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40-535: The town parts of Dvořisko and Kouty are administrative parts of Kravaře. Kravaře is located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Opava and 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Ostrava . It lies in the Opava Hilly Land . The town is situated on the left bank of the Opava River. The first written mention of Kravaře is from 1224. Kouty was first mentioned in 1238 and Dvořisko in the second half of

80-875: A Neo-Renaissance house, built in 1908–1910 according to the design by Leopold Bauer . The Silesian Museum , founded in 1814, is the oldest public museum in the Czech Republic. It has about 2,400,000 exhibition items and is the third largest museum in the country. Opava is twinned with: Celtic languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Celtic languages ( / ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL -tik ) are

120-629: A branch of the Indo-European language family , descended from Proto-Celtic . The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia . Today, they are restricted to

160-466: A common Italo-Celtic subfamily. This hypothesis fell somewhat out of favour after reexamination by American linguist Calvert Watkins in 1966. Irrespectively, some scholars such as Ringe, Warnow and Taylor and many others have argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic grouping in 21st century theses. Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. Examples: The lexical similarity between

200-485: A rich literary tradition . The earliest specimens of written Celtic are Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC in the Alps. Early Continental inscriptions used Italic and Paleohispanic scripts. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, Irish and Pictish were occasionally written in an original script, Ogham , but Latin script came to be used for all Celtic languages. Welsh has had a continuous literary tradition from

240-490: Is Hůrka at 530 m (1,740 ft) above sea level. Opava is situated at the confluence of the Opava and Moravice rivers. The Opava River flows through the city centre. Stříbrné Lake is an artificial lake on the outskirts of the city created by the flooding of the former gypsum quarry. It is used for recreational purposes. The first written mention of Opava is from 1195. In 1224, Opava received town privileges . After

280-575: Is a city in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 56,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Opava River. Opava is one of the historical centres of Silesia and was a historical capital of Czech Silesia . Opava is made up of eight self-governing boroughs in the suburbs and the central part that is directly administered. The city is further divided into 14 administrative parts (in brackets): The city

320-530: Is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early." The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter, having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic

360-574: Is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as endangered by UNESCO . The Cornish and Manx languages became extinct in modern times but have been revived. Each now has several hundred second-language speakers. Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic form the Goidelic languages , while Welsh, Cornish and Breton are Brittonic . All of these are Insular Celtic languages , since Breton,

400-590: Is named after the Opava River . The name of the river arose from the old Celtic words apa , opa , i.e. 'water'. Opava is located about 27 km (17 mi) northwest of Ostrava . Most of its territory lies in the Opava Hilly Land within the Silesian Lowlands , but it also extends to the Nízký Jeseník range in the southeast and northwest. The highest point of the municipal territory

440-610: Is still quite contested, and the main argument for Insular Celtic is connected with the development of verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated theory. Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and

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480-602: Is the Co-Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary . It is the largest building in the Czech Republic built in the so-called Silesian Brick Gothic style. A solid prismatic tower was built in the late 13th century and a higher south tower was built in the early 14th century, both towers were originally intended as part of a city hall. The church building between the towers dates from the mid-14th century. In 1996,

520-672: The Duchy of Troppau was established, Opava became its capital. In 1427–1431, the duchy was ruled by the Hussites . In 1485, it was acquired by Matthias Corvinus and ruled by the Hungarians until 1526. In 1613, Karl I of Liechtenstein became Duke of Opava and merged the duchy with the Duchy of Krnov . After the majority of Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the War of

560-545: The 18th century. Between 1224 and 1263, the Kravaře estate was acquired by the lords from Benešov , who were further known as lords of Kravaře. From 13th to 15th century, it was one of the richest families in Moravia . In the second half of the 13th century, they had built a fortress in Kravaře. The last owner of Kravaře from this family was Petr Strážnický, who was forced to sell Kravaře in 1420. The next important owner of Kravaře

600-537: The 2000s led to the reemergence of native speakers for both languages following their adoption by adults and children. By the 21st century, there were roughly one million total speakers of Celtic languages, increasing to 1.4 million speakers by 2010. Gaelainn / Gaeilig / Gaeilic Celtic is divided into various branches: Scholarly handling of Celtic languages has been contentious owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) posit that

640-586: The 6th century AD. SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are: the Goidelic languages ( Irish and Scottish Gaelic , both descended from Middle Irish ) and the Brittonic languages ( Welsh and Breton , descended from Common Brittonic ). The other two, Cornish (Brittonic) and Manx (Goidelic), died out in modern times with their presumed last native speakers in 1777 and 1974 respectively. Revitalisation movements in

680-942: The Austrian Succession after 1740, the remaining Silesian territory still under the control of the Habsburg monarchy became known as Austrian Silesia , with its capital in Opava (1742–1918). The Congress of Troppau took place here from 24 October to 23 December 1820. According to the Austrian census of 1910, the town had 30,762 inhabitants, 29,587 of whom had permanent residence there. The census asked people for their native language, which showed that 27,240 (92%) were German-speaking, 2,039 (6.9%) were Czech-speaking and 274 (0.9%) were Polish-speaking. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish , and most of them thus declared German as their native language. The main religious group

720-559: The Gallic and Brittonic languages are P-Celtic, while the Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) languages are Q-Celtic. The P-Celtic languages (also called Gallo-Brittonic ) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic : "Celtiberian ...

760-492: The Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted". When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic". How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used: " Insular Celtic hypothesis " " P/Q-Celtic hypothesis " Eska evaluates

800-465: The Insular Celtic languages were probably not in great enough contact for those innovations to spread as part of a sprachbund . However, if they have another explanation (such as an SOV substratum language), then it is possible that P-Celtic is a valid clade, and the top branching would be: Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in

840-491: The Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation -nm- > -nu (Gaelic ainm / Gaulish anuana , Old Welsh enuein 'names'), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a Gallo-Brittonic dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986). The interpretation of this and further evidence

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880-557: The Opava River, remained in Austrian Empire . In 1920, the area of Hlučín Region was returned to Czechoslovakia . During World War II , it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland . For centuries, Kravaře was only a village. In 1960, Kouty and Dvořisko were annexed to Kravaře and the new municipality gained the status of a town. The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through

920-460: The P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-/Q-Celtic theory found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on

960-572: The Soviet Red Army at the cost of enormous war damage. In 1945–1946, the German population was expelled under terms of Beneš decrees and the city was resettled with Czechs. On 1 January 1946, the municipalities of Jaktař, Kateřinky and Kylešovice were joined to Opava. After the war, entire new residential areas and industrial plants were built. While the Duchy of Opava has ceased to exist,

1000-540: The break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , and the La Tène culture , though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong. There are legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and

1040-719: The church became the second Episcopal church of the Ostrava-Opava diocese , and therefore a co-cathedral. With 102 metres (335 ft), the southern church tower is the highest tower in Silesia. There are three monuments, protected as national cultural monuments of the Czech Republic . Besides the co-cathedral, there is the Chapel of the Holy Cross, which dates from 1394, and the Petr Bezruč City House of Culture;

1080-474: The evidence as supporting the following tree, based on shared innovations , though it is not always clear that the innovations are not areal features . It seems likely that Celtiberian split off before Cisalpine Celtic, but the evidence for this is not robust. On the other hand, the unity of Gaulish, Goidelic, and Brittonic is reasonably secure. Schumacher (2004, p. 86) had already cautiously considered this grouping to be likely genetic, based, among others, on

1120-561: The hospital and the psychiatric hospital. Opava is an important cultural centre of Opavian Silesia . The Silesian Theatre in Opava was founded in 1805. Opava is home to the Silesian University , the only public university in the country not situated in a regional capital. It was established in 1991. The city's football club SFC Opava currently plays in the Czech National Football League ,

1160-540: The nave, the rectory and the former convent of the Sisters of the Heart of God (today the town hall), was built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The church was consecrated in 1896. Near the church there is a baroque sandstone statue of St. John of Nepomuk from 1730. Kravaře is twinned with: Opava Opava ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈopava] ; German : Troppau , Polish : Opawa )

1200-459: The northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities . There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages Breton , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Welsh , and the two revived languages Cornish and Manx . All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation . Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish

1240-407: The only living Celtic language spoken in continental Europe, is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct but attested continental Celtic languages , such as Celtiberian , Galatian and Gaulish . Beyond that there is no agreement on the subdivisions of the Celtic language family. They may be divided into P-Celtic and Q-Celtic . The Celtic languages have

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1280-469: The primary distinction is between Continental Celtic and Insular Celtic , arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages. Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) make the primary distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages based on the replacement of initial Q by initial P in some words. Most of

1320-587: The second tier of the Czech football league system. One of the two main landmarks of Opava is the city hall on the Horní Square and its white tower, known as Hláska. A one-storey city hall and the tower were built in 1614–1618. However, the less representative town hall building around the tower was demolished in 1902 and replaced with a new one in the Neo-Renaissance style. The second main landmark

1360-492: The shared reformation of the sentence-initial, fully inflecting relative pronoun *i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od into an uninflected enclitic particle. Eska sees Cisalpine Gaulish as more akin to Lepontic than to Transalpine Gaulish. Eska considers a division of Transalpine–Goidelic–Brittonic into Transalpine and Insular Celtic to be most probable because of the greater number of innovations in Insular Celtic than in P-Celtic, and because

1400-413: The title of Duke of Troppau continues, with Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein being the current incumbent. Opava is home especially to the engineering, food, paper and pharmaceutical industries. The largest company is Teva Czech Industries , a manufacturer of medicinal products, whose predecessor was founded in Opava in 1883. It employs about 1,600 people. The largest non-industrial employers are

1440-466: The town. Kravaře is located on the railway lines Opava– Hlučín and Kravaře– Chuchelná . There is an ice-hockey venue Buly Aréna , which was opened in 2003. It has a capacity of 640 seats. The town's football team is MFK Kravaře . It plays in lower amateur tiers. There is a golf course in the castle park. One of the two main landmarks of the towns is Kravaře Castle. In 1990, the Baroque castle

1480-545: Was Michael Sendivogius , who received the estate during the Thirty Years' War . After his death in 1636, his daughter married the free lord of Eichendorff. In 1721–1728, Jan Rudolf Eichendorff had rebuilt the fortress into a late Baroque castle. The Eichendorffs had to sell the estate in 1782 due to debts. After that, Kravaře were held by less important owners. Since 1742 Kravaře and Kouty belonged to Prussia after Maria Theresa had been defeated. Dvořisko, located behind

1520-513: Was Roman Catholics with 28,379 (92.2%), followed by Protestants with 1,155 (3.7%) and Jews with 1,112 (3.6%). After the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I , Opava became part of Czechoslovakia in 1919. In 1938, Opava was ceded to Nazi Germany as a result of the Munich agreement . It was administered as a part of Reichsgau Sudetenland . On 22 April 1945, Opava was liberated by

1560-725: Was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late. The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray & Atkinson but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. A controversial paper by Forster & Toth included Gaulish and put

1600-509: Was acquired by the town. Today it serves as a cultural and social centre and houses a museum with permanent baroque and ethnographic exhibitions. The castle includes a 21 ha (52 acres) large castle park with several ponds and with several rare tree species. The second landmark is the Church of Saint Bartholomew. The oldest part of the church is the white Renaissance tower from the early 16th century. The neo-Gothic church complex which includes

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