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117-471: (Redirected from Trepča ) Trepca (Serbian: Трепча / Trepča , Albanian: Trepça ) may refer to: Trepča Mines , an industrial complex in Mitrovica, Kosovo KB Trepça , a basketball club in Mitrovica founded in 1947 KF Trepça , a football club in Mitrovica founded in 1932 KH Trepça , a handball club in Mitrovica founded in 1950 KF Trepça'89 ,

234-472: A century. Emperor Dušan appointed a special knez to administer Trepča. The mine reached its pinnacle during the reign of Dušan's successor, Emperor Uroš . On 11 March 1363, Uroš awarded Vuk Branković with the title of "ruler of Drenica, Kosovo and Trepča". Trepča was governed by Branković until 1396 when he was captured by the Ottomans. Also known as a major trading town, Trepča had representatives from

351-518: A characteristic Albanian phonetic change in which the voiced palatal velar *ĝ(h)- turned into the interdental dh or the dental d , passing through intermediate stages represented by the palato-alveolar affricate voiced ȷ́ [dʑ], dental affricate dz and further through a final stage dð (i.e. *ĝ(h)- > ȷ́ [dʑ] > dz > dð > dh/d : Alb. dielli < PAlb. *dðiella < *dziella- < EPAlb. *ȷ́élu̯a- < PIE *ǵʰélh₃u̯o- "yellow, golden, bright/shiny"). This phenomenon reflects

468-406: A common Indo-European root has been tentatively reconstructed by scholars: * ĝʰor-d- "thorn bush"; * (n)ĝʰ∂rdis ; * ĝʰerzd⁽ʰ⁾- "thorny, grain, barley". However it has been suggested that this connection is only conceivable assuming an ancient common Balkano-Aegean substrate word for Albanian and Greek. A proposed Indo-European root * dʰeregh- "a thorny plant", with

585-605: A football club in Mitrovica founded in 1940/1989 FK Trepča , a football club in North Mitrovica founded in 1932/1989 Trepča, Montenegro , a village in Montenegro Trepça, Melan , a village in Albania Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Trepca . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

702-812: A great victory over the Macedonian army the Dardani invaded Macedon proper. The Dardanian expansion in Macedon, similar to the Ardiaean expansion in Epirus around the same years, may have been part of a general movement among the Illyrian peoples. In this period Dardanian influence on the region grew and some other Illyrian tribes deserted Teuta , joining the Dardani under Longarus and forcing Teuta to call off her expedition forces in Epirus. When Philip V rose to

819-672: A mythological tradition reported by Appian (2nd century AD), Dardanos (Δάρδανος), one of the sons of Illyrius (Ἰλλυριός), was the eponymous ancestor of the Dardanoi (Δάρδανοι). In ancient sources the Dardani are mentioned as one of the Illyrian people and/or as a distinct grouping in the region of Dardania. As such, the Dardani were Illyrians from an ethno-linguistic perspective, but they had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in Dardania . In

936-717: A similar letter, instead of /d/, is refutable by the attestation of the Proto-Albanoid term diellina " henbane ". This term was mentioned as a "Thracian-Dacian" phytonym by the Ancient Greek pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides (1st century AD), and it has a clear etymological connection with the Albanian word diell "sun" ( diellina " henbane " belongs to the genus called solanum with the Latin root sol "sun", being so named because of its yellow leaves), displaying

1053-470: A stable economy. The Trepča mine complex has not recovered from its lost production during the war. Trepča once accounted for 70 percent of Kosovo's gross domestic product , but since the war ended in 1999, the partition of Mitrovica between Kosovar Albanians and Serbs loyal to Belgrade keeps most of Trepča's facilities closed. According to various statistics, the complex can not be reopened without at least $ 650 million of foreign investment to repair and update

1170-469: A war which proved catastrophic, with a few years later, in 170 BC, the Macedonians defeating the Dardani. Macedonia and Illyria became Roman protectorates in 168 BC. The Scordisci , a tribe of Celtic origin, most likely subdued the Dardani in the mid-2nd century BC, after which there was no mention of the Dardani for a long time. Illyria and Macedonia became Roman protectorates in 168 BC. In 97 BC,

1287-400: Is all that remains of the huge complex that during the 1980s employed 20,000 workers, and accounted for 70% of all Yugoslavia's mineral wealth. The mines still have a reserve of 60.5 million tonnes of ore grading 4.96% lead , 3.3% zinc and 74.4 gr/tonne silver , which translates as three million tonnes of lead, two million tonnes of zinc and 4,500 tonnes of silver. Stari Trg is one of

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1404-514: Is attested since Roman times for a tribe close to the Dardani or living in Dardania, is considered to be the Latin translation of Dardani (cf. Latin pirus "pear"), which would confirm the link with the Albanian dardhë . In 1854, Johann Georg von Hahn was the first to propose that the names Dardanoi and Dardania were related to the Albanian word dardhë ("pear, pear-tree"). This

1521-671: Is close to onomatopoeic Lithuanian dardĕti "to rattle" Latvian dàrdêt "to creak", Welsh go-dyrddu "to mumble, to gumble" (the semantic development of "pear" that occurs in Albanian can also be seen in the Slavic parallel gruša , kruša "pear, pear tree" < * grušiti , * krušiti "to crumble, to break", and also in the Indo-European parallel * peisom "pear" < * peis- ). Slavic toponyms with "Kruševo" (from Proto-Slavic kruša, "pear") and other related toponyms particularly found in

1638-404: Is continuously in decline, as represented here: Dardani The Dardani ( / ˈ d ɑːr d ə n aɪ / ; Ancient Greek : Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι ; Latin : Dardani ) or Dardanians were a Paleo-Balkan people, who lived in a region that was named Dardania after their settlement there. They were among the oldest Balkan peoples, and their society was very complex. The Dardani were

1755-444: Is estimated that the necessary improvements would cost between 15 and 30 million US dollars. This would be justifiable if full scale mining were to return as a 2001 UNMIK report said that “ 29,000,000 tonnes of mine-run ore at grades varying from 3.40 to 3.45% Pb, 2.23 to 2.36% Zn and 74 to 81 grams/tonne Ag, i.e., around 999,000 tonnes Pb, 670,000 tonnes Zn and 2,200 tonnes Ag ” are available. To make use of Trepča, foreign investment

1872-591: Is far from certain there seems little doubt that most of the Dardanians were excluded from Illyricum and were to become a part of the province of Moesia) The assumption that the Dardanian kingdom was composed of a considerable number of tribes and tribal groups, finds confirmation in Strabo's statement about Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that

1989-465: Is mentioned in ancient sources describing the events of the region of the early 3rd century BC. He offered the Macedonian king Ptolemy Ceraunos 20,000 soldiers to counteract the invading Celts , but Ceraunos declined the offer. Tribal chiefs Longarus and his son Bato took part in the wars against Romans and Macedonians . Etuta (Etleva) was the daughter of Monunius II of Dardania and

2106-400: Is no danger for the surroundings. Expecting military takeover, the management "fortified" the complex with goods wagons , locomotives and slag , while it was lit with powerful reflector lights, looking like a "space ship". On early 14 August 2000, at 3:45, 3,000 mostly US soldiers stormed the premises, using tanks, amphibians and helicopters. French soldiers, using battering ram , broke into

2223-599: Is recorded as Darda in a 1671 ecclesiastical report and on a 1688 map by a Venetian cartographer. Dardha is also the name of an Albanian tribe in the northern part of the District of Dibra . Opinions differ on the etymon of the root in Proto-Albanian , and eventually in Proto-Indo-European . On the basis of an alleged connection between Albanian dardhë and Greek ἄχερδος, ἀχράς "wild pear",

2340-465: Is required. Since financial means to upgrade the mines’ facilities themselves are absent, and there is not enough foreign aid still reaching Kosovo to make a difference, the complex still will not be used at its highest level. The concern that letting in foreign investors will give away their promising source of natural resources since the complex is considered a treasure for the nation needs to be appeased in order for its privatization to happen sooner. In

2457-1166: Is suggested by the fact that toponyms related to fruits or animals are not unknown in the region (cf. Alb. dele, delmë "sheep" supposedly related to Dalmatia, Ulcinj in Montenegro < Alb. ujk, ulk "wolf" etc.). Albanian typical toponyms formed with the same root as dardhë have been attested: Dardhan-i (in 1467 CE), Dardhanesh-i (1431), Dardhasi (1431), Dardas (1467), Dardhë-a (1417), Darda , Dardhicë-a (1431). Several modern toponyms are found in various parts of Albania , including Dardha in Berat , Dardha in Korça , Dardha in Librazhd , Dardha in Puka , Dardhas in Pogradec , Dardhaj in Mirdita , and Dardhës in Përmet . Dardha in Puka

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2574-501: The 1974 constitution , stopping the alleged chauvinist and hegemonistic politics of the time, amnesty for the strike leaders, etc. The strike lasted eight days, being known as the longest underground strike to have been held. It eventually ended after the hospitalization of 180 miners and the resignation of the heads of the pro-Milošević leaders Rahman Morina , Ali Šukrija and Husamedin Azemi. This complex progressively collapsed during

2691-581: The Ardiaei and Autariatae . As Dardanians had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in Dardania , some ancient sources also distinguish them from those Illyrians dwelling in the central and southern coast of the eastern Adriatic Sea and its hinterland, who had constituted their own socio-political formation, referred to as ' Illyrian kingdom ' by ancient authors. The Dardani were also related to their Thracian neighbors. In Roman times, there appear Thracian names in

2808-540: The Austro-Turkish War from 1683 to 1699 , the town of Trepča and its mine were destroyed in 1685. Followed by the massive depopulation as a result of the 1690 Great Migration of the Serbs , the mining activity ceased completely. After World War I ended, the newly formed Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia), instigated the geological surveys of the medieval ore mines in order to ease

2925-571: The German-installed Serbian state . The mines were under the direct German administration, allowing the continued flow of minerals for the production of ammunition and submarine batteries. Output of these products was continued in the period after 1945, in the new, Communist Yugoslavia. Since 1939 the complex was expanded and reconstructed on several occasions. After the World War II , Tito 's SFR Yugoslavia nationalized

3042-715: The Ibar valley for protection against the Ottoman threats. On 15 June 1389, a dozen kilometers south from Trepča, the famous Battle of Kosovo occurred. In 1390/91 Serbia became an Ottoman vassal, but the mine continued to function normally. In 1455 the Ottoomans, under the Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , captured Trepča. Several neighborhoods in the area of Trepča according to the Ottoman defter of 1591 were Islamised and

3159-559: The illyrian queen of Ardiaei . Some scholars believe that Illyrian rulers Bardylis , Audata , Cleitus (son of Bardylis), Bardylis II , Bircenna (daughter of Bardylis II), and Monunios were Dardanian, however this is considered an old fallacy because it is unsupported by any ancient source, while some facts and ancient geographical locations go squarely against it. Nevertheless, Bardylis , if not Dardanian, probably had some kind of hegemony on Dardanians during his reign. Unlike their Thracian neighbors, in pre-Roman times

3276-528: The toponym Stari Trg which in Serbian means old place , or old market . Amazingly, the obvious misprint was not corrected in any later document nor mine plan. The flotation in Zvečan was operational until 31 March 1941. In that period it processed 6 million tons of ore. The ore was transported to the floatation first on the bullock carts , until a 6.5 km (4.0 mi) long industrial cable car transportation

3393-600: The wind and string type. the Dardanians ... living in the frontiers of the Illyrian and the Thracian worlds retained their individuality and, alone among the peoples of that region, succeeded in maintaining themselves as an ethnic unity even when they were militarily and politically subjected by the Roman arms [...] and when, towards the end of the ancient world, the Balkans were involved in far-reaching ethnic perturbations,

3510-428: The "land of Autariatae ." The term was used to describe the Dardanian political status as a semi-independent country in the later Roman Republic . Little data exists about the territory of the Dardani prior to Roman conquest, especially on its southern extent which has been contested with Macedon, so scholars use information provided in Roman times to define the bounds of Dardanian territory. An unnamed Dardanian king

3627-483: The 2010s, also taking into consideration current Balkan historical linguistics. Dana concludes that the Illyrian character of Dardanian onomastics is unquestionable and that it is appropriate to definitively rule out the idea of a Thracian origin or participation (at least appreciable) in the ethnogenesis of the Dardani. Since the Dardani were neighbored to the east by the Thracians, the eastern parts of Dardania were at

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3744-426: The 6th century), there was a Byzantine province of Dardania that included cities of Ulpiana , Scupi , Justiniana Prima , and others. A Dardanian polity began to develop from the 4th century BC. The Kingdom of Dardania was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting the wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor – Macedon – until the 2nd century BC. The Dardanian kingdom

3861-664: The Balkan-Danubian complex. It dates between the 14th and 10th centuries BCE, and appears in Kosovo, Morava valley, Sandzak, Macedonia and South-East Serbia. In Yugoslavian historiography, starting from Milutin Garašanin in the 1970s and 1980s, the Brnjica culture came to be interpreted as the " Daco-Moesian " and non-" Illyrian " linguistic component of the later Dardani. Before that change, Yugoslavian scholars had regarded

3978-462: The Balkans and Anatolia, respectively include: Eneti and Enetoi , Bryges and Phryges . These parallels indicate closer links than simply a correlation of names. According to a current explanation, the connection is likely related to the large-scale movement of peoples that occurred at the end of the Bronze Age (around 1200 BC), when the attacks of the ' Sea Peoples ' afflicted some of

4095-412: The Dardani actually lost independence in 28 BC thus, the final occupation of Dardania by Rome has been connected with the beginnings of Augustus ' rule in 6 AD, when they were finally conquered by Rome. Dardania was conquered by Gaius Scribonius Curio and the Latin language was soon adopted as the main language of the tribe as many other conquered and Romanized. After the Roman emperor Domitian divided

4212-718: The Dardani are mentioned again, defeated by the Macedonian Roman army. In 88 BC, the Dardani invaded the Roman province of Macedonia together with the Scordisci and the Maedi . The Romans found an ancient formed economy in Dardania, based on agriculture and animal husbandry, mining and metallurgy, in different handicrafts and in trade. The Romans focused especially in exploitation of mines, same as in other provinces, and in road construction. It seems quite probable that

4329-488: The Dardani as of Illyrian origin. The narrative of a distinct "Daco-Moesian" concept developed as a response to Albanian and Bulgarian researchers, and especially to changes inside Yugoslavia due to increasing local nationalisms. In Dardania tribal aristocracy and pre-urban development emerged from the 6th–5th centuries BC. The contacts of the Dardanians with the Mediterranean world began early and intensified during

4446-619: The Dardani were not Hellenized. From the Greek point of view, they were barbarians. Because of this prejudice they received some bad press in the Ancient Greek and Roman historiography. The tribe was viewed of as "extremely barbaric". Claudius Aelianus and other writers wrote that they bathed only three times in their lives. At birth, when they were wed and after they died. Strabo refers to them as wild and dwelling in dirty caves under dung-hills. This however may have had to do not with cleanliness, as bathing had to do with monetary status from

4563-526: The Dardanian language area in the Central Illyrian area ( "Central Illyrian" consisting of most of former Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the northwest, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north). Another extensive study based on onomastics in Thrace, eastern Macedonia, Moesia, Dacia and Bithynia has been carried out by Dan Dana in

4680-538: The Dardanian perception of the cosmic order and the interconnection between the material world and the higher realm. Dardanian funerary stelae portray representations of their mourning practice, which accurately mirrors the Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead – gjâma . The lamentation of the dead is represented on the stelae through the depiction of the mourners with raised hands, grabbing their heads and beating their chests. Strabo writes that Dardanians cared about music, always using musical instruments, both of

4797-672: The Dardanian region and the Trojan-Dardanian area in several other ancient ethnonyms, personal names, and toponyms: Dardas , an opraetor epiratrum ; Δερδιενις , name of Macedonian-Elimiot princes; Δερδια in Thessaly ; Δερδενις in Lesbos ; in ancient Apulia Dardi , a Daunian tribe, Derdensis a region and Δαρδανον , a Daunian settlement. The suffix -ano in Dard- was common to many Indo-European languages. The names of

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4914-411: The Dardanians lost their important political role. The strengthening of the Illyrian ( Ardiaean – Labeatan ) state on their western borders also contributed to the restriction of Dardanian warlike actions towards their neighbors. Dardanians fought against Roman proconsuls, and were finally defeated probably by Marcus Antonius in 39 BC or by Marcus Licinius Crassus in 29/8 BC. They were included in

5031-645: The Dardanians, of all the Central Balkan tribes, played the greatest part in the genesis of the new peoples who took the place of the old ... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century Here the old name of Dardania appears as a new province formed out of Moesia, along with Moesia Prima, Dacia (not Trajan's old province but a... Though its line

5148-489: The First Tunnel or that bodies were incinerated in the manhole furnace. After several months of investigation, French, German, Dutch and American investigators concluded that the furnace in question wasn't operational when the alleged crime happened. General Nash then claimed that Trepča needs to be closed because of the environmental pollution, though French minister for environment, Dominique Voynet concluded that there

5265-600: The Government of the Republic of Kosovo, the Assembly provided two new articles, by which the status of Trepca will be regulated by a special law of Strategy and, while companies that have entered the process of reorganization, bankruptcy or liquidation, terminated with the entry into force of this law without the need for any judicial decision. Albanian employees declared a strike and would not emerge from underground until

5382-570: The Illyrian and Amynander king of Athamania, cooperated with Roman consul Sulpicius in his expedition against Philip V. Being always under the menace of Dardanian attacks on Macedonia, around 183 BC Philip V made an alliance with the Bastarnae and invited them to settle in Polog, the region of Dardania closest to Macedonia. A joint campaign of the Bastarnae and Macedonians against the Dardanians

5499-602: The Iron Age habitation further developed with the emergence of the Glasinac-Mat culture , an Illyrian material culture which developed in the Iron Age western Balkans. The Dardani - as they became known in classical antiquity - were one of the particular groups of the Glasinac-Mat culture. The Brnjica cultural group was a Late Bronze Age cultural manifestation in what was to become Dardania, closely connected to

5616-515: The Iron Age. Trade connections with the Ancient Greek world were created from the 7th century BC onwards. The proto-urban development was followed by the creation of urban centers and the emergence of craftsmanship, and a Dardanian polity began to develop from the 4th century BC. Material culture and accounts in classical sources suggest that Dardanian society reached an advanced phase of development. The Dardani are referred to as one of

5733-418: The Macedonian throne, skirmishing with Dardani began in 220-219 BC and he managed to capture Bylazora from them in 217 BC. Skirmishes continued in 211 and in 209 when a force of Dardani under Aeropus, probably a pretender to the Macedonian throne, captured Lychnidus and looted Macedonia taking 20.000 prisoners and retreating before Philip's forces could reach them. In 201 Bato of Dardania along with Pleuratus

5850-506: The Macedonian throne. Indeed, the Dardani have not been mentioned in the ancient accounts concerning the events of Alexander's Balkan campaign . It appears that the Dardani evaded the Macedonian rule during the Wars of the Diadochi between 284 BC and 281 BC, at the time of Lysimachus 'empire. Thereafter the Dardani became a constant threat to Macedon on its northern borders. In 279 BC, at

5967-593: The Neolithic population and the PIE-speakers gave rise to the material culture which developed in the Bronze Age (2100-1100 BCE) in settlements including Vlashnjë, Korishë, Pogragjë, Bardhi i Madh and Topanicë. Archaeological research in the territory of Dardania greatly expanded since 2000. In contemporary research, a periodization of four phases of development of pre-Roman Dardania is being utilized: In

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6084-572: The PIE root *dhereĝh- "to hold", "strong", which would have evolved to dard- in consistency with the phonetic change of voiced palatal velars that are a characteristic trait of Albanian. The opinion criticising the etymologies based on roots that originally included *g̑h because in the earliest form of Albanian PIE *g̑h turned into *dʑ and correspondingly later into *dz , which should have been spelled in Greek/Latin documents with /z/, /s/, or

6201-487: The Proto-Albanian form reconstructed as * dʰorĝʰ-eh₂- , is not clear. More recently for the Albanian dardhë the Proto-Albanian * dardā has been reconstructed, itself a derivative of derdh "to tip out, pour, spill, secrete, cast (metals)" < PAlb * derda . In Old Albanian texts the root is recorded not umlautized : dardh . It continues Proto-Albanian * darda , which

6318-467: The Roman period in Dardania. A monument representing a round labyrinth that was dedicated to the "Dardanian Goddess" was found in Smira. This monument provides evidence for cosmogonic and cosmologic knowledges among the Dardani. The labyrinth was realized based on the concept of the trinity . There is used a numerological and geometric approach through a multidimensional holographic field, which illustrates

6435-457: The Roman province of Moesia . After the Roman emperor Domitian divided the province of Moesia into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior. A Roman colony was established at Scupi in Dardanian territory under the Flavian dynasty . In the 2nd century AD Dardanians were still notorious as brigands ( latrones dardaniae) . During

6552-595: The Serbs) built settlements and churches around the mines and were granted with keeping their identity. Trepča mine probably originated in the second half of the 13th century, as it was mentioned for the first time in 1303 in one charter of the Pope Boniface VIII . As Stari Trg was one of the Europe's richest mines of lead, zinc, silver and gold, King Milutin set a coin mint there, which was operational for over

6669-438: The Thraco-Illyrian contact zone. As shown by archaeological research Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania (present-day Kosovo), and occasionally appear in eastern Dardania (present-day south-eastern Serbia), while Thracian names are found in the eastern parts, but are absent from the western parts. The correspondence of Illyrian onomastics in Dardania – including those of the Dardanian ruling dynasty – with those of

6786-467: The UNMIK-installed management board. The arrival of KFOR in June 1999 led to an outburst of the mining complex. The northern mines remained owned and operated by Serbs, while the southern mines were in Albanian hands. After the forces of FR Yugoslavia withdrew from Kosovo in 1999, the chaos ensued in the period during the takeover by KFOR and UNMIK , a military and a civilian administration, respectively. The units of UÇK looted and destroyed much of

6903-736: The area of the ancient Dardani have been proposed as South Slavic translations of Darda- toponyms. Other roots have been connected to the name Dardan- by some scholars. It has been proposed a possible link to darda "bee", maybe originally with the meaning of "noise", "chatter", compared with Sanskrit dardurá- "frog", "pipe", Lithuanian dardėt́i "to rattle", "chatter" (which however is regarded by Orel as an onomatopoeic form connected to Albanian derdh , hence to dardhë , see above), Gkreek δάρδα · μέλισσα "bee", sometimes interpreted as μόλυσμα "stain", δαρδαίνει · μολύνει "to stain", both late antique attestations from Hesychius (5th century CE) and with aberrant semantics. Another link has been made with

7020-403: The area was originally populated with Thracians who then exposed to direct contact with Illyrians over a long period. [..] The meaning of this state of affairs has been variously interpreted, ranging from notions of Thracianization' (in part) of an existing Illyrian population to the precise opposite. In favour of the latter may be the close correspondence of Illyrian names in Dardania with those of

7137-463: The central administrative building. Soldiers arrested the CEO , Novak Bjelić, who was 3 hours later expelled into central Serbia on the orders of Kouchner. Kouchner ordered the shut down of Trepča. On 4 January 2001, Serbian deputy prime minister Nebojša Čović signed a document which returned the seat of the company to Zvečan and changes the structure of Trepča, transforming it back to the state owned company, which effectively retroactively legalized

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7254-416: The central-western Balkans including the historical regions of Dardania, Illyria proper, Paeonia, Upper Moesia, western Dacia and western Thrace. The name of the Dardani is mentioned for the first time in the Iliad in the name of Dardanus who founded Dardanus on the Aegean coast of Anatolia and his people the Dardanoi , from which the toponym Dardanelles is derived. Other parallel ethnic names in

7371-430: The context of a distinct language is considered in recent decades as potentially significant for the history of the Albanian language . Graves from the 6th and 5th centuries BCE in Romajë contain long iron bars which were placed in the tombs are a means of payment to the afterlife. They indicate that the tribe of the Dardani had developed a concept about the afterlife as shown later in other archaeological material like

7488-402: The death of Augustus, their name in connection to the Balkans became a political problem. After the death of Augustus, the new emperor was Tiberius , his stepson and the most senior Roman general in the Balkans. As Tiberius had played a key role in the Roman conquest of the Balkans, as emperor he couldn't be portrayed as the conqueror of Dardanians , whose name had been constructed as the name of

7605-408: The eastern strip of Dardania, and several Thracian and Dacian placenames also appear there, such as Dardapara and Quemedava , but Illyrian names dominated the rest. Nevertheless, ancient authors have not identified Dardanians with Thracians, and Strabo explicitly makes a clear distinction between them. The Kingdom of Dardania was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting

7722-518: The electric company, he ordered the shutting down of the power supply to the mine. An alternative power line, which connected the mine with the grid in the Central Serbia was then established. The mine was supplied with water via the 30 km (19 mi) long concrete canal from the Gazivode Lake . Claiming that two Albanian children fell into the canal, Kouchner order for the water to be cut, too. The company then organized alternative water supply system which consisted of powerful water pumps which pumped

7839-447: The enterprise. Marking the 40th anniversary, on 9 December 1967 a new lead smelter was opened (at the time, the 4th largest in the world), so as the zinc electrolysis plant and an automotive battery plant. New flotation in Zvečan was built in 1985, in the First tunnel, closer to Stari Trg. The landmark of the Zvečan complex is a 303-metre-high (994 ft) industrial chimney . From 1930 to 1985, 131 million tons of lead and zinc ore

7956-460: The established powers around the eastern Mediterranean . In ancient historiography, the Dardani of the Balkans are mentioned as a people in the second century BCE by Polybius who describes their wars against Macedon in the third century BC. Historians of Hellenistic and Roman antiquity who mention the Dardanians are Diodorus Siculus , Marcus Terentius Varro , Strabo , Sallust , Appian , Dionysius of Halicarnassus and others. According to

8073-407: The following years, certain legislation like a new mining law and regulations for investment incentives, will support privatization efforts if approved in order for the complex to work and be used at its highest level. In January 2015, the government of Kosovo said it would nationalise the Trepča mining complex because the Privatization Agency of Kosovo (KPA) had failed to come up with a plan for

8190-408: The founding act of the later company said: "Founded on 9 December 1927, Broad and son, 1 Great Winchester Street, London ECZ". Exploitation of the ore began in 1930 ("First tunnel" in Stari Trg). On 14 August 1930, the flotation in Zvečan ( Stan Trg ), was opened in the same place as the ancient medieval pit. The name Stan Trg is a misprint by the British administration of the mine, derived from

8307-457: The government the guarantor of the company’s debt." As of March 2019, the Serbian managers of RMHK Trepca were still fighting a rearguard action against the nationalization. The impact on town of Mitrovica was a major one. In only one census period of 10 years, from 1961 to 1971, the town grew by 57,7% (26,721 to 42,126). Kosovo has not yet fully recovered from the 1998–99 war and has failed since declaring independence in 2008 to build

8424-456: The increasing ethno-political tension and the resignation of most Albanian workers. At the time, an estimated 25,000 tons per year of sulphur dioxide pollution were discharged by the smokestack, and lead levels in the air rose to more than 100 times the acceptable levels in the EU. On 18 September 1999, the mineralogical museum of the mine, where guarded treasures had been accumulated since 1966,

8541-403: The last fifteen years, for reasons such as outdated installations; neglect and lack of maintenance, repair, and reinvestment; absence of control over production; robbery of equipment and workshops, and " Milosevic apparatchik" mine manager Novak Bjelic . Privatization attempts remained without great follow-up. The downgrade increased from 1990 with the reduction of Kosovo's autonomy by Belgrade,

8658-509: The late Imperial period their territory was the homeland of many Roman emperors , notably Constantine the Great and Justinian I . The ethnonym of the Dardani has been attested in ancient Greek literature as Dardaneis , Dardanioi and Dardanoi , and in Latin as Dardani . The term used for their territory was Dardanike ( Δαρδανική ). The root Dard- is attested outside

8775-585: The late 1st century BCE, in Rome a new ideological discourse was formed. Propagated by poets like Horace and Ovid , it constructed a glorious Trojan past for the Romans, who were claimed to be descendants of Trojan Dardanians. In the years before the Trojan origin story became the official Roman narrative about their origins, the Romans came into conflict in the Balkans with the Dardani. In public discourse this created

8892-510: The late Medieval Era (1000–1492). The long history of the successive influxes of the Byzantine , Bulgarian, Serbian, Albanian and Turkish people helps explain the cultural mixing and the legacies of old grievances which underlie the chaos of the 1990s. During his reign (1243–76), King Uroš invited the Saxon miners to Serbia, in order to develop the state's mines. The Saxons (called Sasi by

9009-496: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trepca&oldid=1255557649 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Serbian-language text Articles containing Albanian-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Trep%C4%8Da Mines With up to 23,000 employees, Trepča

9126-546: The military occupation of the complex. As of 2017 , the only remaining operational part of the complex were the Kopaonik mines and the flotation in Leposavić . The Trepča mining complex is derelict in a failing state that has immense potential, but has so far been ignored by serious investors for myriad reasons. The mine effectively went out of production as a result of the 1999 civil war and has been rumored to be part of

9243-405: The mine's future. Partly due to its murky ownership structure and numerous creditor claims with a draft law, but fearing bankruptcy and liquidation then the government changed this decision, then approved a special draft law except which includes two new articles those for completion changes according to which certain social enterprise could become public by decision of the Assembly. At the request of

9360-400: The mine's properties while international forces did nothing to stop it. UNMIK was authorized to take over all the state owned companies. However, Trepča wasn't organized as a plain, state-owned property, but was transformed into the joint-stock company in 1996. UNMIK chief Bernard Kouchner personally asked for the documentation on the ownership of Trepča, but he wasn't authorized to take over

9477-413: The most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries. Ancient tradition considered the Dardani as an Illyrian people . Strabo , in particular – also mentioning Galabri and Thunatae as Dardanian tribes – describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being

9594-409: The mythical progenitors of the Romans. Thus, the decision to create a new name for Dardania and the Dardani was made. Despite this decision and the administrative use of the names Moesia and Moesi for the Dardani and Dardania , the original use of the name persisted by authors like Appian. The name Dardania was not used for several hundred years after this period in an administrative context. It

9711-449: The opponents of Macedon in the 4th century BC, clashing with Philip II who managed to subdue them and their neighbors, probably during the early period of his reign. The Dardani have remained quiet until Philip II's death, after which they were planning defection . However an open war have not been caused by their riots, since Alexander the Great managed to have the full control of the kingdom and its army after succeeding his father to

9828-518: The oracle of Delphi the Celts eventually arrested and were defeated. Afterwards they withdrew in the north passing through Dardania, however they were completely destroyed by the Dardani. Further references to the Dardani are provided in the ancient sources describing Dardanian constant wars against Macedonians from the second half of the 3rd century BC. After the Celtic invasion of the Balkans weakened

9945-454: The other neighborhoods contained people with a mixture of Christian, Albanian and Slavic names. According to Selami Pulaha, Trepča in the 16th century had a significant Albanian population. 13 heads of families in the neighborhood of Trepz and 22 heads of families in the neighborhood Mekisha bore typical Albanian names. Under the Ottoman rule, Trepča, and all the other mines (like Novo Brdo ) began to depopulate and deteriorate. During

10062-500: The parliament adopts the law on public enterprises. They ended their strike when Kosovo government officials said they would consider bringing up nationalization again. In October 2016, the nationalisation process went ahead over Serbian diplomatic protest. The mine "had been held in trust and readied for sale" since 1999 by the UN-protected Kosovo Privatization Agency . The "legislation makes

10179-527: The payments of the war credits. Prime minister Nikola Pašić , who became the concessionary of the Stari Trg ore deposits, hired Fran Tućan to do the explorations. Tućan reported about the massive ore findings. In 1925 a big exploration program was carried out by the British company, Selection Trust , which assessed the huge potential of the ore deposit and acquired the concession in 1926. The concession

10296-673: The period after the death of Emperor Augustus in 14 CE. The name itself was taken from the name of the Mysians in Asia Minor. The choice seems to be related to the fact that the Trojan-era Mysians lived close to the Trojan-era Dardanians. As the name of the Dardani in Roman discourse became linked to the ancestors of the Romans, the actual Dardani began to be covered in Roman literature by other names. After

10413-477: The problem that the Roman army could be seen as fighting against a people who could be related to the ancestors of the Romans. The image of the historical Dardani in the 1st century BC was that of Illyrian barbarians who raided their Macedonian frontier and had to be dealt with. In this context, the name of a people known as the Moesi appeared in Roman sources. The Moesi are mentioned only in three ancient sources in

10530-408: The province of Moesia into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior. At first, Dardania was not a separate Roman province, but became a region in the province of Moesia Superior in 87 AD. Emperor Diocletian later (284) made Dardania into a separate province with its capital at Naissus ( Niš ). During the Byzantine administration (in

10647-539: The rare mines which was operational from the Roman period. Many constructions back in the Roman Empire were constructed including fortresses , wells , drosses , etc. The main fortress was built for the Roman city Municipium Dardanorum which was the capital city of a Roman province in Dardani . With the collapse of the Roman Empire and Slavic migrations, mining activity decreased leading to closure until

10764-443: The reason for the conflict in the first place. Its economy is in dire straits and there are few options to improve it. Trepča, despite its problems, provides one of the few significant development opportunities. The facility needs major upgrades, but the mineral reserves are great enough to offset the start-up costs. Most importantly, a reactivated Trepča would provide several thousand jobs and increase Kosovo's foreign exchange. It

10881-550: The rich, trading cities, like Split and Kotor on the Adriatic , while trading city of Dubrovnik appointed a consul. As with the others mines in the Medieval Serbia ( Brskovo , Rudnik , Janjevo , Novo Brdo), a square town developed around Trepča. The mining activity answered the needs of the successive lords and their suzerains , for it financed military activities, such as the construction of fortresses along

10998-681: The smelters and refineries. Geologically, the Trepča area belongs to the Mississippi Valley-Type of mineral deposits. It has beautiful occurrence of skarn , so as the Novo Brdo mine. Trepča was the largest Galena and Sphalerite mine in Yugoslavia. More than sixty minerals are listed up to date, most of which from a museological viewpoint are of exceptional quality. They include: The amount of ore mining in Kosovo

11115-437: The source of most of its raw material, is the vast mining complex to the east of Mitrovica in the north of Kosovo, famous since Roman times. However, with the closure of several mines and factories in the late 1980s and 1990s, the Trepča mining complex in Kosovo now comprises only seven lead and zinc mines, three concentrators, one smelter, and one zinc plant. Mines are categorized according to their geographic location: This

11232-435: The southern 'real' lllyrians to their west, including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. ... including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with... There must have been some reason why it

11349-423: The southern Illyrians suggests "thracianization" of parts of Dardania at a later date. The linguistic relationship between ' Illyrian ' and ' Thracian ' is uncertain due to the paucity of the available written material of those languages, consisting only of onomastic and toponymic evidence in the case of Illyrian, and the same for Thracian except for a few short inscriptions of difficult interpretation. Dardanian in

11466-499: The state of the Macedonians and Paeonians , the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of Paeonia which definitively disappeared from history, and to some territories of the southern Illyrians. The Dardanians strongly pressured the Macedonians, using every opportunity to attack them. However the Macedonians quickly recovered and consolidated their state, and

11583-504: The state of the Macedonians and Paeonians , the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of Paeonia which definitively disappeared from history. In 230 the Dardani under Longarus captured Bylazora from the Paeonians. Taking advantage of Macedonian weakness, in 229 the Dardani attacked Macedonia and defeated Demetrius II in an important battle. After obtaining

11700-477: The stock company, which French newspaper Le Monde wrote about at the time. Serbian management of the company tried to continue the production in the facilities north of the Ibar river which remained out of Albanian control, as much as it was possible: 9 mines out of 14, 6 out of 8 flotation units, 1 out of 2 metallurgy factories and 9 out of 17 factories or 70% of the capacities. As Kouchner had administrative rule over

11817-438: The times of the great Celtic invasion , Dardania was raided by several Celtic tribes on their campaigns that were undertaken to plunder the treasuries of Greek temples. During these events an unnamed Dardanian king offered to help the Macedonians with 20,000 soldiers to counteract the invading Celts, but it was refused by the Macedonian king Ptolemy Keraunos who, underestimating the Celtic strength, died fighting them. Only at

11934-701: The two main Dardanian tribes – Galabri/Galabrioi and Thunatae/Thunatai – have been respectively connected to the Messapic Kalabroi/Calabri and Daunioi/Daunii in Apulia (south-eastern Italy ), of Palaeo-Balkan provenance. The name Dardan- (ethnonym: Δάρδανοι / Dardani ; toponym: Δαρδανική / Dardania ) is traditionally connected to the same root as dardhë , the Albanian word for 'pear', as well as Alb. dardhán , dardán , 'farmer'. The ethnonym Pirustae , which

12051-492: The uncertainty of the Ancient Greek and Roman authors in transcribing the Proto-Albanian affricates, which were unfamiliar to them. Indeed, many similar examples of Palaeo-Balkan names with alternating spellings in ancient literature using both dentals and sibilants can be connected to an earlier stage of Albanian and furthermore provide strong support for Eric Hamp 's thesis about the Proto- Albanoid dialects, spoken in

12168-459: The viewpoint of the Greeks . Dardanian slaves or freedmen at the time of the Roman conquest were clearly of Paleo-Balkan origin, according to their personal names. It has been noted that personal names were mostly of the "Central-Dalmatian type". The Dardanians had their own language. An extensive study based on onomastics of the Roman era has been undertaken by Radoslav Katičić which puts

12285-444: The votive monument of Smirë . The weapons included double-edged axes ( Labrys ), which might have been used in a ritualistic manner related to sun worship which was prevalent in the northern Illyrian tribes Among the characteristic Dardanian deities were Andinus , considered to have been the indigenous god of vegetation and soil fertility , and Dea Dardanica ("Dardanian Goddess"). They are attested in votive inscriptions of

12402-462: The wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor – Macedon – until the 2nd century BC. The historian Justin , a main source about the history of the Macedonian kings, refers to an 'lllyrian war' between 346 and the end of 343 BC, fought by 'Dardani and other neighbouring peoples' against Philip II of Macedon , who won the conflict. After the Celtic invasion of the Balkans weakened

12519-602: The water from the Ibar river via the two-way pipeline into the pools on the slopes of the Zvečan Hill. From there, using free fall , the water was conducted to the factories. The official seat of the company was transferred to Belgrade , but the management remained in Zvečan. Chief of the US section of the KFOR, General William L. Nash tried to shut it down, too, giving statements that 700 bodies of dead Albanians were suspected to be in

12636-784: Was a hunger strike initiated by some workers of the Trepča Mines on 20 February 1989 against the abolition of the autonomy of the Province of Kosovo by the Socialist Republic of Serbia . The strike quickly gained support in Slovenia and Croatia, while in Belgrade protests were held against the Slovenian, Albanian and Croatian demands for decentralization. The strike council articulated ten requirements, which included obeying

12753-748: Was built. A lead smeltery and refinery became operational in Zvečan in 1939. During the German occupation of Yugoslavia in World War II, Stari Trg , the centerpiece mine, supplied 40 percent of lead used in the Nazi war industry. After the German-lead Invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, most of what is today Kosovo was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy but the area around Trepča was part of

12870-634: Was made up of many tribes and tribal groups, confirmed by Strabo , who mentions the Galabri and Thunatae as Dardanian tribes, and describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the Ardiaei and Autariatae . The Dardanians, in all their history, always had separate domains from the rest of the Illyrians . The term used for their territory was ( Δαρδανική ), while other tribal areas had more unspecified terms, such as Autariaton khora ( Αὐταριατῶν χώρα ), for

12987-592: Was obtained by Sir Alfred Chester Beatty , American-born British industrialist who founded the Selection Trust, nicknamed "King of copper", from Rade Pašić, son of Nikola Pašić. Beatty became the first owner and a head of the modern Trepča mines. On 9 September 1927 he launched the Trepča Mines Limited subsidiary in London and the mines were operational under that name until the end of World War II, so

13104-657: Was once one of the biggest companies in Yugoslavia . In the 1930s, the Selection Trust gained the rights to exploit the Stari Trg mine close to Mitrovica. After World War II , under socialist management, the company further expanded. The enterprise known as Trepča was a conglomerate of 40 mines and factories, located mostly in Kosovo but also in locations in Montenegro . But the heart of its operations, and

13221-624: Was only recreated by Emperor Diocletian in the 3rd century CE. The territory of present-day Kosovo which formed the core area of the Dardani has been inhabited since the Neolithic era . Runik and Vlashnjë are two of the most significant sites in the Neolithic period. During the late 3rd millennium BCE, Proto-Indo-European tribes migrated and settled in the region alongside the existing Neolithic population. New practices in agriculture and cattle breeding appear in this period and new settlements formed in Kosovo. Co-existence and intermingling of

13338-458: Was organized, but Philip V died and his son Perseus of Macedon withdrew his forces from the campaign. The Bastarnae crossed the Danube in huge numbers and although they didn't meet the Macedonians, they continued the campaign. Some 30,000 Bastarnae under the command of Clondicus seem to have defeated the Dardani. In 179 BC, the Bastarnae conquered the Dardani, who later in 174 pushed them out, in

13455-509: Was plundered by thieves benefiting from the confusion. It was reported that the most invaluable vivianite specimen of the museum, more than 1,500 of the crystals collected inside the mine since 1927, and 150 specimens which had been given by 30 countries from all over the world had disappeared. UNMIK inherited a large problem through its trusteeship of the assets, and in February 2002, Bjelic suffered from criminal court proceedings brought by

13572-904: Was processed. Until the production ceased in 2000, historical total output included: 3,3 million tons of refined lead, 4,100 tons of refined silver and 3,300 tons of bismuth. Calculated in 2017 parity, production of the complex was $ 360 million in 1975 and $ 340 million in 1987. In 1985, Trepča was Europe's 1st and world's 5th largest raw lead smelting facility and one of the largest for processing zinc. Production capacity included: 3.5 million tons of ore, 165,000 tons of raw lead, 110,000 tons of refined lead, 40,000 tons of electrolytic zinc, 100 tons of fine silver, 100 tons of refined bismuth, 72 tons of cadmium, 200 kg of gold, 20,000 tons of lead batteries, 280,000 tons of sulfuric acid, 100,000 tons of sulfur-phosphate and 150,000 tons of composite fertilizers. It produced over 80% of refined lead and over 50% of refined zinc in Yugoslavia. The 1989 Kosovo miners' strike

13689-509: Was said of the Dardanians, and not of any other people, that they only bathed three times in their lives ...like the Dardanians', which was applied not to dirty folk, as might be expected, but to the miserly (ἐπὶ τῶν φειδωλῶν)! For the Greeks, obviously, to bathe or not was only a question of expense and financial means. Joseph, Brian D.; Dedvukaj, Lindon (2024). "Turning night into day: Milieu and semantic change in Albanian" . Proceedings of

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