Misplaced Pages

#307692

40-586: Maniago ( Friulian : Manià ) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone , in the Friuli subregion of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , north-eastern Italy . It is known principally today for production of steel blades used by producers of knives, scissors, and shears, exported worldwide. This article on a location in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

80-451: A conservative form, variety, or feature of a language is one that has changed relatively little across the language's history, or which is relatively resistant to change. It is the opposite of innovative , innovating , or advanced forms, varieties, or features, which have undergone relatively larger or more recent changes. Furthermore, an archaic form is not only chronologically old (and often conservative) but also rarely used anymore in

120-406: A consonant or in -i . A few masculine nouns end in -e , including sisteme (system) and probleme (problem). They are usually words coming from Ancient Greek . However, because most masculine nouns end in a consonant, it is common to find the forms sistem and problem instead, more often in print than in speech. There are also a number of masculine nouns borrowed intact from Italian , with

160-410: A consonant, including those ending in -zion , which are from Latin . Note that in some Friulian dialects the -e feminine ending is actually an -a or an -o, which characterize the dialect area of the language and are referred to as a/o-ending dialects (e.g. cjase is spelled as cjaso or cjasa - the latter being the oldest form of the feminine ending). Most masculine nouns end either in

200-555: A final -o , like treno (train). Many of the words have been fully absorbed into the language and even form their plurals with the regular Friulian -s rather than the Italian desinence changing. Still, there are some purists, including those influential in Friulian publishing, who frown on such words and insist that the "proper" Friulian terms should be without the final -o . Despite the fact that one almost always hears treno , it

240-1288: A unique pattern of diphthongs (yellow) and monophthongs (blue) for the long vowels: Note that the vowels î and û in the standard language (based on the Central dialects) correspond to two different sounds in the Western dialects (including Codroipo). These sounds are not distributed randomly but correspond to different origins: Latin short E in an open syllable produces Western [ei] but Central [iː] , whereas Latin long Ī produces [iː] in both dialects. Similarly, Latin short O in an open syllable produces Western [ou] but Central [uː] , whereas Latin long Ū produces [uː] in both dialects. The word mûr , for example, means both "wall" (Latin MŪRUM ) and "(he, she, it) dies" (Vulgar Latin * MORIT from Latin MORITUR ); both words are pronounced [muːr] in Central dialects, but respectively [muːr] and [mour] in Western dialects. Long consonants (ll, rr, and so on), frequently used in Italian, are usually absent in Friulian. Friulian long vowels originate primarily from vowel lengthening in stressed open syllables when

280-399: A word which means "child"). A modern Friulian speaker can understand these texts with only little difficulty. The second important period for Friulian literature is the 16th century. The main author of this period was Ermes di Colorêt , who composed over 200 poems. Notes: Some notes on orthography (from the perspective of the standard, i.e. Central, dialect): Long vowels are typical of

320-434: Is Piruç myò doç inculurit (which means "My pear, all colored"); it was composed by an anonymous author from Cividale del Friuli, probably in 1380. quant yò chi viot, dut stoi ardit cuant che jo ti viôt, dut o stoi ardît There are few differences in the first two rows, which demonstrates that there has not been a great evolution in the language except for several words which are no longer used (for example, dum(n) lo ,

360-477: Is agns . The same happens for the adjective bon (good), as its plural is bogns . A feature of Friulian are the clitic subject pronouns . Known in Friulian as pleonastics , they are never stressed; they are used together with the verb to express the subject and can be found before the verb in declarative sentences or immediately after it in case of interrogative or vocative ( optative ) sentences. Conservative (language) In linguistics ,

400-568: Is compensatory lengthening before lost consonants in certain circumstances, cf. pâri "father" < Latin patrem , vôli "eye" < Latin oc(u)lum , lîre "pound" < Latin libra . This produces long vowels in non-final syllables, and was apparently a separate, later development than the primary lengthening in open syllables. Note, for example, the development of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ in this context: */ɛ/ > */jɛ/ > iê /jeː/ , as in piêre "stone" < Latin PETRAM , differing from

440-527: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Friulian language A question that causes many debates is the influence of the Latin spoken in Aquileia and surrounding areas. Some claim that it had peculiar features that later passed into Friulian. Epigraphs and inscriptions from that period show some variants if compared to the standard Latin language, but most of them are common to other areas of

SECTION 10

#1732787066308

480-488: Is almost always written tren . The Friulian definite article (which corresponds to "the" in English) is derived from the Latin ille and takes the following forms: Before a vowel, both il and la can be abbreviated to l' in the standard forms - for example il + arbul (the tree) becomes l'arbul. Yet, as far as the article la is concerned, modern grammar recommends that its non elided form should be preferred over

520-534: Is generally said to be more conservative than speech since written forms generally change more slowly than spoken language does. That helps explain inconsistencies in writing systems such as that of English ; since the spoken language has changed relatively more than has the written language, the match between spelling and pronunciation is inconsistent. A language may be conservative in one respect while simultaneously innovative in another. Bulgarian and Macedonian , closely related Slavic languages , are innovative in

560-483: Is said to be conservative if it has fewer new developments or changes than related varieties do. For example, Icelandic is, in some aspects, more similar to Old Norse than other languages that evolved from Old Norse, including Danish , Norwegian , or Swedish , while Sardinian (especially the Nuorese dialects ) and Italian are regarded as being the most conservative Romance languages . A 2008 study regarding

600-493: Is worth"). Friulian is quite different from Italian in its morphology; it is, in many respects, closer to French . In Friulian as in other Romance languages , nouns are either masculine or feminine (for example, " il mûr " ("the wall", masculine), " la cjadree " ("the chair", feminine). Most feminine nouns end in -e , which is pronounced, unlike in Standard French: Some feminine nouns, however, end in

640-415: Is written as gjats but is pronounced in much of Friuli as if it were gjas . The plural of plat 'dish', though written as plats , is often pronounced as plas . Other words in this category include clâf (key) and clap (stone), whose plural forms, clâfs and claps, are often pronounced with no f or p, respectively (clâs, clas) so the longer a in the former is all that distinguishes it from

680-588: The Lombardic language — Friuli was one of their strongholds — are present. In a similar manner, there is a unique connection to the modern, nearby Lombard language . In Friulian, there is also a plethora of words of German , Slovenian and Venetian origin. From that evidence, scholars today agree that the formation of new Friulian dates back to circa 500 AD, at the same time as other dialects derived from Latin (see Vulgar Latin ). The first written records of new Friulian have been found in administrative acts of

720-466: The province of Pordenone , in half of the province of Gorizia , and in the eastern part of the province of Venice . In the past, the language borders were wider since in Trieste and Muggia , local variants of Friulian were spoken. The main document about the dialect of Trieste, or tergestino , is "Dialoghi piacevoli in dialetto vernacolo triestino", published by G. Mainati in 1828. Friuli was, until

760-493: The -e is changed to -is (whilst a/o-ending dialects simply add an s) The plural of almost all other nouns is just -s. It is always pronounced as voiceless [s], as in English cats , never as voiced [z], as in dogs . In some Friulian dialects, there are many words whose final consonant becomes silent when the -s is added. The words include just about all those whose singular form ends in -t. The plural of gjat , for example,

800-436: The 13th century and are mainly commercial or juridical acts. The examples show that Friulian was used together with Latin, which was still the administrative language. The main examples of literature that have survived (much from this period has been lost ) are poems from the 14th century and are usually dedicated to the theme of love and are probably inspired by the Italian poetic movement Dolce Stil Novo . The most notable work

840-473: The 13th century, but the documents became more frequent in the following century, when literary works also emerged ( Frammenti letterari for example). The main centre at that time was Cividale . The Friulian language has never acquired primary official status: legal statutes were first written in Latin, then in Venetian and finally in Italian. The idea of unity among Ladin , Romansh and Friulian comes from

SECTION 20

#1732787066308

880-610: The 14th century, the Venetian language shared many phonetic features with Friulian and Ladin and so he thought that Friulian was a much more conservative language. Many features that Ascoli thought were peculiar to the Rhaeto-Romance languages can, in fact, be found in other languages of Northern Italy . Today, Friulian is spoken in the province of Udine , including the area of the Carnia Alps , but as well throughout

920-537: The 1960s, an area of deep poverty, causing a large number of Friulian speakers to emigrate. Most went to France , Belgium , and Switzerland or outside Europe , to Canada , Mexico , Australia , Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , Venezuela , the United States , and South Africa . In those countries, there are associations of Friulian immigrants (called Fogolâr furlan ) that try to protect their traditions and language. The first texts in Friulian date back to

960-560: The Friulian language and greatly influence the Friulian pronunciation of Italian. Friulian distinguishes between short and long vowels: in the following minimal pairs (long vowels are marked in the official orthography with a circumflex accent): Friulian dialects differ in their treatment of long vowels. In certain dialects, some of the long vowels are actually diphthongs. The following chart shows how six words ( sêt thirst, pît foot, fîl "wire", pôc (a) little, fûc fire, mûr "wall") are pronounced in four dialects. Each dialect uses

1000-497: The Germanic languages of English, Icelandic and Scots, with /ð/ also remaining in the endangered Elfdalian language. Sardinian, the most conservative Romance language both lexically and phonetically, has a verbal morphology that is somewhat simpler than that of other Romance languages such as Spanish or Italian . In the 6th century AD, Classical Arabic was a conservative Semitic language compared with Classical Syriac , which

1040-502: The Italian historical linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli , who was born in Gorizia . In 1871, he presented his theory that these three languages are part of one family, which in the past stretched from Switzerland to Muggia and perhaps also Istria . The three languages are the only survivors of this family and all developed differently. Friulian was much less influenced by German . The scholar Francescato claimed subsequently that until

1080-652: The Roman Empire. Often, it is cited that Fortunatianus , the bishop of Aquileia c. 342–357 AD, wrote a commentary to the Gospel in sermo rusticus (the common/ rustic language), which, therefore, would have been quite divergent from the standard Latin of administration. The text itself did not survive so its language cannot be examined, but its attested existence testifies to a shift of languages while, for example, other important communities of Northern Italy were still speaking Latin. The languages spoken before

1120-704: The arrival of the Romans in 181 BC were Rhaetic , Venetic and Celtic . The inhabitants belonged to the Raeti , a likely pre-Indo-European language population, the Italic Veneti , and the Carni , a Celtic population. In modern Friulian, the words of Rhaetic, Venetic or Celtic origin include terms referring to mountains, woods, plants, or animals, as well as local toponyms and onomastics (e.g. names of villages with -acco , -icco ). Even influences from

1160-516: The elided one: la acuile (the eagle) although in speech the two a sounds are pronounced as a single one. In the spoken language, various other articles are used. The indefinite article in Friulian (which corresponds to a and an in English) derives from the Latin unus and varies according to gender: A partitive article also exists: des for feminine and dai for masculine: des vacjis – some cows and dai libris - some books A Friulian adjective must agree in gender and number with

1200-408: The final -t to -cj Some masculine nouns ending in -t form their plurals by palatalising the final -t to -cj: Nouns ending in "s" do not change spelling in the plural, but some speakers may pronounce the plural -s differently from the singular -s. The plural of an (year) has several forms depending on dialect, including ain , ains , agn and agns . Regardless of pronunciation, the written form

1240-478: The following vowel was lost. Friulian vowel length has no relation to vowel length in Classical Latin. For example, Latin valet yields vâl "it is worth" with a long vowel, but Latin vallem yields val "valley" with a short vowel. Long vowels aren't found when the following vowel is preserved, e.g.: It is quite possible that vowel lengthening occurred originally in all stressed open syllables, and

Maniago - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-519: The grammar of their nouns, having dropped nearly all vestiges of the complex Slavic case system ; at the same time, they are highly conservative in their verbal system, which has been greatly simplified in most other Slavic languages. English, which is one of the more innovative Germanic languages in most respects (vocabulary, inflection, vowel phonology, syntax), is nevertheless conservative in its consonant phonology, retaining sounds such as (most notably) / θ / and / ð / ( th ), which remain only in

1320-658: The latter. A final -ç, which is pronounced either as the English "-ch" (in central Friulian) or as "-s", is pluralized in writing as -çs, regardless of whether the pluralized pronunciation is "-s" or "-ts" (it varies according to dialect): messaç / messaçs (message). Masculine nouns ending in -l or -li form their plurals by palatalising final -l or -li to -i. Notice how these very often correspond to French nouns that form an irregular plural in - x : cheval-chevaux, chapeau-chapeaux, cheveu-cheveux, oeil-yeux, genou-genoux . Feminine nouns ending in -l have regular plurals. Masculine nouns ending in -st form their plurals by palatalising

1360-449: The modern language, and an obsolete form has fallen out of use altogether. An archaic language stage is chronologically old, compared to a more recent language stage, while the terms conservative and innovative typically compare contemporary forms, varieties or features. A conservative linguistic form, such as a word or sound feature, is one that remains closer to an older form from which it evolved, relative to cognate forms from

1400-441: The noun it qualifies. Most adjectives have four forms for singular (masculine and feminine) and plural (masculine and feminine): (Like for nouns, for a/o-ending dialects the plural is simply obtained by adding an s - e.g. brute corresponds to bruta/bruto and its plural form brutis is brutas/brutos ). The feminine is formed in several ways from the masculine: To form the plural of masculine and feminine nouns ending in -e,

1440-484: The outcome /i(ː)/ in originally open syllables (see above). Additional complications: Synchronic analyses of vowel length in Friulian often claim that it occurs predictably in final syllables before an underlying voiced obstruent , which is then devoiced. Analyses of this sort have difficulty with long-vowel contrasts that occur non-finally (e.g. pâri "father" mentioned above) or not in front of obstruents (e.g. fi "fig" vs. fî "son", val "valley" vs. vâl "it

1480-573: The same source. For example, the Spanish word caro /'kaɾo/ and the French word cher /ʃɛʁ/, both adjectives meaning dear or beloved , similarly evolved from the Latin word cārum /'ka:rum/ [ˈkaːɾũː] ( Proto-Romance /ˈka.ru/). The Spanish word, which is more similar to the common ancestor, is more conservative than its French cognate, which is more innovative. A language or language variety

1520-412: The stability of modern Icelandic appears to confirm its status as "stable". Therefore, Icelandic and Sardinian are considered relatively conservative languages. Likewise, some dialects of a language may be more conservative than others. Standard varieties , for example, tend to be more conservative than nonstandard varieties, since education and codification in writing tend to retard change. Writing

1560-788: Was later lost in non-final syllables. Evidence of this is found, for example, in the divergent outcome of Vulgar Latin */ɛ/ , which becomes /jɛ/ in originally closed syllables but /i(ː)/ in Central Friulian in originally open syllables, including when non-finally. Examples: siet "seven" < Vulgar Latin */sɛtte/ < Latin SEPTEM , word-final pît "foot" < Vulgar Latin */pɛde/ < Latin PEDEM , non-word-final tivit /ˈtivit/ "tepid, lukewarm" < Vulgar Latin */tɛpedu/ < Latin TEPIDUM . An additional source of vowel length

1600-543: Was spoken at the same time; Classical Arabic strongly resembles reconstructed Proto-Semitic , and Syriac has changed much more. Compared to closely related modern Northeastern Neo-Aramaic , which is not necessarily directly descended from it, Classical Syriac is still a highly archaic language form because it is also chronologically old. Georgian has changed remarkably little since the Old Georgian period (the 4th/5th century AD). A roughly analogous concept in biology

#307692