrupt air traffic with volcanic ash and produce floods or lahars from melting glacial ice. Indigenous peoples have lived adjacent to Mount Edziza for thousands of years. The Tahltan people historically used volcanic glass from Mount Edziza to make tools and weaponry. Mineral exploration just southeast of Mount Edziza commenced in at least

15096-814: The latter two lakes with a private aircraft requires a letter of authorization from the BC Parks Stikine Senior Park Ranger. Indigenous peoples in Canada Indigenous peoples in Canada (also known as Aboriginals ) are the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada. They comprise the First Nations , Inuit , and Métis , representing roughly 5.0% of the total Canadian population . There are over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands with distinctive cultures, languages, art, and music. Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of

15244-503: The main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the Canada–United States border or any eruption that would affect Canada. Mount Edziza lies within the traditional territory of the Tahltan people which covers an area of more than 93,500 square kilometres (36,100 square miles). Historically, Mount Edziza and other volcanoes of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were sources of obsidian for

15392-402: The main sources of the rhyolites and trachytes of this geological formation. The Pyramid is a prominent trachyte dome whose structure has not been greatly modified by erosion, nor has it been buried under younger lavas. In contrast, much of the southern edge of Sphinx Dome has been destroyed by headward erosion of Cook Creek; the western half of this rhyolite dome is also buried under trachyte of

15540-461: The mid-17th century. When Europeans first arrived to Canada they relied on Aboriginal peoples for fur trading skills and survival. To ensure alliances, relationships between European fur traders and Aboriginal women were often consolidated through marriage. The Métis homeland consists of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , and Ontario , as well as

15688-441: The middle of the Big Raven Plateau, a barren plateau in Cassiar Land District bounded on the west by Mess Valley, on the north by Klastline Valley , on the east by Kakiddi Valley and on the south by Chakima and Walkout valleys, the latter two of which are separated by mountainous terrain . It lies at the northern end of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex which also includes the smaller Arctic Lake and Kitsu plateaus to

15836-532: The more-specific Aboriginal , one of the issues with the term native is its general applicability: in certain contexts, it could be used in reference to non-Indigenous peoples in regards to an individual place of origin / birth. For instance, people who were born or grew up in Calgary may call themselves "Calgary natives", as in they are native to that city. With this in mind, even the term native American , as another example, may very well indicate someone who

15984-452: The most powerful eruptions around the world; parts of northwestern Canada could be affected by an ash column if an explosive eruption were to happen from the volcano. Ash columns can drift for thousands of kilometres downwind and often become increasingly spread out over a larger area with increasing distance from an erupting vent. Mount Edziza lies under a major air route from Vancouver , British Columbia to Whitehorse , Yukon, suggesting

16132-565: The most widely distributed obsidian in western North America. The Hidden Falls archaeological site in Alaska has yielded a hydration date of 10,000 years for Edziza obsidian , suggesting the area was being exploited as an obsidian source soon after ice sheets of the Last Glacial Period retreated. Two obsidian flows of the Pyramid Formation occur on The Pyramid and are exposed as two outcrops; they were quarried as evidenced by

16280-400: The mountain is characterized by a series of ridges with intervening valleys. Among these ridges are Idiji Ridge and Sorcery Ridge which are the namesakes of Idiji Glacier and Sorcery Creek , respectively. About 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) south of the summit is Ice Peak , the south peak of Mount Edziza. This prominent pyramid-shaped horn has an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) and

16428-619: The mountain was adopted by the Geographical Names Board of Canada on September 24, 1945, as identified on the 1926 Geological Survey of Canada map sheet 309A. The name Edziza Mountain appeared in the 1930 BC Gazetteer in which it was erroneously spelled Edzia. On December 3, 1974, the form of name was changed from Edziza Peak to Mount Edziza in accordance to a 1927 British Columbia Land Surveyors report, two world aeronautical charts published in 1950 and three British Columbia maps published in 1931, 1933 and 1943. The form of name

16576-850: The mountain. These geological formations are underlain by the Stikinia terrane , a Paleozoic and Mesozoic suite of volcanic and sedimentary rocks that accreted to the continental margin of North America during the Jurassic . Natural Resources Canada considers Mount Edziza a high threat volcano because it has had the highest eruption rate in Canada throughout the Holocene. However, its extremely remote location makes it less hazardous than Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Cayley and Mount Meager in southwestern British Columbia. Mount Edziza trachyte and rhyolite have silica -rich compositions that are comparable to those associated with

16724-453: The mountain. Edzerza was buried on Mount Edziza but his surname was erroneously spelled "Edzertza" on his grave marker. Williams Cone on the northeastern side of Mount Edziza was named in honour of Hank Williams. Eve Cone between Mount Edziza and Buckley Lake was named in honour of Johnny Edzerza's wife, Eve Brown Edzerza. Mount Edziza continues to be an important cultural resource for the Tahltan people. In 2021, Chad Norman Day, president of

16872-426: The mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if Mount Edziza becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting. If Mount Edziza were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan was created to outline the notification procedure of some of

17020-419: The north fork of Tenchen Creek. The Neck , 1,830 metres (6,000 feet) in elevation, is a circular volcanic plug on the southeastern flank of Ice Peak. The Snowshoe Lava Field on the west flank of lce Peak contains at least 12 volcanic cones, a handful of which are named. Tennena Cone is a symmetrical volcanic cone high on the west side of Ice Peak. It has an elevation of 2,350 metres (7,710 feet) and

17168-526: The northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. To the east, the roughly 50-kilometre-long (31-mile) Klastline River Trail begins at the community of Iskut on the Stewart–Cassiar Highway. It extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much its length. The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about 25 kilometres (16 miles) where Kakiddi Creek drains into

17316-778: The northern woodlands were the Cree and Chipewyan . Around the Great Lakes were the Anishinaabe ; Algonquin ; Haudenosaunee and Wendat. Along the Atlantic coast were the Beothuk , Wolastoqiyik , Innu , Abenaki and Mi'kmaq . Many First Nations civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks that included permanent urban settlements or cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture , and complex societal hierarchies . These cultures had evolved and changed by

17464-419: The northwest and 85 kilometres (53 miles) to the northeast, respectively. Mount Edziza is covered with snow year-round, containing a 15-kilometre-long (9.3-mile) and 9-kilometre-wide (5.6-mile) ice cap which covers an area of 70 square kilometres (27 square miles). Several small outlet glaciers extending down to altitudes of 1,700 to 2,000 metres (5,600 to 6,600 feet) drain the ice cap; outlet glaciers on

17612-449: The occurrence of Pyramid obsidian in at least five archaeological sites outside of Tahltan territory. The Ice Peak Formation contains two obsidian flows on Sorcery Ridge that were also exploited as an obsidian source. Sorcery Ridge obsidian occurs in at least two archaeological sites outside of Tahltan territory. In or before 1974, two Tahltan men named Johnny Edzerza and Hank Williams were killed in an avalanche while they were crossing

17760-486: The origin of the name Edziza. A 1927 report by J. Davidson of the British Columbia Land Surveyors claims that Edziza means "sand" in the Tahltan language , referring to the deep volcanic ash deposits or pumice -like sand covering large portions of the Big Raven Plateau around Mount Edziza. According to David Stevenson of University of Victoria 's Anthropology Department, "sand" or "dust"

17908-572: The population density to engage in warfare. In the 13th century, the Thule culture began arriving in Greenland from what is now Canada. Norse accounts are scant. Norse-made items from Inuit campsites in Greenland were obtained by either trade or plunder. One account, Ívar Bárðarson , speaks of "small people" with whom the Norsemen fought. 14th-century accounts relate that a western settlement, one of

18056-624: The property included copper , gold , lead , silver and zinc . Mineral exploration on the Spectrum property began in at least 1957 when Torbit Silver Mines performed surface work on the gold-bearing Hawk vein . This was followed by drilling of the Hawk vein by Shawnigan Mining and Smelting in 1967. Exploration by Mitsui Mining and Smelting in 1970 involved geophysical and geochemical surveying. From 1971 to 1973, Imperial Oil conducted geophysical, geological and geochemical surveying, as well as 463 metres (1,519 feet) of drilling in four holes. Geochemical and geological surveys were conducted on

18204-595: The recreation area lied east of Mount Edziza until 2003 when it was disestablished. Mount Edziza Provincial Park now covers an area of 266,180 hectares (657,700 acres), making it one of the largest provincial parks in British Columbia. In 2021, an approximately 3,528-hectare (8,720-acre) conservation area called the Mount Edziza Conservancy was established east of Mount Edziza along the eastern border of Mount Edziza Provincial Park. It

18352-461: The ridge has been breached by active cirques where remnants of several lava lakes are exposed inside the crater. Formation of the summit crater was likely caused by a violent eruption at the zenith of the mountain's growth. Prior to its formation, the summit of the mountain was at least 610 metres (2,000 feet) higher than it is today, having possibly risen as a narrower summit cone. The central, 2,786-metre-high (9,140-foot) edifice of Mount Edziza

18500-441: The second stage about 1 million years ago comprise Ice Peak , the glacially eroded remains of a stratovolcano in the form of a pyramid-shaped horn . The third and fourth stages 0.9 million years ago created basalt ridges and the central trachyte stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, respectively. Thick trachyte flows were issued during the fifth stage 0.3 million years ago, most of which have since eroded away. The sixth stage began in

18648-548: The south. This complex of shield volcanoes , stratovolcanoes , lava domes , calderas and cinder cones forms a broad, intermontane plateau at the eastern edge of the Tahltan Highland , a southeast-trending upland area extending along the western side of the Stikine Plateau . Mount Edziza is in the Southern Boreal Plateau Ecosection which consists of several upland summits as well as wide river valleys and deeply incised plateaus. It

18796-401: The southern and northwestern flanks of the stratovolcano. Along the north side of Tenchen Valley on the eastern flank of the stratovolcano are 850-metre-high (2,790-foot) cliffs exposing explosion breccias , trachyte lavas and landslide or lahar deposits. Although Mount Edziza is surrounded by relatively flat terrain of the Big Raven Plateau to the north, west and south, the terrain east of

18944-712: The stations in winter for tools, and particularly worked iron, which they adapted to native needs. Notable among the Inuit are Abraham Ulrikab and family who became a zoo exhibit in Hamburg , Germany, and Tanya Tagaq , a traditional throat singer . Abe Okpik was instrumental in helping Inuit obtain surnames rather than disc numbers and Kiviaq (David Ward) won the legal right to use his single-word Inuktitut name. The Métis are people descended from marriages between Europeans (mainly French) and Cree , Ojibwe , Algonquin , Saulteaux , Menominee , Mi'kmaq , Maliseet , and other First Nations. Their history dates to

19092-524: The systematic abolishment of Indigenous languages, traditions, religion and the degradation of Indigenous communities that has been described as a genocide of Indigenous peoples . The modern Indigenous right to self government provides for Indigenous self-government in Canada and the management of their historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within Indigenous communities. National Indigenous Peoples Day recognizes

19240-399: The term Indians in the Constitution Act, 1867 . The first was Reference Re Eskimos (1939), covering the Inuit; the second was Daniels v. Canada (2013), which concerns Métis and non-status First Nations. According to North American archaeological and genetic evidence, migration to North and South America made them the last continents in the world with human habitation . During

19388-409: The term Indigenous peoples . There is also an effort to recognize each Indigenous group as a distinct nation, much as there are distinct European, African, and Asian cultures in their respective places. First Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use since the 1970s replacing Indians and Indian bands in everyday vocabulary. However, on Indian reserves , First Nations

19536-466: The time of the Younger Dryas cold climate period from 12,900 to 11,500 years ago. The Folsom tradition is characterized by the use of Folsom points as projectile tips at archaeological sites. These tools assisted activities at kill sites that marked the slaughter and butchering of bison. The land bridge existed until 13,000–11,000 years ago, long after the oldest proven human settlements in

19684-453: The time of the first permanent European arrivals ( c.  late 15th –early 16th centuries), and have been brought forward through archaeological investigations. There are indications of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada first interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in

19832-456: The trachyte flows comprising Koosick and Ornostay bluffs is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice. The Pillow Ridge Formation is restricted to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge on Mount Edziza's northwestern flank, both of which are glaciovolcanic in origin. Pillow Ridge is a nearly 4-kilometre-long (2.5-mile), northwesterly-trending ridge of basaltic pillow lava, pillow breccia, tuff breccia and dikes . Its upper surface

19980-616: The tributary branch that descended Tennaya Valley probably originated from a vent near the summit of Ice Peak that is now covered by glaciers. Another plausible source is Nanook Dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza. A relatively small trachyte flow descended from a vent on the western flank of Ice Peak and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau. Potassium–argon dating of the Kakiddi Formation has yielded ages of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years from mugearite, as well as 0.30 ± 0.02 million years, 0.29 ± 0.02 million years and 0.28 ± 0.02 million years from trachyte. The Big Raven Formation includes

20128-598: The two Norse settlements, was taken over by the Skræling . After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. By the mid-16th century, Basque fishers were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land, such as those excavated at Red Bay . The Inuit appear not to have interfered with their operations, but they did raid

20276-622: The un-organized traffic of furs overseen by the British Indian Department . Prominent First Nations people include Joe Capilano, who met with King of the United Kingdom, Edward VII , to speak of the need to settle land claims and Ovide Mercredi , a leader at both the Meech Lake Accord constitutional reform discussions and Oka Crisis . Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call

20424-543: The upper slopes but barren rock is abundant at higher elevations. The region is characterized by warm summers and cold, snowy winters; temperatures are warmest in mid-summer during the day when they may hit the 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) range. However, temperatures can drop below freezing during summer nights, making snow or freezing rain a possibility at any time of the year. The closest weather stations to Mount Edziza are located at Telegraph Creek and Dease Lake , which lie about 40 kilometres (25 miles) to

20572-441: The vast cultures and contributions of Indigenous peoples to the history of Canada . First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Indigenous community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity . In Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 , "Aboriginal peoples of Canada" includes Indian , Inuit , and Métis peoples. "Aboriginal" as

20720-480: The volcanic pile, is an assemblage of mostly thin basalt flows. Lavas of intermediate composition such as tristanite, trachybasalt and mugearite are very limited in extent. The upper stratigraphic unit is a highly varied succession of lavas and pyroclastic rocks forming the high, central edifice of Ice Peak. It consists of basalt, trachyte and a variety of intermediate rocks such as tristanite, trachybasalt, benmoreite and mugearite. The Ice Peak Formation also includes

20868-456: The volcano poses a potential threat to air traffic. Volcanic ash reduces visibility and can cause jet engine failure, as well as damage to other aircraft systems. Lava flows are also a potential hazard as they have formerly dammed local streams. Another potential hazard at Mount Edziza is the ignition of wildfires by eruptions as the surrounding area has vegetation. An eruption under the ice cap could produce floods or lahars that may flow into

21016-423: The western flank of Ice Peak, extend westward onto the surrounding Big Raven Plateau. The northeastern side of Mount Edziza contains The Pyramid , a pyramid-shaped lava dome 2,199 metres (7,215 feet) in elevation. Pillow Ridge on the northern side of Mount Edziza has an elevation of 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) while Tsekone Ridge northwest of Mount Edziza has an elevation of 1,920 metres (6,300 feet). High on

21164-422: The western side of Mount Edziza is Triangle Dome , an elliptical lava dome 2,680 metres (8,790 feet) in elevation. Glacier Dome reaches an elevation of 2,225 metres (7,300 feet) on Mount Edziza's lower northeastern flank. A circular lava dome on the southeastern crater rim of Mount Edziza called Nanook Dome has an elevation of 2,710 metres (8,890 feet). Sphinx Dome , 2,380 metres (7,810 feet) in elevation,

21312-469: The western side of the ice cap spread in broad lobes onto the Big Raven Plateau while distributary glaciers on the eastern side drape down steep slopes to form discontinuous icefalls . The Mount Edziza ice cap is the only one worthy of note on the Stikine Plateau. Four glaciers of the ice cap are named, all of which have names of Tahltan origin. Idiji Glacier descends from the eastern side of

21460-551: Was also changed to reflect entrenched local usage and in conformation with Mount Edziza Provincial Park which was established in 1972. Ice Peak was officially named on January 2, 1980, to retain Mount Edziza's Tahltan name, Ice Mountain, which translates to Tenh Dẕetle in the Tahltan language. Just southeast of Mount Edziza was the Spectrum or Red Dog property, a block of mineral claims that covered quartz , pyrite and chalcopyrite mineralization in fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Late Triassic age. Commodities on

21608-464: Was covered by a regional ice sheet during the Pleistocene which receded and advanced periodically until about 11,000 years ago when deglaciation was essentially complete in a steadily warming climate. This warming trend ceased about 2,600 years ago, causing glaciers to advance from Mount Edziza and elsewhere along the volcanic complex as a part of the neoglaciation . The present trend towards

21756-618: Was established in collaboration with Skeena Resources, BC Parks , the Tahltan Central Government and the Nature Conservancy of Canada after Skeena Resources returned their mineral tenures on the Spectrum property. The name of this conservation area was changed to the Tenh Dẕetle Conservancy in 2022 to better reflect the culture, history and tradition of the Tahltan First Nation . Mount Edziza lies in

21904-474: Was still seen as an important practice for assimilation on reserves; however, by the late 19th century the government had instituted restrictive policies here too, such as the Peasant Farm Policy , which restricted reserve farmers largely to the use of hand tools. This was implemented largely to limit the competitiveness of First Nations farming. Through the Gradual Civilization Act in 1857,

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