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80-417: According to the U.S. Census Bureau at the 2010 census , the two neighborhoods had a total area of 2.80 square miles (7.25 km) and a population of 8,832. The population decreased 21.9% from 10,516 at the 2000 census . The majority of residents reside in the larger Boynton neighborhood, as entire blocks of Oakwood Heights have been cleared out to make room for potential industrial expansion. Located in

160-448: A ledger. Beginning in 1970 information was gathered via mailed forms. To reduce paper usage, reduce payroll expense and acquire the most comprehensive list of addresses ever compiled, 500,000 handheld computers (HHCs) (specifically designed, single-purpose devices) were used for the first time in 2009 during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 Decennial Census Project. Projected savings were estimated to be over $ 1 billion. The HHC

240-540: A malfunctioning flare from the facility released "horrific, stomach churning odors" that forced some residents to stay indoors. In response to the growing criticism, Jamal T. Kheiry, communications manager for Marathon, wrote, "Over the past 20 years, we have reduced our emissions more than 75 percent, and the refinery comprises only three percent of the emissions in this heavily industrialized area of Southwest Detroit." The refinery has received permission for an expansion of its facilities and has sought to buy out properties in

320-511: A northern and southern half called "divisions". In the following decades, several other systems were used, until the current one was introduced in 1910. This system has seen only minor changes: New Mexico and Arizona were both added to the Mountain division upon statehood in 1912, the North region was divided into a Northeast and a North Central region in 1940, Alaska and Hawaii were both added to

400-415: A preserved historic landscape and more of it is held as a nature study area since 1956. The residence is now a museum and open to the public. The Henry Ford , billed as "America's Greatest History Attraction", is a major tourist destination in the area. It includes Greenfield Village , which was opened in 1929 to preserve historic landmarks, including Noah Webster ’s House, Thomas Edison ’s Menlo Lab and

480-458: A real-time estimate in U.S. and World Population Clock. Only peoples whose live in the 50 states and within the District of Columbia are included in the estimation. The United States Census Bureau is committed to confidentiality and guarantees non-disclosure of any addresses or personal information related to individuals or establishments. Title 13 of the U.S. Code establishes penalties for

560-500: A total population of more than 1.35 million, and it drains a large portion of central and northwest Wayne County , as well as much of southern Oakland County and a small area in eastern Washtenaw County . Nearly the entire drainage basin is in urban and suburban areas, with areas of intensive residential and industrial development. Still, more than 50 miles (80 km) of the River Rouge flow through public lands, making it one of

640-496: A zero and uses the term " decennial " to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections. In addition, census data directly affects how more than $ 400 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements, public health , education, transportation and more. The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations:

720-488: Is an organization of governmental and non-governmental entities created in 2006 to manage the watershed. The River Rouge totals 127 miles (204 km) in length and is divided into four branches, the main, upper, middle, and lower branches. The upper branch flows into the main branch in northwest Detroit, just east of Redford Township . The middle branch enters the main branch in Dearborn Heights just north of

800-482: Is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized." Such political tensions highlight the complexity of identity and classification ; some argue that unclear results from the population data "is due to distortions brought about by political pressures." One frequently used example includes ambiguous ethnic counts, which often involves underenumeration and/or undercounting of minority populations. Ideas about race, ethnicity and identity have also evolved in

880-534: Is conducting the U.S. census every ten years, which allocates the seats of the U.S. House of Representatives to the states based on their population. The bureau's various censuses and surveys help allocate over $ 675 billion in federal funds every year and it assists states, local communities, and businesses make informed decisions. The information provided by the census informs decisions on where to build and maintain schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructure, and police and fire departments. In addition to

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960-553: Is pervasive. The territories are not included, but the District of Columbia is. Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau: The first census was collected in 1790 and published in 1791. It was 56 pages and cost $ 44,377.28. The current system was introduced for the 1910 census, but other ways of grouping states were used historically by the Census Bureau. The first of these

1040-905: Is the Marathon Petroleum Company LP refinery located at 301 South Fort Street in Oakwood Heights. The facility was originally built in 1930 by the Aurora Gasoline Company. Today, the expanded facility is the only petroleum refinery in Michigan, and it has a capacity of 140,000 barrels per day and around 540 employees. The refinery received the Energy Star Award in 2007 and 2008 from the Environmental Protection Agency for reducing energy usage and protecting

1120-827: Is the Campbell Branch at 8733 West Vernor Highway just north in the Springwells neighborhood. Also, the Lincoln Park Public Library is about one mile south of Boynton at 1381 Southfield Road in Lincoln Park . Southwest Detroit contains heavy industrial development, and this has reportedly raised health concerns for some residents living in Boynton and Oakwood Heights. In February 2019, the Detroit Metro Times reported that

1200-580: Is the only public school located within the Boynton–Oakwood Heights neighborhoods. The school was originally known as the Frances G. Boynton School. It was built in 1926. The school served 220 students for the 2017–18 school year—down 23 students (9.5%) from the previous school year. Of the 220 students, there were 199 (90.5%) African Americans, 17 (7.7%) Hispanics, and four (1.8%) Caucasians. The only other school located within these neighborhoods

1280-419: Is the smaller of the two neighborhoods and borders Melvindale to the south and the city of Dearborn to the northwest. The two neighborhoods are connected to the rest of the city of Detroit by two bridges across Interstate 75 and Fort Street (formerly known as U.S. Route 25 ) connecting to the neighborhood of Carbon Works, which lead to the neighborhoods of Springwells and Delray . Dix Avenue also crosses

1360-596: The Detroit Free Press in June 2010, they reported, "For the past six months, a rain of mysterious sparkly dust of unknown origin has landed on their homes and gardens. Odd odors and clouds of dark particles float overhead." This dust pollution has been shown to contain high levels of harmful metals, such as lead, that can be harmful to the health of long-term residents. Even the soil may be unsuitable for growing gardens.   The Detroit Free Press stated that

1440-858: The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), among others. Since 1903, the official census-taking agency of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Census Bureau is headed by a director, assisted by a deputy director and an executive staff composed of

1520-690: The Bureau of the Census , is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System , responsible for producing data about the American people and economy . The U.S. Census Bureau is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States . Currently, Robert Santos is the Director of the U.S. Census Bureau and Ron S. Jarmin is the Deputy Director. The Census Bureau's primary mission

1600-494: The Census Information Center cooperative program that involves 58 "national, regional, and local non-profit organizations". The CIC program aims to represent the interests of underserved communities. The 1890 census was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith . For 1890–1940 details, see Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in

1680-1141: The National Register of Historic Places : the Fort Street–Pleasant Street and Norfolk & Western Railroad Viaduct , which was constructed in 1928. The 2,800-foot-long (850 m) bridge carries six lanes of Fort Street over Pleasant Street and four Norfolk Southern Railway lines before crossing the River Rouge. Being part of Detroit, residents of Boynton and Oakwood Heights are automatically zoned to Detroit Public Schools Community District . Students are currently zoned to Mark Twain School for Scholars for elementary and middle school through eighth grade. High school students are zoned to Western International High School . High school students were previously zoned to Southwestern High School until that school closed in 2012. Located at 12800 Visger Street, Mark Twain School for Scholars (sometimes referred to as Mark Twain Elementary–Middle School)

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1760-646: The Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) database system. Census officials were able to evaluate the more sophisticated and detailed results that the TIGER system produced; furthermore, TIGER data is also available to the public. And while the TIGER system does not directly amass demographic data, as a geographic information system (GIS), it can be used to merge demographics to conduct more accurate geospatial and mapping analysis. In July 2019,

1840-482: The 48217 ZIP Code—occupied solely by Boynton and Oakwood Heights—is "Michigan's most polluted [ZIP Code], according to analysis by environmental scientists from the University of Michigan ." Halting the growing industries could discourage job growth, and the state continues to issue permits for heavy industries. Industries comply with both state and federal regulations. However, the number of industries proximate to

1920-567: The AOC identified nine “beneficial use impairments” associated with the pollution: The 250-acre (100 ha) Eliza Howell Park includes 138 acres (56 ha) donated to the city of Detroit in 1936. Hines Park is a 2,300-acre (930 ha) linear park along the entire course of the Middle Rouge, from Northville to Dearborn. Hines Park, named for Wayne County Road Commissioner Edward N. Hines , provides numerous recreation opportunities along

2000-428: The Bureau of the Census, 1890–1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs . U.S. GPO . In 1946, knowing of the bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later, Powers , John Mauchly approached the bureau about early funding for UNIVAC development. A UNIVAC I computer was accepted by the bureau in 1951. Historically, the census information was gathered by census takers going door-to-door collecting information in

2080-640: The Bureau pretests surveys and digital products before they are fielded and then evaluates them after they have been conducted. River Rouge (Michigan) The River Rouge is a 127-mile (204 kilometer) river in the Metro Detroit area of southeastern Michigan . It flows into the Detroit River at Zug Island , which is the boundary between the cities of River Rouge and Detroit . The river's roughly 467-square-mile (1,210 km ) watershed includes all or parts of 48 municipalities, with

2160-559: The Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and Selective Service system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion. During World War II , the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's Japanese American internment efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on Japanese-Americans . The bureau's role

2240-458: The Census Bureau stopped releasing new data via American FactFinder, which was decommissioned in March 2020 after 20 years of being the agency's primary tool for data dissemination. The new platform is data.census.gov. Throughout the decade between censuses, the bureau conducts surveys to produce a general view and comprehensive study of the United States' social and economic conditions. Staff from

2320-524: The Current Surveys Program conduct over 130 ongoing and special surveys about people and their characteristics. A network of professional field representatives gathers information from a sample of households, responding to questions about employment, consumer expenditures, health, housing, and other topics. Surveys conducted between decades: The Census Bureau also collects information on behalf of survey sponsors. These sponsors include

2400-556: The Detroit River. Sources of pollution include municipal and industrial discharges, sewer overflows, and several nonpoint source pollution (e.g., storm water runoff). These activities contaminated river sediments and water with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals (e.g., mercury), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil and grease. These contaminants are known to be harmful to fish and wildlife and affect recreational activities. A 2008 remedial action plan for

2480-501: The HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and updates, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative. Census Bureau stays current by conducting research studies to improve the work that they do. Census researchers explore topics about survey innovations, participation, and data accuracy, such as undercount, overcount, the use of technologies, multilingual research, and ways to reduce costs. In addition,

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2560-478: The Middle Rouge, and also provides flood control for the flood-prone river. Henry Ford built an estate, Fair Lane , on the river in Dearborn , upriver from the manufacturing plant, on what is now the campus of the University of Michigan–Dearborn . The estate is now a National Historic Landmark . The master plan and gardens were designed by landscape architect Jens Jensen . A portion of the estate's grounds are

2640-455: The Nation's people and economy." Only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public. Seventy-two years was picked because usually by 72 years since the census is taken, most participants would be deceased. Despite these guarantees of confidentiality, the Census Bureau has some history of disclosures to other government agencies. In 1918,

2720-412: The Oakwood Heights community. It remains unclear if Marathon would actually expand into the area or if they are just buying out nearby properties to create a larger buffer from the remaining communities in order to avoid further complaints. The neighborhood of Oakwood Heights once contained about 500 homes, but large areas and entire blocks have been bought out and demolished. Many local residents welcomed

2800-592: The Pacific division upon statehood in 1959, and the North Central region was renamed the Midwest in 1984. Many federal, state, local and tribal governments use census data to: Census data is used to determine how seats of Congress are distributed to states. Census data is not used to determine or define race genetically, biologically or anthropologically. The census data is also used by the Bureau to obtain

2880-666: The Parties where significant impairment of beneficial uses has occurred as a result of human activities at a local level.” The EPA and other environmental agencies are working to restore the 27 remaining U.S. AOCs in the Great Lakes Basin Region , including River Rouge. There are 43 AOCs in the Great Lakes Basin total, with the rest in Canada or shared by the two countries. Over 50% of the land surrounding

2960-509: The River Rouge is used for residential, industrial, and commercial purposes and development pressure continues to increase. Consequently, the river is highly polluted and was designated as a Great Lakes Area of Concern under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1987. The designated AOC covers the entire River Rouge watershed including 48 communities that drain 466 square miles of southeastern Michigan into

3040-621: The Rouge was formed and began organizing an annual cleanup called Rouge Rescue, to raise awareness about the need to clean up the Rouge. In 1987, the entire watershed was designated a Great Lakes "area of concern" under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. In 1992, a massive project called the Rouge River National Wet Weather Demonstration Project was implemented, and further cleanup measures are ongoing. The Alliance of Rouge Communities

3120-498: The U.S. Code. By law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U.S. president by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year. The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are "widely used...for data collection and analysis". The Census Bureau definition

3200-516: The United States or foreign governments, or law enforcement agencies such as the IRS or the FBI or Interpol . "Providing quality data, for public good—while respecting individual privacy and, at the same time, protecting confidentiality—is the Census Bureau's core responsibility"; "Keeping the public's trust is critical to the Census's ability to carry out the mission as the leading source of quality data about

3280-581: The United States, and such changes warrant examination of how these shifts have impacted the accuracy of census data over time. The United States Census Bureau began pursuing technological innovations to improve the precision of its census data collection in the 1980s. Robert W. Marx, the Chief of the Geography Division of the USCB teamed up with the U.S. Geological Survey and oversaw the creation of

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3360-570: The associate directors. The Census Bureau headquarters has been in Suitland, Maryland , since 1942. A new headquarters complex completed there in 2007 supports over 4,000 employees. > The bureau operates regional offices in 6 cities: > New York City , Philadelphia , Chicago , Atlanta , Denver , and Los Angeles . The National Processing Center is in Jeffersonville, Indiana . Additional temporary processing facilities facilitate

3440-482: The boundary with Dearborn. The lower branch joins less than two miles (3 km) downstream in Dearborn. The lower 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the river south of Michigan Avenue were channelized, widened, and dredged to allow freighter access to Ford's River Rouge Plant inland factory facilities. The plant was built between 1915 and 1927. It was the first manufacturing facility for automobiles that included within

3520-446: The buyout as a means to leave the area. Marathon offered 350 homeowners buyout packages totaling nearly $ 60,000 per home in the Oakwood Heights community, even though some homes were valued at much less. A similar offer was requested but not granted to the Boynton community, which has few major industries itself and is mostly separated from the facility by Interstate 75 and Fort Street. Not all residents have accepted Marathon's offer, as

3600-559: The census officially accounted for only 8,832. The majority of the population lives in Boynton. The median income for a household in these neighborhoods was $ 26,316, and the median income for a family was $ 28,789. About 27.3% of the population was below the poverty line . Interstate 75 , known locally as the Fisher Freeway, runs north–south through the Boynton and Oakwood Heights neighborhoods and has two exits: Outer Drive (#42) and Schaefer Highway (#43). Outer Drive represents

3680-515: The census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts . The Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals. In 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior , and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor . The department

3760-399: The city of Detroit since the 1920s. Its boundary is formed by the railway to the north and West Warren to the south and by Outer Drive, West Parkway and Parkland on the west and Trinity and Burt Road on the east. In July 2014, two Olympic-sized pools and a bath house were reopened at Rouge Park as part of a $ 5.5 million park renovation project. Covering 1,184-acre (479 ha), River Rouge is

3840-539: The city of Detroit. It is the only area of the Detroit city limits that fall south of the River Rouge . Boynton is the southernmost neighborhood, stretching as far south as Outer Drive on the border with the city of Lincoln Park . The city of Melvindale is to the west, and the cities of Ecorse and River Rouge lie to the east. Interstate 75 (I-75) bisects the two neighborhoods north–south. Oakwood Heights

3920-792: The collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code . The Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures , and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments. Between 1790 and 1840,

4000-409: The company cannot force residents to move out. Those residents that have stayed are growing concerned that the empty space and general neglect of the neighborhood will increase crime. Feeling Oakwood Heights has become abandoned, some have complained that local police have become unresponsive to their calls. United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau ( USCB ), officially

4080-559: The confluence of the "Walled Lake branch" and Johnson Drain. The Walled Lake branch rises in Novi in a marshy drainage area south of Walled Lake , in southwest Oakland County. Johnson Drain rises in Salem Township in northeast Washtenaw County. From Northville, the middle branch flows south through Northville Township and Plymouth Township before turning to the southeast in the city of Plymouth . From Plymouth, it continues through

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4160-628: The decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts over 130 surveys and programs a year, including the American Community Survey , the U.S. Economic Census , and the Current Population Survey . The U.S. Economic Census occurs every five years and reports on American Business and the American economy in order to plan business decisions. Furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by

4240-500: The decennial census, which employs more than a million people. The cost of the 2000 census was $ 4.5 billion. During the years just prior to the decennial census, parallel census offices, known as "Regional Census Centers" are opened in the field office cities. The decennial operations are carried out from these facilities. The Regional Census Centers oversee the openings and closings of smaller "Area Census Offices" within their collection jurisdictions. In 2020, Regional Census Centers oversaw

4320-529: The disclosure of this information. All census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. This non-disclosure states "I will not disclose any information contained in the schedules, lists, or statements obtained for or prepared by the Census Bureau to any person or persons either during or after employment." The punishment for breaking the non-disclosure is a fine up to $ 250,000 or 5 years in prison. The bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone, including

4400-452: The environment through energy efficiency. The refinery has added green space around its facility, although it is still viewed negatively by the surrounding communities. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality has issued 13 violations to the facility since 2013 and at least three fines, especially after a massive cloud of burned petroleum coke blanketed the area and blew into neighboring Windsor on July 27, 2013. In February 2019,

4480-658: The federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. Article One of the United States Constitution (section II) directs the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College . The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every ten years in years ending with

4560-584: The garage where Henry Ford built the Quadricycle , his first car. Since 1992 the Rouge River Bird Observatory has operated on the campus of University of Michigan-Dearborn. The trail has access points from Michigan Avenue in Dearborn, from Fair Lane and from the University of Michigan Dearborn campus. There is an aspiration to develop the greenway trail all the way to the Detroit River. River Rouge Park has been operated by

4640-403: The heavily industrialized southwestern area of Detroit, the two neighborhoods occupy the entirety of the 48217 ZIP Code . Boynton and Oakwood Heights are densely populated yet highly polluted by major industrial development. The neighborhoods are consistently ranked as the most polluted ZIP Code in Michigan. Boynton and Oakwood Heights occupy the southernmost 2.80 square miles (7.25 km) of

4720-407: The main branch watershed are Auburn Hills , Bloomfield Hills , Farmington , Farmington Hills , Franklin , Lathrup Village , Oak Park , Orchard Lake , Pontiac , Southfield Township , and West Bloomfield Township . Major tributaries of the main branch include: The headwaters of the upper branch rise in southwestern West Bloomfield Township , the southeast corner of Commerce Township , and

4800-758: The middle branch include (from downriver to upriver) The lower branch rises in sections 11 and 12 in Superior Township in Washtenaw County and flows mostly eastward into Wayne County through Canton Township , Wayne , Westland , Inkster , Dearborn Heights and Dearborn before joining the main branch. Other communities in the lower branch watershed include Van Buren Township , Plymouth Township , Salem Township , Ypsilanti Township . Tributaries include (from downriver to upriver): The U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement defines an Area of Concern (AOC) as “geographic areas designated by

4880-443: The middle of the neighborhoods, passes under Interstate 75, and crosses the River Rouge leading into Downtown Detroit . Several Norfolk Southern Railway lines runs through the Oakwood Heights section. The Detroit Department of Transportation operates three bus routes through Boynton and Oakwood Heights. Route #41 travels along Schaefer Highway from the city of River Rouge at Jefferson Avenue , through parts of Dearborn, and to

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4960-562: The most accessible rivers in the state. Until recently the river was heavily polluted, and in 1969 oil on the surface caught fire. The passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 made it unlawful to discharge any pollution from a point source into navigable waters, and the EPA's National Pollution Discharge Elimination Program was created to regulate these discharges. In 1986, a non-profit organization of concerned citizens called Friends of

5040-519: The neighborhoods has a cumulative effect. Heavy traffic and railroads have also increased air pollution, as do numerous other large industries outside of the neighborhoods. Among these industries, the Detroit Wastewater Treatment Plant on the other side of the river and the U.S. Steel facility on Zug Island in the city of River Rouge further add to the poor air quality in the area. The largest of these industries

5120-563: The northeast corner of Novi . It forms in Farmington Hills with the confluence of Minnow Pond Drain and Seeley Drain, where it flows mostly southeast through Farmington , Livonia , Redford Township and enters the main branch in the northwest Detroit neighborhood of Brightmoor, Detroit . Tributaries of the upper branch include (from downriver to upriver) The middle branch forms in Northville in northwest Wayne County with

5200-497: The northern limits of Detroit at 8 Mile Road at the city of Oak Park . Route #19 travels from Outer Drive along Fort Street to Downtown Detroit. Route #89 is a part-time route that runs along Bassett Street from Outer Drive along the border with the city of River Rouge, turns on Schaefer Highway, enters the Fisher Freeway, crosses the river, and meanders into the New Center district. Oakwood Heights has one property listed on

5280-638: The operation of 248 Area Census Offices, The estimated cost of the 2010 census is $ 14.7 billion. On January 1, 2013, the Census Bureau consolidated its twelve regional offices into six. Increasing costs of data collection, changes in survey management tools such as laptops and the increasing use of multi-modal surveys (i.e. internet, telephone, and in-person) led the Bureau to consolidate. The six regional offices that closed were Boston, Charlotte, Dallas, Detroit, Kansas City and Seattle. The remaining regional offices are New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles. The Census Bureau also runs

5360-465: The plant virtually everything needed to produce the cars: blast furnaces, an open hearth mill, a steel rolling mill, a glass plant, a huge power plant, and an assembly line. During the 1930s, some 100,000 workers were employed here. The plant has been designated as a National Historic Landmark . The headwaters of the main branch rise in the southwest corner of Rochester Hills and the northeast corner of Bloomfield Township . It flows mostly south through

5440-445: The populace's private information. Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves , President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of problems but very little criticism of the units. In rural areas, the sparsity of cell phone towers caused problems with data transmission to and from

5520-419: The racial makeup of the two neighborhoods was 10.38% White, 74.80% African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.01% from other races, and 2.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.94% of the population. 2009 estimates were off significantly from official counts later recorded at the 2010 census. While there was estimated to be 12,129 residents in 2009,

5600-543: The remaining 7,000 residents in the neighborhoods have a higher rate of asthma and cancer than most of the country. While at least 14 states regulate and prohibit how close industries can build to schools and residential zones, Michigan does not have such regulations. Long ago, the city zoned its southwest area for heavy industrial use despite preexisting residential communities. Air pollution in Boynton and Oakwood Heights has reportedly led to respiratory diseases and cancer cases in long-term residents. In an article published by

5680-423: The river to connect Oakwood Heights to Dearborn. Oakwood Heights also connects to Fordson Island in the River Rouge via Riverside Drive. Fordson Island is part of the city of Dearborn and has no public access or residents. Despite the heavy industrialization, several parks exist within the area. Kemeny Park, located along Fort Street in between I-75, is the largest recreation facility. The park opened in 1957 and

5760-434: The southernmost border of the Boynton neighborhood and the southernmost city limit of Detroit with Lincoln Park . The Schaefer Highway (also referred to as Coolidge Highway at various points along its route) runs northwest through the neighborhoods, beginning just east in the city of River Rouge and running north all the way to the city of Rochester Hills . Fort Street (formerly U.S. Route 25 ) runs north–south through

5840-415: The southwest corner of Livonia into Westland , then along the northern edge of Garden City and into Dearborn Heights where it merges with the main branch near the southern boundary with Dearborn. Other municipalities that are part of the middle branch watershed are Canton Township , Commerce Township , Farmington , Farmington Hills , Lyon Township , Redford Township , and Wixom . Tributaries of

5920-466: The western part of Troy , and then flows southwest through Birmingham , a noncontiguous portion of Bloomfield Township, Beverly Hills , the southeast corner of Bingham Farms , and Southfield . It then flows mostly south through western Detroit and Dearborn Heights , then turns southeast in Dearborn and continues along the northern edges of Allen Park , Melvindale , River Rouge and the southern edge of Detroit. Other municipalities that are part of

6000-552: Was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007. United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties; Democrats and Republicans are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts. These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations. Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much

6080-511: Was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every two years and agriculture censuses every 10 years. In 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 census . In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of

6160-721: Was introduced after the 1850 census by statistician and later census superintendent J. D. B. De Bow . He published a compendium where the states and territories were grouped into five "great division", namely the Middle, New England, the Northwestern, the Southern, and the Southwestern great divisions. Unsatisfied with this system, De Bow devised another one four years later, with states and territories grouped into an Eastern, Interior, and Western "great section", each divided into

6240-414: Was manufactured by Harris Corporation , an established Department of Defense contractor, via a controversial contract with the Department of Commerce . Secured access via a fingerprint swipe guaranteed only the verified user could access the unit. A GPS capacity was integral to the daily address management and the transfer of gathered information. Of major importance was the security and integrity of

6320-557: Was named after local resident Charles Kemeny, who died in combat in World War II. The park closed in 2015 but was reopened in 2018 after a $ 9.5 million renovation—$ 2 million of which was donated by the nearby Marathon Petroleum Corporation . According to data from the 2010 census , the areas of Boynton–Oakwood Heights had 8,832 residents and 3,126 occupied households for an average density of 3,154.3/sq mi (1,217.9/km). There were 716 vacant units. According to 2009 estimates,

6400-504: Was the Pierre Toussaint Academy, which was a charter school located at 2450 South Beatrice Street in Boynton. Managed by The Leona Group , the academy opened for the 1998–99 school year and enrolled around 400 students at one time before closing due to academic viability at the end of the 2011–12 school year on June 30, 2012. While the two neighborhoods contain no public libraries, the nearest Detroit Public Library

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