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56-831: The Australian National Memorial, Villers-Bretonneux is the main memorial to Australian military personnel killed on the Western Front during World War I . It is located on the Route Villiers-Bretonneux (D 23), between the towns of Fouilloy and Villers-Bretonneux , in the Somme département , France . The memorial lists 10,773 names of soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force with no known grave who were killed between 1916, when Australian forces arrived in France and Belgium, and

112-508: A 221-kilometre (137 mi) long northern boundary with the Kilis , Gaziantep , and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey . To the east lies Raqqa Governorate , to the south Ḥamā Governorate , and to the west Idlib Governorate and Turkey's Hatay Province . The governorate lies on a plateau known as the Aleppo plateau . The eastern and northern boundaries of the governorate correspond roughly to

168-636: A Commonwealth cemetery will contain a Stone of Remembrance , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens with words from the Wisdom of Sirach : " Their name liveth for evermore "; all the Stones of Remembrance are 11 ft 6 ins long and 5 ft high with three steps leading up to them. Arlington National Cemetery has a Canadian Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in

224-465: A community which has revered the fallen warrior and emblazoned the phrase 'Lest We Forget' on monuments throughout the land. [...] [D]o we make room for the Aboriginal dead on our memorials, cenotaphs, boards of honour and even in the pantheon of national heroes? If we are to continue to celebrate the sacrifice of men and women who died for their country can we deny admission to fallen tribesmen? There

280-573: A newly created district since 2009, formerly belonging to Al-Bab District. Aleppo Governorate has a semi-arid climate. The mountain series that runs along the Mediterranean coast, namely Mount Alawites and Mount Amanus, largely block the effects of the Mediterranean on climate (rain shadow effect). The average temperature in the governorate is 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). The average precipitation ranges from 500 mm (20 in) in

336-675: A state army. The Nizari Ismailis of the Alamut period (the Assassins) had made a secret roll of honor in Alamut Castle containing the names of the assassins and their victims during their uprising . The oldest war memorial in the United Kingdom is Oxford University's All Souls College . It was founded in 1438 with the provision that its fellows should pray for those killed in the long wars with France. War memorials for

392-613: A stronger integration of Aleppo with the economy of the Ottoman heartland in Anatolia . It also paved the way for European capitalists to exploit agricultural resources of the region and caused internal trade to shift into the hands of European merchants. In the early 20th century, during the French Mandate the region was part of the short-lived State of Aleppo . Aleppo Governorate formerly included Idlib Governorate , until

448-448: A virtual memorial (see The War Graves Photographic Project for further details). During WWI , many nations saw massive devastation and loss of life. More people lost their lives in the east than in the west, but the outcome was different. In the west, and in response to the victory there obtained, most of the cities in the countries involved in the conflict erected memorials, with the memorials in smaller villages and towns often listing

504-479: Is a building, monument, statue, or other edifice to celebrate a war or victory, or (predominating in modern times) to commemorate those who died or were injured in a war. It has been suggested that the world's earliest known war memorial is the White Monument at Tell Banat , Aleppo Governorate , Syria, which dates from the 3rd millennium BC and appears to have involved the systematic burial of fighters from

560-704: Is called in Syria fustuq Ḥalabī (Aleppo pistachio). Rivers traditionally supported agriculture; the main rivers in Aleppo are the Quwēq, 'Ifrīn, Sājūr , Dhahab, Aswad , and Euphrates. However, all of these rivers arise in Turkey, and due to irrigation projects on the Turkish side of the border, the flow of these rivers dropped so much that most of them could no longer support agriculture. The Quwēq, for example, dried up completely in

616-692: Is followed by community services in Villers-Bretonneux and Bullecourt. The cemetery originally included 60 hornbeam trees, planted in 1928. These were removed in 2009 as they reached the end of their lives, and were replaced by new trees as part of plans for the centenary commemorations in 2018. The Sir John Monash Centre , an interpretive centre behind the Villers–Bretonneux Australian National Memorial, opened in April 2018. War memorial A war memorial

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672-752: Is in both French and English, on either side of the entrance to the tower. The memorial and cemetery are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Following the war, the commander of the Australian Corps , Lieutenant General Sir Talbot Hobbs chose the sites of several Australian memorials in Europe and proposed that a memorial to all of the Australian dead on the Western Front be built in France, in

728-427: Is in the small town of Équeurdreville-Hainneville (formerly Équeurdreville) in the department of Manche . Here the statue is of a grieving widow with two small children. There seems to be no exact equivalent form of a pacifist memorial within the United Kingdom but evidently sentiments were in many cases identical. Thus, and although it seems that this has never been generally recognized, it can be argued that there

784-489: Is much in their story that Australians have traditionally admired. They were ever the underdogs, were always outgunned, yet frequently faced death without flinching. If they did not die for Australia as such they fell defending their homelands, their sacred sites, their way of life. What is more the blacks bled on their own soil and not half a world away furthering the strategic objectives of a distant Motherland whose influence must increasingly be seen as of transient importance in

840-766: The Abbasid period the region was under the independent rule of the Hamdanids . The Mamluks and then later the Ottomans governed the area until 1918; under the Ottomans, the region was part of the Vilayet of Aleppo . During the Tanzimat era of Ottoman governance in Aleppo, the authorities established the 1858 land reform law along with schemes to introduce new Bedouin settlers to northern Syria. These programs led to

896-664: The Baltimore City Hall to the west is a geometric paved tree-lined plaza with the War Memorial Building to the east with a large marble decorated civic auditorium and historical and veterans museum below, designed by Laurence Hall Fowler, dedicated 1925. After World War I, some towns in France set up pacifist war memorials. Instead of commemorating the glorious dead, these memorials denounce war with figures of grieving widows and children rather than soldiers. Such memorials provoked anger among veterans and

952-538: The Dhahab river valley in the east of Aleppo Governorate. The Dhahab drains the highlands north of Bāb and runs in a north–south direction for about 50 km (31 mi) until it drains into Lake Jabboul . West of the Dhahab valley the terrain rises again forming Mount 'Aqīl (Mount Taymar) west of Bāb and Mount Ḥaṣṣ west of Lake Jabboul. The terrain sinks again forming the valley of River Quwēq . The endpoint of Quwēq,

1008-588: The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) were the first in Europe to have rank-and-file soldiers commemorated by name. Every soldier that was killed was granted a permanent resting-place as part of the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) . To commemorate the millions who died in World War ;I , war memorials became commonplace in communities large and small around the world. In modern times

1064-735: The Menin Gate at Ypres and the Thiepval memorial on the Somme, were also constructed. The Liberty Memorial , located in Kansas City, Missouri , is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in the Great War. For various reasons connected with their character, the same may be said to apply to certain governmental memorials in the United Kingdom ( The Cenotaph in London, relating to

1120-900: The Royal Dublin Fusiliers who fought in the Boer War , erected at 1907 in St. Stephen's Green , Dublin, was called "Traitors' Gate" by the Redmondites and later Irish Republicans , from whose point of view Irish soldiers going off to fight the British Empire 's wars were traitors to Ireland. The sharpness of the controversy gradually faded, and while the term "Traitors' Gate" is still in occasional colloquial use in Dublin daily life, it has mostly lost its pejorative meaning. In Australia, in 1981, historian Henry Reynolds raised

1176-540: The Syrian Civil War , many Aleppo based commerce have now relocated across the border into Turkey, especially Gaziantep . Economic conditions have deteriorated in the Aleppo region and have caused prices of goods to rise. The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and reductions in the Euphrates' river water levels are expected to cause a major impact on water and electricity access as well as food security within

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1232-538: The 1920s of Palestine and other areas being the homelands of Arabs in the Near East and followed eighty years later in 2001 by the '9/11' raid on New York and elsewhere in the United States) similar historically and architecturally significant memorials are also designed and constructed (vide National September 11 Memorial ). They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old. Age shall not weary them, nor

1288-441: The 1950s. The vanishing of the rivers forced farmers to depend largely on rainfall and on water diverted from the Euphrates. A pumping station at Maskanah (95 km east of Aleppo) provides drinking water for Aleppo from the Euphrates. Recently Euphrates water has been diverted to revive the dead Qwēq river, and thus revive agriculture in the plains south of Aleppo. Urban areas, highlands, swamps, forests, and grazing land make up 34% of

1344-696: The Bulge . These include: A plinth-mounted T-35/85 tank commemorates the soldiers of the 5th Guards Tank Army , at Znamianka in Ukraine . Many cemeteries tended by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission have an identical war memorial called the Cross of Sacrifice designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield that varies in height from 18 ft to 32 ft depending on the size of the cemetery. If there are one thousand or more burials,

1400-669: The Canadian forces during the Korean War and two World Wars. War memorials can sometimes be politically controversial. A notable case is that of the Yasukuni Shrine in Japan, where a number of convicted World War II war criminals are interred. Chinese and Korean representatives have often protested against the visits of Japanese politicians to the shrine. The visits have in the past led to severe diplomatic conflicts between

1456-879: The Empire in general, and the Scottish National War Memorial in Edinburgh, also with a reference to the Empire, but with particular connections to the United Kingdom, having been opened by the Prince of Wales in 1927 and with the King and the Queen the first visitors and contributors of a casket of the Scottish names for addition within the Shrine). In Maryland , in the center of the city of Baltimore facing

1512-580: The First World War, a number of obsolete tanks were presented to towns and cities throughout Britain for display and for use as memorials: most were scrapped in the 1920s and 1930s, but one that survives is a Mark IV Female tank at Ashford, Kent . Several Second World War tanks are preserved as memorials to major armoured offensives in the Ardennes , such as the Battle of Sedan and the Battle of

1568-638: The French government gave its approval to the project. The Scullin government suspended the project in 1930, due to the Great Depression and the projected cost, as well as dissatisfaction with aesthetic elements of Lucas's design. Following a 1935 visit to Australia by the head of the Imperial War Graves Commission, Sir Fabian Ware , a cheaper design was sought, using French stone, from Sir Edwin Lutyens. Construction of

1624-587: The Lake of 17 April on the River Ifrīn and the revived Shabā Lake on River Quwēq. Archaeological sites are abundant in the governorate, especially at Mount Simeon in the west and the plains that extend beyond towards Antioch and Idlib . This region, known as the Limestone Massif , has the largest concentration of Late Antiquity churches in the world, with a unique Syrian architectural style. It also has

1680-1035: The Levant was largely removed from the area after the Syrian Arab Army launched the East Aleppo Offensive , the Maskanah Plains offensive , and the Southern Raqqa Offensive . In January 2018, the Turkish army backed by the Free Syrian Army launched the Turkish military operation in Afrin against the YPG , which resulted in the capture of the city of Afrin and the entire Afrin District . The governorate has

1736-631: The Maṭkh swamp (249 metres (817 ft)), is the lowest point in Aleppo Governorate. West of the Quwēq is Mount Simeon . South of Mount Simeon is the plains of Idlib. The river 'Afrīn runs west of Mount Simeon. To the west of river 'Afrīn, the land rises again forming Mount Kurd . The highest point in the governorate, Mount Bulbul (1,269 metres (4,163 ft)), is located in the northern part of Mount Kurd. River 'Ifrīn runs from north to south between Mount Simeon and Mount Kurd and then turns west to

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1792-491: The Orontes valley, thus separating Mount Kurd from Mount Ḥārim to the south. The governorate is generally deforested except for a dispersed forest of about 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) on the eastern slope of Mount Kurd where it faces the plain of A'zaz . The main trees are Aleppo pine and oak . Arable land makes up 66% of the total area in the governorate. The main crops are olives, figs, plums, pomegranates, vegetables, grains, rice, and pistachios. Pistachio

1848-431: The Queensland Native Mounted Police" was "frequently shot at" and "eventually blown up". With the advent of long war, some memorials are constructed before the conflict is over, leaving space for extra names of the dead. For instance, the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine, CA , memorializes an ongoing pair of US wars, and has space to inscribe the names of approximately 8,000 fallen servicemembers, while

1904-567: The UK National Memorial Arboretum near Lichfield in England hosts the UK's National Armed Forces Memorial which displays the names of the more than 16,000 people who have already died on active service in the UK armed forces since World War II, with more space available for future fatalities. Aleppo Governorate In Classical antiquity , the region was made up of three regions: Chalybonitis (with its centre at Chalybon or Aleppo), Chalcidice (with its center at Qinnasrin العيس), and Cyrrhestica (with its center at Cyrrhus النبي حوري). This

1960-405: The Villers-Bretonneux area. The proposal was approved by the Australian government – still led by wartime Prime Minister Billy Hughes – in 1923. A competition to design the memorial was held in 1925. It was open only to Australian veterans and their parents; their entries were required to use only stone quarried in Australia. The competition was won by the Melbourne architect William Lucas. In 1929,

2016-565: The bodies of SS troops . Unlike the case of the Yasukuni Shrine, there was no element of intentional disregard of international opinion involved, as is often claimed for the politician visits to the Japanese shrine. Soviet World War II memorials included quotes of Joseph Stalin 's texts, frequently replaced after his death. Such memorials were often constructed in city centres and now are sometimes regarded as symbols of Soviet occupation and removed, which in turn may spark protests (see Bronze Soldier of Tallinn ). The Fusiliers' memorial arch to

2072-421: The capital of the Governorate, Aleppo, in December 2016 from Fatah Halab coalition. In August 2016, the Turkish Army , backed by the Free Syrian Army launched the Operation Euphrates Shield in order to drive ISIL from the border towns of Jarablus , A'zaz and Al-Bab . The operation resulted in success and starting in May 2017, the region is now under Turkish occupation . The Islamic State of Iraq and

2128-399: The eastern and northern boundaries of the plateau, although the northeastern portion of the governorate crosses the Euphrates valley into the Jazīrah plateau. The southeastern end of the governorate is continuous with the arid steppe of the northern Syrian Desert . To the south lie the eastern plains of Hama, and to the southwest lie the northern plains of Idlib. The average elevation of

2184-441: The end of the war. The location was chosen to commemorate the role played by Australian soldiers in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (24–27 April 1918). Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens , the memorial consists of a tower within the Villers-Bretonneux Military Cemetery , which also includes a Cross of Sacrifice . The tower is surrounded by walls and panels on which the names of the missing dead are listed. The main inscription

2240-439: The famous Dead Cities of Syria. The following cities are the administrative centres of the districts in Aleppo Governorate (Population based on 2004 official census): The governorate is divided into ten districts ( manatiq ) as of 2011. The districts are further divided into 46 sub-districts ( nawahi ): - includes Aleppo City - a newly created district since 2008, formerly belonging to Mount Simeon District -

2296-415: The history of the continent. Reynolds' suggestion proved controversial. Occasional memorials have been erected to commemorate Aboriginal people's resistance to colonisation, or to commemorate white massacres of Indigenous Australians . These memorials have often generated controversy. For example, a 1984 memorial to the Kalkadoon people's "resistance against the paramilitary force of European settlers and

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2352-406: The issue of whether war memorials should be erected to Indigenous Australians who had died fighting against British invaders on their lands. How, then, do we deal with the Aboriginal dead? White Australians frequently say that 'all that' should be forgotten. But it will not be. It cannot be. Black memories are too deeply, too recently scarred. And forgetfulness is a strange prescription coming from

2408-452: The latter was split off circa 1960. The governorate has been the scene of some of the fiercest fighting in the Syrian Civil War . In June 2017, nearly six years after the war's start, the province was almost equally divided between Syrian Government forces, Syrian Opposition forces, Turkish Army / TFSA and the Rojava / Syrian Democratic Forces . After fierce fighting, the Syrian Arab Army with Russian air support managed to take control of

2464-428: The main intent of war memorials is not to glorify war, but to honor those who have died. Sometimes, as in the case of the Warsaw Genuflection of Willy Brandt , they may also serve as focal points of increasing understanding between previous enemies. Using modern technology an international project is currently archiving all post-1914 Commonwealth war graves and Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials to create

2520-414: The memorial took place in 1936 and 1937. It was unveiled on 22 July 1938 by King George VI , whose words were broadcast directly to Australia. Other dignitaries present included the French President Albert Lebrun , who also gave a speech, and the Australian deputy prime minister Earle Page . Accompanying the King was his wife Queen Elizabeth , whose brother was killed at the Battle of Loos . This memorial

2576-448: The military in general. The most famous is at Gentioux-Pigerolles in the department of Creuse . Below the column which lists the name of the fallen stands an orphan in bronze pointing to an inscription 'Maudite soit la guerre' (Cursed be war). Feelings ran so high that the memorial was not officially inaugurated until 1990 and soldiers at the nearby army camp were under orders to turn their heads when they walked past. Another such memorial

2632-525: The names of each local soldier who had been killed in addition (so far as the decision by the French and British in 1916 to construct governmentally designed cemeteries was concerned) to their names being recorded on military headstones, often against the will of those directly involved, and without any opportunity of choice in the British Empire (whose war graves were administered by the Imperial War Graves Commission ). Massive British monuments commemorating thousands of dead with no identified war grave , such as

2688-454: The names of locals who died in the World War II in addition. Since that time memorials to the dead in other conflicts such as the Korean War and Vietnam War have also noted individual contributions, at least in the West. In relation to actions which may well in point of fact be historically connected with the world wars even if this happens, for whatever reason, not to be a matter of general discussion (e.g. occupation by Western forces in

2744-423: The nations, and Japanese businesses were attacked in China after a visit by former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to the shrine was widely reported and criticized in Chinese and Korean media. In a similar case, former German chancellor Helmut Kohl was criticised by writers Günter Grass and Elie Wiesel for visiting the war cemetery at Bitburg (in the company of Ronald Reagan ) which also contained

2800-426: The terrain is 379 metres (1,243 ft). The surface gradually slopes down in north–south and west–east directions, undulating gently with an amplitude of 10–30 m for each wave. The lowlands are covered with combined Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments that average 4–5 km in thickness over the whole surface. Starting from the valley of the Euphrates, the terrain rises forming the Manbij plain, and then sinks again at

2856-450: The total area of the governorate. The remaining 14% is a desert area in the southeast that is continuous with the Syrian Desert and known as the Aleppo Desert (Arabic: بادية حلب). The largest lake in the governorate is lake Sabkhat al-Jabbul , a Ramsar salt lake located 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Aleppo. Lake Assad (the largest lake in Syria) separates Aleppo Governorate from Raqqa Governorate. Other artificial lakes include

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2912-427: The western parts of the governorate to 200 mm (8 in) in the easternmost parts and 150 mm (6 in) in the southeastern desert. 80% of precipitation occurs between October and March. Snow is usually in winter. The average humidity is 60% in the west and 55% in the east. Hong Kong Observatory (sun 1961–1990) Agricultural output from Aleppo mainly focuses on cereal and cotton production. However, since

2968-487: The years condemn. At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember them. Blow out, you bugles, over the rich Dead. There are none of these so lonely and poor of old, But dying has made us rarer gifts than gold. A tank monument or armoured memorial is a tank withdrawn from military service and displayed to commemorate a battle or a military unit. Obsolete tanks may also be displayed as gate guards outside military bases. Immediately following

3024-488: Was the last of the great memorials to the missing of World War I to be built, and the Second World War broke out just over a year after its unveiling. During the unveiling ceremony, the King closed his speech with the words: "They rest in peace, while over them all Australia's tower keeps watch and ward." Every year on 25 April, an Anzac Day Dawn Service is conducted at the memorial by the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs. The service commences at 5.30am and

3080-417: Was the most fertile and populated region in Syria. Under the Romans, the region was made in 193 CE part of the province of Coele-Syria or Magna Syria, which was ruled from Antioch . The province of Euphratensis was established in the 4th century CE in the east, its centre was Hierapolis Bambyce ( Manbij ). Under the Rashidun and Umayyad Muslim dynasties, the region was part of the Jund Qinnasrin . In

3136-517: Was throughout the United Kingdom a construction of war memorials with reference to the concept of peace (e.g. West Hartlepool War Memorial in what is now known as Hartlepool (previously West Hartlepool ) with the inscription 'Thine O Lord is the Victory' relating to amongst other architecture the 1871 Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences with a frieze including the same words and concluding 'Glory be to God on high and on earth peace'). In many cases, World War I memorials were later extended to show

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