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65-924: Many of today's Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin, or people of the river, are descendants of the Hän-speaking people who have lived along the Yukon River for thousands of years. They traveled extensively throughout their traditional territory harvesting salmon from the Yukon River and caribou from the Fortymile and Porcupine Herds. Moose , small game, and a variety of plants and berries provided additional food sources. Other raw materials needed to make tools, clothing and shelter were procured from this diverse and rich environment. The Hän traded with neighboring First Nations people and maintained interrelations through family connections and frequent gatherings. In

130-664: A Holikachuk phrase that means big river . Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river . White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon . Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich’ins and the Yup'iks ,

195-401: A subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dsc ), with significantly higher continentality (greater temperature swings) than the territory capital of Whitehorse . Despite this classification, most precipitation actually occurs during summer and July is the wettest month. However, April, one of the six warmer months is sufficiently drier than October and November. Hence the letter 's'

260-500: A National Historic Site encompassing the historic core of the town. The Downtown Hotel at Second Avenue and Queen Street has garnered media attention for its unusual Sourtoe Cocktail , which features a real mummified human toe. The hotel and the toe received increased attention in June 2017 after the toe was stolen; it was soon returned to the hotel by mail along with a written apology. Bonanza Creek has two National Historic Sites;

325-628: A base for moose -hunting on the Klondike Valley. The current settlement was founded by Joseph Ladue and named in January 1897 after noted Canadian geologist George M. Dawson , who had explored and mapped the region in 1887. It served as Yukon's capital from the territory's founding in 1898 until 1952, when the seat was moved to Whitehorse . Dawson City was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush . It began in 1896 and changed

390-663: A lamp at another girl in an argument), 1899 (started in the Bodega Saloon), 1900 (started at the Monte Carlo Theatre) and flooding in 1925, 1944, 1966, 1969 and 1979. The population dropped after World War II when the Alaska Highway bypassed it 518 kilometres (322 mi) to the south. The economic damage to Dawson City was such that Whitehorse , the highway's hub, replaced it as territorial capital in 1953. Dawson City's population languished around

455-665: A major watercourse of northwestern North America. From its source in British Columbia , it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river continues westward through the U.S. state of Alaska . The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi) long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta . The average flow is 6,400–7,000 m /s (230,000–250,000 cu ft/s). The total drainage area

520-448: A population density of 51.0/km (132.1/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 Census, the town is predominately European Canadian with 60.8% of the population with Indigenous Canadians accounting for 31.4% of the population and East Asian Canadians accounting for 3.0% of the population. Today, Dawson City's main industries are tourism and gold mining . Electricity is provided by Yukon Energy Corporation (YEC). Most of

585-576: A shift in the region, drawing the interest of the major gold mining companies in the Yukon. In 2017, Newmont Mining Corporation , Barrick Gold and Agnico Eagle Mines Limited have all committed significant investment, engaging in the exploration of properties across the Central Yukon. There are eight National Historic Sites of Canada located in Dawson, including the "Dawson Historical Complex",

650-558: Is 854,700 km (330,000 sq mi), of which 323,800 km (125,000 sq mi) lies in Canada. The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta . The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903 Klondike Gold Rush . A portion of the river in Yukon—"The Thirty Mile" section, from Lake Laberge to

715-460: Is accessible from the Yukon at Pitkas Point), and Mountain Village . After Mountain Village, the main Yukon channel frays into many channels, sprawling across the delta. There are a number of communities after the "head of passes," as the channel division is called locally: Nunum Iqua , Alakanuk , Emmonak , and Kotlik . Of those delta communities, Emmonak is the largest with roughly 760 people in

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780-473: Is also performed along the river in summer by barge , enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers. This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River. Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e.g. Nulato Hills ) are forested by Black Spruce . This locale near

845-721: Is attended by various high schools across Yukon. The city was home to the Dawson City Nuggets hockey team, which in 1905 challenged the Ottawa Silver Seven for the Stanley Cup . Travelling to Ottawa by dog sled , ship, and train, the team lost the most lopsided series in Stanley Cup history, losing two games by the combined score of 32 to 4. In 2004, the Yukon government removed the mayor and

910-420: Is built on a layer of frozen earth, which may pose a threat to the town's infrastructure in the future if the permafrost melts. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Dawson had a population of 1,577 living in 770 of its 836 total private dwellings, a change of 14.7% from its 2016 population of 1,375 . With a land area of 30.91 km (11.93 sq mi), it had

975-546: Is growing and evolving to support citizens in ensuring a strong and healthy future while maintaining connections to traditional knowledge and the land. Promoting the Hän language, learning traditional skills from the Elders, and investing in youth have all strengthened Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin development. This respect for their heritage and dedication to the future is reflected in a variety of ways. The biennial Moosehide Gatherings,

1040-607: Is now simply the "City of Dawson". The Yukon River is navigable (when not frozen) and historically was travelled by commercial riverboats to Whitehorse and downstream into Alaska and the Bering Sea . Yukon School of Visual Arts , a university level accredited art program, is based in Dawson City. Robert Service School, Dawson City's only grade school, is named in honour of British-Canadian poet and writer Robert William Service (January 16, 1874 – September 11, 1958). The Robert Service School offers Kindergarten – Grade 12 and

1105-493: Is open as a National Historic Site of Canada on Bonanza Creek. The last dredge shut down in 1966, and the hydroelectric facility, at North Fork, was closed when the City of Dawson declined an offer to purchase it. Since then, placer miners returned to the status of being the primary mining operators in the region until recently. In 2016, Goldcorp announced a takeover of Kaminak Gold's Coffee Project south of Dawson. This marked

1170-597: Is used instead of 'f' (as in Dfc ). The average temperature in July is 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) and in January is −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded is 35.0 °C (95 °F) on 9 July 1899 and 18 June 1950. The lowest temperature ever recorded is −58.3 °C (−73 °F) on 3 February 1947. It experiences a wide range of temperatures surpassing 30 °C (86 °F) in most summers and dropping below −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter. In

1235-576: The Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek discovery by George Carmack , Dawson Charlie and Skookum Jim Mason (Keish) . The area's creeks were quickly staked and most of the thousands who arrived in the spring of 1898 for the Klondike Gold Rush found that there was very little opportunity to benefit directly from gold mining. Many instead became entrepreneurs to provide services to miners. Starting approximately 10 years later, large gold dredges began an industrial mining operation, scooping huge amounts of gold out of

1300-634: The Chilkoot Trail . Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake . Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River). The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse . Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and

1365-781: The Discovery Claim and the Dredge No. 4 . Tr'ochëk is the site of a traditional Hän fishing camp on the flats at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River . The site is owned and managed by the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation . In addition to the fishing camp remains, the site includes traditional plant harvesting areas and lookout points. Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall puts on nightly vaudeville shows during tourist season, from May to September. Every February, Dawson City acts as

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1430-559: The First Nations camp into a thriving city of 16,000–17,000 by 1898. By 1899, the gold rush had ended and the town's population plummeted as all but 8,000 people left. When Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902, the population was under 5,000. St. Paul's Anglican Church , also built that same year, is a National Historic Site. The downtown was devastated by fire in November 1897 (started when dance hall girl Dolly Mitchell threw

1495-562: The Legislative Assembly of Yukon , Dawson City is in the electoral district of Klondike , currently represented by Sandy Silver of the Yukon Liberal Party . The government of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in , now a self-governing First Nation , is also located in Dawson. In 2024, councillors refused to swear allegiance to King Charles III , in solidarity with councillor-elect Darwyn Lynn, who refused in protest against

1560-549: The Seward Peninsula represents the near westernmost limit of the Black Spruce, Picea mariana , one of the most widespread conifers in northern North America. The river flows into several parklands and refuges including: Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge: for statistical calculation The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in

1625-623: The Takhini River ) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River). The river passes through the communities of Whitehorse , Carmacks , (just before the Five Finger Rapids ) and Dawson City in Yukon , and crossing Alaska into Eagle , Circle , Fort Yukon , Stevens Village , Rampart , Tanana , Ruby , Galena , Nulato , Grayling , Holy Cross , Russian Mission , Marshall , Pilot Station , St. Marys (which

1690-553: The Teslin River , which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua. The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon. North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge , made famous by Robert W. Service 's " The Cremation of Sam McGee ". Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into

1755-714: The Teslin River —is a national heritage river and a unit of Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park . Paddle-wheel riverboats continued to ply the river until the 1950s, when the Klondike Highway was completed. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Company acquired the assets of the Russian-American Company and constructed several posts at various locations on

1820-544: The late modern period the area was used for hunting and gathering by the Hän-speaking people of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in and their forebears. The heart of their homeland was Tr'ochëk , a fishing camp at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River , now a National Historic Site of Canada , just across the Klondike River from modern Dawson City. This site was also an important summer gathering spot and

1885-561: The 1880s gold was discovered in the Chʼ;ëdäh Dëk, or Fortymile River , area – a site used by the Hän as a caribou interception point and grayling fishing spot. In 1896 more gold was discovered near Tr'ochëk , at the confluence of the Yukon and Klondike Rivers . The Klondike River hosted abundant salmon stocks and the Hän had an encampment at Tr'ochëk that was used seasonally for hundreds of years. The ensuing rush brought thousands of people to Tr'ochëk and surrounding areas. Recognizing

1950-416: The 2000 census. Emmonak's gravel airstrip is the regional hub for flights. Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks. Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream: A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over

2015-442: The 600–900 mark through the 1960s and 1970s, but has risen and held stable since then. The high price of gold has made modern placer mining operations profitable, and the growth of the tourism industry has encouraged development of facilities. In the early 1950s, Dawson was linked by road to Alaska, and in fall 1955, with Whitehorse along a road that now forms part of the Klondike Highway . In 1978, another kind of buried treasure

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2080-516: The Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Division of Commercial Fisheries banned all fishing of Chinook and chum salmon, including for subsistence. Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future. The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years. Its organizational goals include giving voice to

2145-472: The Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak [River-big], which is the Yup'ik name for the same river. For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han [White Water River] from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as

2210-528: The Hän worked to find a balance between their traditional lifestyle and the ways of the newcomers. Yukon First Nations set the Land Claims process in motion during the 1970s. Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin began negotiating their individual Land Claim in 1991. The Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin Final Agreement was signed on July 16, 1998, and came into effect on September 15, 1998. The government

2275-653: The Trʼ;ondëk Hwëchʼin. The Tr’ondëk-Klondike World Heritage Site , a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Canada , protects a series of eight properties that attest to the effects of the rapid colonization of the area, including the Gold Rush, on the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in people. The World Heritage Site was designated in 2023. All but one of the properties ( Dawson City ) are on Trondëk Hwëch’in settlement lands or co-managed lands. The nomination had been spearheaded by

2340-460: The Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin people. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Moosehide Creek 2 had a population of 0 living in 0 of its 0 total private dwellings, no change from its 2016 population of 0 . With a land area of 8.5 km (3.3 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.0/km (0.0/sq mi) in 2021. Yukon River The Yukon River is

2405-673: The Wild . London lived in the Dawson area from October 1897 to June 1898. Other writers who lived in and wrote of Dawson City include Pierre Berton and the poet Robert Service . The childhood home of the former is now used as a residency and retreat for professional writers administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada . In 2023, the Dawson City townsite became part of the Tr’ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site , because of its archaeological record highlighting

2470-491: The Yukon River. The contraction is Ųųg Han , if the /ųų/ remains nasalized , or Yuk Han , if there is no vowel nasalization. In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon . In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant big river . However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to

2535-555: The Yukon River. The Yukon River has a recent history of pollution from military installations, dumps, wastewater, and other sources. However, the Environmental Protection Agency does not list the Yukon River among its impaired watersheds, and water-quality data from the U.S. Geological Survey shows relatively good levels of turbidity, metals, and dissolved oxygen. The Yukon and Mackenzie rivers have much higher suspended sediment concentrations than

2600-557: The Yukon include set gillnets , drift nets , dip nets , and fish wheels . The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas. Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical. Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks. The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species. In

2665-705: The border. The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management. Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities. The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from

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2730-538: The corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak [River-big]. The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk . The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia . Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of

2795-434: The creeks, and completely reworking the landscape, altering the locations of rivers and creeks and leaving tailing piles in their wake. A network of canals and dams were built to the north to produce hydroelectric power for the dredges. The dredges shut down for the winter, but one built for "Klondike Joe Boyle" was designed to operate year-round, and Boyle had it operate all through one winter. That dredge ( Dredge No. 4 )

2860-455: The current, with an estimated 35–50% bound for Canada. As a result, Chinook salmon are noted for their especially rich and fatty meat and are the priciest of all Pacific salmon species. The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs. Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and sled dog consumption. Common methods of fishing on

2925-561: The effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch. In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7.5 inches (190 mm). In 2021,

2990-431: The establishment of Dänojà Zho Cultural Centre, the designation of Trʼochëk National Historic site, and the return of the traditional songs, which were once entrusted to Alaskan First Nations people, all reflect Trʼondëk Hwëchʼin investment in their future and pride in their rich heritage. In 2022, the mummified body of a young woolly mammoth was discovered during a mining operation on land belonging to

3055-471: The four council seats. Steins was succeeded in office by former mayor Peter Jenkins , who in turn was succeeded by Wayne Potoroka. In 2021, four candidates ran for mayor, and former city councillor William (Bill) Kendrick won the election and is the current mayor of Dawson City. Other past mayors of Dawson City have included Art Webster , Colin Mayes , Yolanda Burkhard , Mike Comadina and Vi Campbell. In

3120-636: The frozen river during the winter. Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted. There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a hydroelectric generating station. The construction of the dam flooded the White Horse Rapids , which gave the city its name, and created Schwatka Lake . Transportation

3185-488: The great Siberian Arctic rivers. The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council , a cooperative effort of 70 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, has the goal of making the river and its tributaries safe to drink from again by supplementing and scrutinizing government data. The name Yukon , or ųųg han , is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han , which means white water river and refers to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in

3250-425: The grid power is hydroelectric power through the north-south grid from dams near Mayo , Whitehorse and Aishihik Lake . After the local hydroelectric power plant for the gold dredges was shut down in 1966, YEC provided electrical power from local diesel generators . In 2004 YEC connected Dawson to its grid system. Since then the diesel generators function as a backup to the grid. Gold mining started in 1896 with

3315-515: The halfway mark for the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race. Mushers entered in the event have a mandatory 36-hour layover in Dawson City while getting their rest and preparing for the second half of the world's toughest sled dog race. Dawson City also hosts a softball tournament which brings teams from Inuvik in late summer. Furthermore, a volleyball tournament is held annually at the end of October and

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3380-499: The historic relations between the monarchy and the First Nations. Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902 when it met the criteria for "city" status under the municipal act of that time. It retained the incorporation even as the population plummeted. When a new municipal act was adopted in the 1980s, Dawson met the criteria of "town", and was incorporated as such although with a special provision to allow it to continue to use

3445-428: The historical find was moved by military transport to Library and Archives Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress for both transfer to safety film and storage. A documentary about the find, Dawson City: Frozen Time , was released in 2016. The City of Dawson and the nearby ghost town of Forty Mile are featured prominently in the novels and short stories of American author Jack London , including The Call of

3510-557: The influences that the newcomers would have on his people, Hän leader Chief Isaac, worked with the Government of Canada and the Anglican Church to move his people from Tr'ochëk to Moosehide – 5 km (3.1 mi) downriver at 64°05′40″N 139°26′12″W  /  64.09444°N 139.43667°W  / 64.09444; -139.43667 . Chief Isaac was respected among his own people and newcomers alike. While he welcomed

3575-408: The mid-19th century, European fur traders and missionaries established a presence in the territory. Contact with the newcomers presented new challenges and opportunities for the Hän. Trade increased and new goods and economic practices were introduced. The Hän used a combination of traditional and newly introduced skills, goods and materials to maintain their survival and assist the newcomers. In

3640-594: The mouth heading upstream): tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) (distributary) Teslin Period: 1971–2000 Dawson City, Yukon Dawson City , officially the City of Dawson , is a town in the Canadian territory of Yukon . It is inseparably linked to the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899). Its population was 1,577 as of the 2021 census , making it the second-largest municipality in Yukon. Prior to

3705-457: The stampeders, "he never failed to remind them that they prospered at the expense of the original inhabitants by driving away their game and taking over their land." Chief Isaac envisioned the impact that new lifestyles would have on Hän traditional culture. In response he entrusted many songs and dances to First Nations people living in Alaska . During the years following the Klondike Gold Rush ,

3770-446: The summer of 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service counted 58,500 Chinook salmon, the second lowest season on record. The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing. The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about

3835-448: The town council, as a result of the town going bankrupt. The territorial government accepted a large portion of the responsibility for this situation in March 2006, writing off $ 3.43 million of the debt and leaving the town with $ 1.5 million still to pay off. Elections were set for June 15, 2006. John Steins, a local artist and one of the leaders of the movement to restore democracy to Dawson, was acclaimed as mayor, while 13 residents ran for

3900-616: The transformation of the site from predominanty Indigenous to predominantly European use, and the adaptations that the Indigenous people made in response to European colonialism. Dawson City lies on the Tintina Fault . This fault has created the Tintina Trench and continues eastward for several hundred kilometres. Erosional remnants of lava flows form outcrops immediately north and west of Dawson City. Dawson City has

3965-474: The very cold month of December 1917, the temperature did not rise above −37.2 °C (−35 °F) and it averaged −46.3 °C (−51 °F). The community is at an elevation of 320 m (1,050 ft) and the average rainfall in July is 49.0 mm (1.93 in) and the average snowfall in January is 27.6 cm (10.87 in). Dawson has an average total annual snowfall of 166.5 cm (65.55 in) and averages 70 frost free days per year. The town

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4030-537: The village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological Knowledge In March 2001, the U.S. & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across

4095-413: The word "City", partially for historical reasons and partially to distinguish it from Dawson Creek , a small city in northeastern British Columbia . Dawson Creek is also named in honour of George M. Dawson. This led the territorial government to post the following signs at the boundaries of the town: "Welcome to the Town of the City of Dawson". As of the 2001 Municipal Act , the town's official legal name

4160-436: The world. Each year Chinook , coho , and chum salmon return to their terminal streams in Alaska, the Yukon Territory , and British Columbia. As salmon do not eat during their spawning migration, Yukon River salmon must have great reserves of fat and energy to fuel their thousands-mile-long journey. The Chinook, which arrive at the mouth of the Yukon River in early June, have the longest journey – as many as 2,000 miles against

4225-475: Was discovered with the Dawson Film Find when a construction excavation inadvertently uncovered a forgotten collection of more than 500 discarded films on highly flammable nitrate film stock from the early 20th century that were buried in (and preserved by) the permafrost . These silent-era film reels, dating from "between 1903 and 1929, were uncovered in the rubble beneath [an] old hockey rink". (See Dawson Film Find .) Owing to its dangerous chemical volatility,

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