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34-584: It was the border between ruling families during the partition of Vietnam following the Trịnh–Nguyễn War of the 17th century, serving to effectively divide the country between northern and southern regions. The 17th parallel used as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam from 1954 to 1975 was located just to the south, at the Bến Hải River in Quảng Trị Province . On 25 January 2009

68-511: A boat accident took place on the river, resulting in the deaths of 42 people and the disappearance of five others. 17°45′25″N 106°25′10″E  /  17.75694°N 106.41944°E  / 17.75694; 106.41944 This article about a location in Quảng Bình province , Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Vietnam

102-519: A new Trịnh Lord, the capable Trịnh Tạc , the Royal army attacked the Nguyễn army and defeated it. The Nguyễn were fatally weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original walls. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed to break through

136-425: A result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army attacked north and defeated the weakened Royal army. Quảng Bình Province was captured. Then Hà Tĩnh Province fell to the Nguyễn army. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces made attacks into Nghệ An Province . Under

170-547: A succession of weak emperors had brought the country into a state of civil war (see Lê dynasty's civil war ). For the next 20 years the Trịnh and Nguyễn clans fought as allies against the usurper Mạc Đăng Dung to restore Đại Việt under rule of Lê Emperor. When Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the Mạc dynasty had to retreat to Cao Bang . Nguyễn Kim , the father of the first Nguyễn lords, married his daughter to his subordinate Trịnh Kiểm ,

204-841: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n War [REDACTED] Trịnh Tráng [REDACTED] Trịnh Tạc [REDACTED] Trịnh Căn [REDACTED] Lê Văn Hiểu [REDACTED] Đào Quang Nhiêu [REDACTED] Pieter Baeck   † [REDACTED] Jan Erntsen   † 1774–1775: [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Lan [REDACTED] Nguyễn Phúc Tần [REDACTED] Đào Duy Từ [REDACTED] Nguyễn Hữu Tiến [REDACTED] Nguyễn Hữu Dật [REDACTED] Tôn Thất Hiệp 1774–1775: 18th century 19th century 20th century The Trịnh–Nguyễn Civil War ( Vietnamese : Trịnh-Nguyễn phân tranh ; chữ Hán : 鄭阮紛爭, lit. Trịnh–Nguyễn contention)

238-506: Is that the great military engineer was a Vietnamese general who was hired away from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. This man is given the credit in Vietnam for the successful design of the Nguyễn walls. Against the walls the Trịnh mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships (Dupuy "Encyclopedia of Military History" pg. 596). The initial attacks on the Nguyễn wall were unsuccessful. The attacks lasted for several years. In 1633

272-666: The Vuong (a term meaning prince or king). Hoang died in 1613. The new leader of the Nguyen, Nguyen Phuc Nguyen , continued his father's policy of defiance, but also initiated friendly relations with the Europeans sailing into the area. A foreign trading post was set up in Hoi An . By 1615 the Nguyen were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of Portuguese engineers. In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to

306-641: The Chinese to leave. The official position of the Chinese government was that the Mạc dynasty should rule in the north and the Lê government should rule in the south. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance refused to accept this settlement and continued war with the Mạc. In 1541, Mạc died and his grandson, Phước Hải , became leader of the Mạc forces. In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was assassinated by a Mạc supporter. Nguyễn had two young sons Nguyễn Hoàng and Nguyễn Uông but Trịnh Kiểm took control of

340-576: The Gianh river, then assaulted on the Xiangkhouang citadel and the Nguyen walls, but was halted by the Nguyen navy. The Trinh army lost 17,000 men within the first three days of the offensive against 25,000 Nguyen troops, which forced them to abort the attack and start peace talks. With mediation supplied by the government of the Kangxi Emperor , the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end

374-488: The Mạc king in 1572. However, the Mạc emperor ( Mac Mau Hop ) recaptured the city the next year. 20 years later in 1592, Trinh Tung again captured Hanoi and executed Mac Mau Hop . In 1593, Nguyen Hoang went personally to the court, bringing money and an army to help destroy the remaining Mac armies. Once the Mạc were defeated, Nguyen Hoang held the office of Grand Vizier for the next 7 years. However, his nephew Trinh Tung became increasingly wary of Nguyen Hoang's influence in

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408-603: The Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into northern and southern regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the Gianh River in Quảng Bình Province . This border was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to

442-575: The Nguyễn capital of Huế was captured by the Royal (Trịnh) army. After some fighting with the army of the Tây Sơn, a treaty was signed and the Trịnh army left the destruction of the Nguyễn to the southern rebels. A dozen years later the Trịnh Lords would be thrown out of Vietnam by the youngest and most popular of the Tây Sơn brothers. To fight against the larger and more powerful Imperial army under Trịnh clan, Nguyễn lords actively expanded their territory to

476-628: The South into the former land of the Champa empire. They annexed much of the area that is now the southern half of Vietnam. Both sides were enthusiastic about using foreign technologies and welcoming to outsiders. From foreign traders, craftsmen, and mercenaries (mostly from Portugal, Holland, China and Japan), both sides acquired advanced civil and military technologies such as mechanics, shipbuilding and artillery construction, as well as cultural and religious elements. This long period played an important role in

510-479: The Trịnh tried an amphibious assault on the Nguyễn to get around the wall. The Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. Around 1635 the Trịnh copied the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the Dutch to make cannons and ships for the Royal army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through

544-590: The court and kept Hoàng near him at all times for surveillance purposes. Nguyen Hoang adopted Trinh Tung's two important generals as his nephews and incited them to rebel against their commander. When the rebels stormed the court, Trinh Tung fled with the Emperor while Hoàng took to the Southern Provinces, never to return. In 1600 the old Nguyen ruler broke relations with the Trinh court and titled himself as

578-524: The court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son Trịnh Tráng . Now Trịnh Tráng made a formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army battled against

612-416: The division of Vietnam, Gianh River was used as the de facto border between two regimes Đàng Ngoài and Đàng Trong in peacetime. Both the Trịnh and Nguyễn families were descended from aides, namely Trịnh Kiểm (who is a son-in-law of Nguyễn Kim) and Nguyễn Kim himself, to the hero-Emperor Lê Lợi who liberated Đại Việt from Chinese rule of Ming dynasty and started the Lê dynasty in 1428. By 1520

646-515: The fighting by making the Linh River the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê King as the ruler of Vietnam, the reality was, the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh ruled the north. This division continued for the next 100 years. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly guarded but peaceful. The long peace came to an end in 1774. At

680-461: The figurehead Later Lê emperors. During his rule, the Lê dynasty continued to wage war with the rival Mạc dynasty . Although he was the de facto ruler of Vietnam during his lifetime, he never assumed a higher position for himself. When he died, his son Trịnh Tùng declared himself a lord and conferred this title posthumously upon his dead father. Trịnh Kiểm claimed descent from Trịnh Khả , who

714-521: The first of Trịnh lords. Thus the Trịnh lords and Nguyễn lords are blood related. The prime mover in the period from 1525 onwards was Nguyen Kim . His daughter married the young head of the Trịnh family Trinh Kiem . Around 1530, Le dynasty loyalist rebels were forced into exile in Lan Xang (modern-day Laos ) but they gathered a new army and captured some southern provinces of Dai Viet . In 1545, Nguyen Kim and subsequently his eldest son Nguyen Uong

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748-422: The first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships Kievit , Nachtegaels and Woekende Book were destroyed in a humiliating defeat by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys. Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Royal army was badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê king died around this time, perhaps as

782-516: The formation of Vietnamese identity. The Dutch brought Montagnard slaves they captured from Nguyễn lord territories in Quảng Nam Province to their colony in Taiwan . Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh Ki%E1%BB%83m Trịnh Kiểm (1503–1570) was a Vietnamese official who ruled northern Vietnam from 1545 until his death. He established his family as hereditary governors of Vietnam, ruling in the name of

816-480: The geography was favorable to them, as the flat land suitable for large organized armies is very narrow at this point of Vietnam; the mountains nearly reach to the sea. After the first assault, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. The walls were built north of Huế near the city of Đồng Hới . The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted until 1672. The story from this time

850-493: The later rivalry between the two families. For the next 55 years, Nguyen Hoang ruled Quang Nam . He gradually asserted his control over the province and extended his control south into the remaining Champa lands. Periodically, he sent military forces north to help the Trinh in their long fight against the Mạc dynasty. In 1570 Trinh Kiem died and was succeeded by his second son Trinh Tung , a vigorous leader who captured Hanoi from

884-488: The royal army. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance, now under the command of Trịnh Kiểm, continued to fight the Mạc. A new king was enthroned as Lê Trung Tông in 1548, then another Lê king, Lê Anh Tông, was enthroned in 1556. In 1558 the eldest son of Nguyễn Kim, Nguyễn Hoàng , was sent to the south to take control over the recently conquered province of Quảng Nam . By 1665, the Trịnh-led royal army had captured all provinces south of

918-617: The south in Quảng Trị Province ), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the Partition of Vietnam (1954–75). While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third,

952-522: The throne and proclaimed himself Emperor of Vietnam in 1527. This second revolt was led by Nguyễn Kim whose second-in-command was his son-in-law, Trịnh Khiêm (who married Kim's daughter Ngoc Bao). The second revolt allowed the Nguyễn-Trịnh army to capture the Western Capital ( Tay Do ) and enthroned Lê Trang Tông in 1533. The Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance sent a formal embassy to China that denounced

986-459: The time, the Nguyễn were under heavy assault from Tây Sơn army and part of their force had been defeated in recent fighting in Cambodia . The result was, the army in the north defending Huế was weak. Trịnh Sâm , one of the last Trịnh Lords and ruler of the north, launched his attack on the Nguyễn on 15 November 1774. For the first time, the Nguyễn walls were broken and captured. In February 1775,

1020-581: The usurpation of Mạc Đăng Dung and asked for help. In 1536, the Chinese delegation concluded that Dung had usurped the throne of the Lê Emperors. After hearing the report, the Jiajing Emperor dispatched an army that arrived on the border of Vietnam in 1537. However, with protestations of loyalty to the Ming dynasty and the offer of a piece of north Vietnam to the Chinese, Mạc Đăng Dung convinced

1054-405: The walls. In 1671, the Trịnh made a last effort to conquer the southern Nguyễn. They gathered a massive army of 80,000 men, the largest invasion force of the entire conflict. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc and his son, Trịnh Căn , while the defending army was under the command of Nguyễn Phúc Tần 's son Prince Nguyễn Phúc Thuận and Nguyễn Hữu Dật . The Trinh army crossed

Gianh River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-640: Was a 17th and 18th-century lengthy civil war waged between the two ruling families in Vietnam , the Trịnh lords of Đàng Ngoài and the Nguyễn lords of Đàng Trong , centered in today's Central Vietnam. The wars resulted in a long stalemate and century of peace before conflicts resumed in 1774 resulting in the emergence of the Tây Sơn forces following Trịnh Lords at the time, Nguyễn Lords collapsed in Saigon in 1777. During

1122-471: Was assassinated. Nguyen Kim's son-in-law, Trinh Kiem, then took control over the Royal army. In 1558, Trịnh Kiểm gave the rulership over the southernmost province of Quang Nam to Nguyen Hoang , his wife's brother and the second son of Nguyen Kim. The suspicious causes of his father's and brother's deaths, as well as his brother's subsequent takeover, probably caused bitter resentment in Nguyen Hoang and

1156-509: Was one of Lê Lợi 's closest allies and later regent during the reign of child-king Lê Nhân Tông . His relationship to the General Trịnh who defeated a rebel army in 1511 and then led a rebellion of his own in 1517 is unknown. Also unknown is his relationship to Trịnh Duy Dai and Trịnh Duy Sản—two of the leaders of the first revolt against the usurper Mạc Đăng Dung . A second revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung took place not long after Dung usurped

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