60-396: Te Whakatōhea is a Māori iwi of the eastern Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand . Their traditional territory extends along the coastline eastwards from Ōhiwa Harbour to Opape , and inland to Mātāwai , and is centred in the area around the town of Ōpōtiki . These lands have long held an abundance of food resources, particularly seafood. All their historical pā were situated near
120-477: A Treaty of Waitangi claim. This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori . Haka Haka ( / ˈ h ɑː k ə / , / ˈ h æ k ə / ; singular haka , in both Māori and New Zealand English ) are a variety of ceremonial dances in Māori culture . A performance art , haka are often performed by a group, with vigorous movements and stamping of
180-589: A collection of Māori and Pacific Island students ( He Taua , or The War Party) headed by Ngā Tamatoa , a prominent Māori activist group. For two decades people including Māori students at the university had asked the university and the engineering department to stop the tradition. In 1979, the protesters included Hone Harawira , later a Member of Parliament . Several of the engineering students were assaulted, and members of He Taua were arrested. Their court case in Auckland sparked anti-racism protests outside
240-465: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
300-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
360-748: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
420-613: A haka to challenge opponents before international matches has made the dance form more widely known around the world. This tradition began with the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team tour and has been carried on by the New Zealand rugby union team (known as the All Blacks) since 1905. Although popularly associated with the traditional battle preparations of male warriors , conceptions that haka are typically war dances , are considered erroneous by Māori scholars, alongside
480-437: A half brother, Tāneatua. In Te Whakatōhea's traditions Muriwai spoke the famous words "kia tū whakatāne au i ahau" , or "ka whakatāne au i ahau" , which is roughly translated to "make me stand like a man" as Mātaatua was being swept back out to sea, while Muriwai's brothers and their men were scouting the land. It was these words that gave her the right to pull the waka back to safety, and from these words being spoken at
540-573: A historically all-boys all- Malay prestige boarding school in Malaysia adopted the haka for their own rugby team in admiration of the New Zealand All-Blacks' popularity in the 1970s under the tutelarship of Neil Jonathan Ryan. In return, said college's cheer team developed their own cry in similar energy known as the bungwak . Neighbouring Singapore 's Rugby Union in 2004 took on an attempt of collaborating with students all over
600-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
660-494: A pregame rite during the 2006 season , and the practice has spread to a number of other teams overseas; there has, however, been some criticism of this as inappropriate and disrespectful. Non-traditional or inaccurate haka performances have been criticised by Māori academics, such as Morgan Godfery. In September 2024, thousands gathered in Eden Park in Auckland to break the record of the largest haka performance. France held
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#1732802389390720-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
780-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
840-545: A spring on the eastern bluff above Waiōtahe Beach, which came to be known as Ōpōtiki-mai-tawhiti . Tarawa continued up the Mōtū River and married Manawa-ki-aitu. The tribe's next prominent ancestor was Tautūrangi of his own Te Wakanui tribe, who arrived with the Nukutere waka around 26 generations before 1900CE. It made landfall on a rocky cove and was moored to a flat white rock now known as Te Rangi . Tautūrangi then sailed
900-583: A traditional haka in Seoul , celebrating 50 years of diplomatic relations between South Korea and New Zealand. On 7 December 2014, at the 2014 Roller Derby World Cup in Dallas , Texas, Team New Zealand performed a haka on roller skates to the Australian Roller Derby team before their bout in the quarter-finals. Team New Zealand performed a haka before their debut game against Team USA at
960-560: A tribal group covering an area between Ōhope and Ōpōtiki , is in dispute. It was included as a hapū within Whakatōhea when the Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board was established in 1952. Some consider it part of Whakatōhea and want it to be part of the iwi's Treaty of Waitangi settlement, while others consider it a separate iwi and want it to have its own Waitangi Tribunal hearing and settlement. The Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board
1020-475: Is a form of indigenous dance that encompasses multiple ceremonial purposes in Māori culture. As Nathan Matthew explains, "it is a posture dance accompanied by chanted or shouted song... One of the main characteristics of haka are that actions involving all parts of the body are used to emphasise the words." According to Māori tradition, haka originated from a creation story. The sun god, Tama-nui-te-rā , had two wives,
1080-576: Is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to the original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in
1140-660: The 2011 Roller Derby World Cup , on 1 December 2011; however, it was unexpected and the arena music was still playing. It has since become an expected tradition. In 2017, actor Dwayne Johnson performed a haka with a girls soccer team in The Fate of the Furious . Actor Jason Momoa performed a haka with a group of performers on the red carpet at the Aquaman premiere in Los Angeles in 2018. In March 2019, following
1200-636: The Christchurch mosque shootings , school pupils and other groups performed haka to honour those killed in the attacks. The choreography in the " Miroh " music video by South Korean boy band Stray Kids featured haka elements. Three or four American football teams are known to perform haka as a pregame rite. This appears to have begun at Kahuku High School where both the student body and local community includes many Polynesian Hawaiians, Māori, Samoans, Tahitians, and Tongans. The University of Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team also adopted haka as
1260-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
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#17328023893901320-516: The Ngāti Toa tribe. The "Ka Mate" haka is classified as a haka taparahi – a ceremonial haka performed without weapons. "Ka Mate" is about the cunning ruse Te Rauparaha used to outwit his enemies, and may be interpreted as "a celebration of the triumph of life over death". Concerns were expressed that the authorship and significance of this haka to the Ngāti Toa were being lost and that it had "become
1380-516: The inaccurate performance of haka by non-Māori . The group of people performing a haka is referred to as a kapa haka ( kapa meaning group or team , and also rank or row ). The Māori word haka has cognates in other Polynesian languages , for example: Samoan saʻa ( saʻasaʻa ), Tokelauan haka , Rarotongan ʻaka , Hawaiian haʻa , Marquesan haka , meaning 'to be short-legged' or 'dance'; all from Proto-Polynesian saka , from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian sakaŋ , meaning 'bowlegged'. Haka
1440-610: The men's national basketball team ("Tall Blacks"). In the lead up to the Rugby World Cup in 2011, flashmob haka became a popular way of expressing support for the All Blacks. Some Māori leaders thought it was "inappropriate" and a "bastardisation" of haka. Sizeable flashmob haka were performed in Wellington and Auckland, as well as London, which has a large New Zealander immigrant community. The music video for
1500-515: The Duke welcome." In modern times, various haka have been composed to be performed by women and even children. In some haka the men start the performance and women join in later. Haka are performed for various reasons: for welcoming distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions or funerals. The 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team began a tradition by performing haka during an international tour. The common use of haka by
1560-639: The Mākeo hill. Their descendants would become Te Whakatōhea. Tautūrangi's western counterpart was Kahuki of the Whakatāne hapū. Kahuki conquered the nearby territory in revenge for the killing of his father Rongopopoia, after which he returned to Waiōtahe and constructed a pā close to the river. Whakatāne and Ngāti Raumoa, including the Te Ūpokorehe hapū, were living on Waiōtahe and Ōhiwa land which were under Kahuki's control. Te Ūpokorehe were subjected to attacks from Ngāti Awa on
1620-634: The Māori Fisheries Act 2004, and its aquaculture interests under the Māori Commercial Aquaculture Claims Settlement Act 2004. It represents the tribe during consultation on resource consent applications under the Resource Management Act 1991 . The Whakatōhea Pre-Settlement Claims Trust represents the tribe during Treaty of Waitangi settlement negotiations. The New Zealand Government recognised
1680-564: The Summer Maid, Hine-raumati , and the Winter Maid, Hine-takurua . Haka originated in the coming of Hine-raumati, whose presence on still, hot days was revealed in a quivering appearance in the air. This was haka of Tāne-rore , the son of Hine-raumati and Tama-nui-te-rā. Hyland comments that "[t]he haka is (and also represents) a natural phenomena [sic]; on hot summer days, the 'shimmering' atmospheric distortion of air emanating from
1740-539: The burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
1800-631: The coast, to defend the marine resources. In the 2006 Census, 12,072 people claimed an affiliation with Te Whakatōhea. One of Te Whakatōhea's earliest ancestors was chief Tarawa and his brother Tuwharanui, who had been left behind when the Te Tohorā waka left Hawaiki, and so built Te Arautauta waka to join the rest of their people in New Zealand. They arrived at Paerātā, east of the Waiōtahe River. Tarawa released two pet tanahanaha fish into
1860-501: The courthouse and was supported by a range of people including the president of the Auckland University Students Association. The choreographed dance and chant popularized around the world by the All Blacks derives from " Ka Mate ", a brief haka previously intended for extemporaneous, non-synchronized performance, whose composition is attributed to Te Rauparaha (1760s–1849), a war leader of
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1920-416: The eastern boundary between the tribes of Te Wakanui and Ngāi Tai at Tōrere , and inland from Te Rangi cove to Ōroi. He led an attack against Ngāti Kahungunu 's pā at Maungakāhia to avenge the murder of his sister Tāneroa, murdered by her husband. Tautūrangi's attacks were so vicious that he broke his weapon, a mere , and had to swap it for another more durable mere made of whalebone. With this he smashed
1980-474: The feet with rhythmically shouted accompaniment. Haka have been traditionally performed by both men and women for a variety of social functions within Māori culture. They are performed to welcome distinguished guests , or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions, or funerals. Kapa haka groups are common in schools. The main Māori performing arts competition, Te Matatini , takes place every two years. New Zealand sports teams' practice of performing
2040-467: The form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use the word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in
2100-413: The ground is personified as 'Te Haka a Tānerore'". Haka includes various forms serving different ceremonial purposes. These functions include: The peruperu is a war haka that uses weapons, while haka taparahi is performed without weapons and is the more common ceremonial form. Other forms include: Various actions are employed in haka performance, including facial contortions such as showing
2160-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
2220-452: The heads of his enemies, and buried them in the ground. For this his people became known as Te Panenehu ("the buried heads"). Tautūrangi established the Poutōtara pā inland at Waiaua to defend against further attacks from Ngāti Kahungunu. The ancestral house at Omarumutu marae is named Tutamure and the dining room is named Hine-i-kauia , and behind the marae Tautūrangi occupied another pā on
2280-432: The island to create a "Singapore Roar" inspired by the haka, even though the majority of its demographic is Chinese . In Indonesia , a culture of doing the 'Haka-haka' or its more commonly known variation 'Yel-yel' exist and performed by groups such as military personnel, law enforcement , civil servants, students, and others. In the 21st century, kapa haka has been offered as a subject in universities, including
2340-412: The landing place that Whakatane gets its name. Toroa's daughter Wairaka was an ancestress of Ngāti Awa and Ngāi Tūhoe . Muriwai's son Rēpanga went to Ōpōtiki and married Ngāpoupereta, their descendant Ruatakena became the ancestor of Ngāti Ruatakena . Muriwai's daughter Hine-i-kauia followed Rēpanga and married Tūtāmure, born eight generations after Tautūrangi's arrival in New Zealand. He established
2400-542: The leader of the Church Missionary Society mission in New Zealand, aimed to replace haka and traditional Māori chants ( waiata ) with hymns . Missionaries also encouraged European harmonic singing as part of the process of conversion. The use of haka in welcoming ceremonies for members of British royal family helped to improve its standing among Europeans. Prince Alfred , the Duke of Edinburgh ,
2460-568: The limbs during which the tongue is frequently thrust out incredibly far and the orbits of the eyes enlarged so much that a circle of white is distinctly seen round the Iris: in short nothing is omitted which can render a human shape frightful and deformed, which I suppose they think terrible. From their arrival in the early 19th century, Christian missionaries tried to eradicate haka, along with other forms of Māori culture that they saw as conflicting with Christian beliefs and practice. Henry Williams ,
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2520-461: The low-power Opotiki 88.1 FM, geared towards a young demographic. Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and
2580-614: The management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019 the tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of
2640-546: The most performed, the most maligned, the most abused of all haka", and was now "the most globally recognised form of cultural appropriation ". Specific legal challenges regarding the rights of the Ngāti Toa to be acknowledged as the authors and owners of "Ka Mate" were eventually settled in a Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Toa and the New Zealand Government and New Zealand Rugby Union agreed in 2009 and signed in 2012. The Malay College Kuala Kangsar ,
2700-460: The national rugby union team before matches, beginning with The Original All Blacks in 1905, has made one type of haka familiar. Some events have caused protests. The 1979 annual "haka party" parade at the University of Auckland – in which engineering students persisted in parodying haka by painting male genitals on their body and performing with sexually obscene gestures – was disrupted by
2760-399: The seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to
2820-490: The song " Poi E " (1983) by the Pātea Māori Club , written by Dalvanius Prime and Ngoi Pēwhairangi , used a mixture of kapa haka and hip-hop choreography. This was then mixed with moves from Michael Jackson's Thriller music video as the outro song parody for Taika Waititi's movie Boy (2010) . In November 2012, a Māori kapa haka group from Rotorua performed a version of the " Gangnam Style " dance mixed with
2880-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
2940-499: The study of haka, and is practiced in schools and military institutions. In addition to the national Te Matatini ("many faces") festival, local and regional competitions attract dozens of teams and thousands of spectators. The All Blacks' use of haka has become the most widely known, but several other New Zealand sports teams now perform haka before commencing a game. These include the national rugby league team ("the Kiwis"), and
3000-466: The subsequent economic, cultural and developmental devastation suffered by the iwi. A settlement between Whakatōhea and the Crown and redress was finalised on 27 May 2023. Tuiringa Manny Mokomoko, an activist for tūpuna who died in 1866, received a Royal Pardon in 1992 over wrongful confiscation of Māori land. Whakatōhea consists of about 17,000 whānau belonging to six hapū. The status of Te Ūpokorehe ,
3060-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
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#17328023893903120-497: The trust's mandate to represent the iwi with an Agreement in Principle signed with the Crown on 18 August 2017. The trust is governed by one trustee elected from each of six hapū, one trustee appointed from each of eight marae, and an additional trustee appointed by Whakatōhea Māori Trust Board. The trust is administered by the same staff as the trust board, in the same offices in Ōpōtiki. Roimata Marae say they aren't represented on
3180-435: The trusts and the trusts cannot act on their behalf. The tribal area of Whakatōhea is located within the boundaries of Ōpōtiki District Council and Bay of Plenty Regional Council . Pan-tribal iwi station Sea 92FM broadcasts to members of Whakatōhea, Ngāitai and Te Whānau-ā-Apanui in the Ōpōtiki area. It is operated by pan-tribal service provider Whakaatu Whanaunga Trust, and is available on 92.0 FM . It operates
3240-523: The waka around to Te Kōtukutuku and went ashore, where he went up the Waiaua Valley to a high point named Kapuarangi where he installed his atua , Tamaīwaho . Nine generations after the arrival of Nukutere , the next waka to arrive was Mātaatua which landed at Whakatāne with kūmara , and carried the ancestress Muriwai, the eldest daughter of Wekanui and Irākewa whose other two children, sons, were Toroa and Puhi . The three siblings also had
3300-503: The western border, and sought refuge at Ōpōtiki. Ngāti Awa and their ally Ngāi Tūhoe would meet with Whakatōhea and their chief Te Rupe for one final battle at Ōhope . Te Rupe was able to boost his peoples' moral with the haka Te kōtiritiri te kōtaratara , and won the battle. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the final, defining battle against Ngāi Tai was done at Awahou under Punāhamoa's leadership. Ngāi Tai's leader Tūterangikūrei
3360-601: The whites of the eyes ( pūkana ), and poking out the tongue ( whetero , performed by men only), and a wide variety of vigorous body actions such as slapping the hands against the body and stomping of the feet. The body serves as the instrument and vessel of delivery, with the key aspect being the words and the message they contain. The earliest Europeans to witness haka described them as being "vigorous" and "ferocious". Joseph Banks , who accompanied James Cook on his first voyage to New Zealand in 1769, later recorded: The War Song and dance consists of Various contortions of
3420-510: Was confiscated by the Crown under the New Zealand Settlements Act of 1863. All the hapū were crowded into one area, the Ōpape Native Reserve. During the twentieth century there was increasing recognition that Whakatōhea had suffered grievances at the hands of the Crown. In 1996, the New Zealand government signed a Deed of Settlement, acknowledging and apologising for the invasion and confiscation of Whakatōhea lands, and
3480-554: Was established in 1952 to administer the assets of the iwi, and provides members with education, health services and training in various commercial fields. It is a charitable trust governed by two representatives from each of the six hapū, and based in Ōpōtiki. It is also accountable to the Minister of Maori Affairs and is governed by the Maori Trust Boards Act. The trust represents the tribe's fisheries interest under
3540-568: Was killed, and his head preserved as a trophy. Ngāi Tai were able to take Tūterangikūrei's head back in exchange for the pounamu adze Waiwharangi, which today is held in the Whakatāne Museum. The iwi initially had good relations with European settlers and Christian missionaries. However, in 1865, following the murder of German missionary Carl Völkner , and with increasing demands from European settlers for more land, Crown soldiers invaded Te Whakatōhea land. Almost 600 km of Whakatōhea land
3600-479: Was the first royal to visit New Zealand, in 1869. Upon the Duke's arrival at the wharf in Wellington , he was greeted by a vigorous haka. The Wellington Independent reported, "The excitement of the Maoris becomes uncontrollable. They gesticulate, they dance, they throw their weapons wildly in the air, while they yell like fiends let loose. But all this fierce yelling is of the most friendly character. They are bidding
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