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54-654: The Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga was formed in November 1958 by Tshombe, Munongo, Dominique Diur , and others in response to the developing sociopolitical situation in Katanga Province , Belgian Congo . At the time, immigrants from other parts of the Congo, notably Lulua and Baluba people of Kasai Province , made up 38% of Katanga's population. The "authentic Katangese" referred to them disparagingly as "strangers". The first president of CONAKAT

108-681: A New Year's message at the beginning of 1965, Tshombe rejected conciliation with the Simba rebels and called for their total defeat. Tshombe formed the federalist Convention Nationale Congolaise (CONACO), a bloc of forty-nine parties for the 1965 general election . The party won comfortably gaining 38 seats with the alliance as a whole winning 122 seats. Despite this victory Tshombe was dismissed from his position as Prime Minister in October 1965 by President Kasa-Vubu and replaced by Évariste Kimba . In November, General Joseph Mobutu , who had just staged

162-707: A black man who was submissive and docile towards whites. In 1963, UN forces succeeded in suppressing Katanga, driving Tshombe into exile in Northern Rhodesia and then Spain. Tshombe took 890 suitcases full of one million gold pieces with him into exile, which he placed into various European banks, allowing him to live in comfort and luxury. At the same time, the UN forces found that the Katangese treasury had been stripped bare. The entire vault contained only £10 British pounds together with one dead rat. In early 1964,

216-687: A foothold in these countries". American conservatives presented the Belgian Congo as a place of racial harmony, which Tshombe had tried to preserve. The principal lobbying group for Tshombe was the American Committee for Aid to Katangan Freedom Fighters that portrayed the United Nations as a communist-dominated organization that was seeking to crush Katanga to achieve Soviet foreign policy goals in Africa. The support for Tshombe

270-493: A former CONAKAT member but now Congolese Democratic Front leader, was appointed prime minister. Joseph Mobutu seized power in a coup in November 1965 and would transform the Congo into a one-party state under his Popular Movement of the Revolution which forcibly dissolved CONAKAT along with every other political party. Dominique Diur Dominique Diur (1929—1980) was a Congolese and Katangese politician who

324-404: A group of young évolués with an anti-Kasaian mindset including Diur, Évariste Kimba , Albert Nyembo , and Godefroid Munongo , grouped together to form CONAKAT . The first meeting leading to the creation of Conakat took place at Diur's house. The statutes were also drafted at his house. Congo became independent on 30 June 1960. Eleven days later, Katanga's governor Moïse Tshombe declared

378-607: A number of legal challenges to force the Algerians to release Tshombe to no avail. Long-time aide Michel Struelens travelled to different European cities to lobby for Tshombe, eventually to no avail. Tshombe died in Algeria in 1969. The Algerian government called in eight Algerian physicians and three French doctors, who concluded that he died in his sleep. Later, an autopsy concluded a natural death. Tshombe's nephew Joseph Kayomb Tshombe stipulated that no medical doctor chosen by

432-682: A sore throat, Mr. Urquhart"), he would suddenly whisper. " Je dois prendre immédiatement une piqûre " ("I must immediately get a [medical] shot.") And that would be the end of the conversation. Tshombe was basically a weak person who was always being manipulated by others – the Union Minière , right-wing politicians in Europe and the United States, mercenaries, arms dealers and other adventurers who were after his money." France, wishing to take advantage of Katangese minerals, sent to Tshombe

486-584: A successful coup against Kasa-Vubu, brought charges of treason against Tshombe, who again fled the country and settled in Francoist Spain . In 1965, Tshombe's brother, Daniel, became the Mwaant Yav, which greatly added to his appeal in Katanga. Traditionally, the title of Mwaant Yav alternated between different Lunda royal families, but since 1965 the office of Mwaant Yav has been held by members of

540-553: The Belgian Ministry of Justice . Diur started his professional career at the Belgian Congo Radio in Élisabethville, before working at the local court ( Juridiction indigène ). He was elected as a municipal councillor for the Élisabethville commune of Kenya in 1957 and reelected in 1959. Diur was a member of Gassomel ( Groupement des associations mutuelles de l'Empire Lunda ), a Lunda organisation. In 1958,

594-705: The NATO headquarters in Paris , France . He stayed in the city to establish the permanent delegation of Katanga in France on Avenue Georges Mandel  [ fr ] , not far from NATO and the Eiffel Tower . The appointment came at a time when Katanga sought to intensify its ties with France. French Prime Minister Michel Debré sent out SDECE officer François Bistos  [ fr ] to Élisabethville, and accepted an official visit by Diur. On 28 May 1963, after

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648-582: The November 1965 coup which ended the Congo Crisis, he was charged with treason and was forced into exile again. He died four years later under disputed circumstances. A member of the Lunda ethnic group , Tshombe was born near Musumba , Belgian Congo , the son of a successful businessman. The Tshombe family were Lunda royalty and a number of Tshombes had reigned as the Mwaant Yav, the traditional king of

702-717: The Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville 's accession to independence in June 1960, Tshombe became president of the autonomous province, and soon came into conflict with the central government's leftist prime minister, Patrice Lumumba . Accusing Lumumba of communist sympathies, Tshombe declared Katanga's independence as the breakaway State of Katanga , becoming a major actor of the Congo Crisis . Following Lumumba's overthrow and execution by Tshombe's supporters in 1961,

756-566: The Simba rebellion broke out and the Congolese government rapidly lost control of the entire eastern half of the Congo. At the same time, Tshombe started to correspond with several of his former enemies such as the justice minister, Justin-Marie Bomboko ; the police chief, Victor Nendaka ; and most importantly, the commander of the army, General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. As the Armée Nationale Congolaise could not handle

810-405: The Union Minière company. The wealth generated by its minerals led to 32,000 Belgians settling in Katanga by the 1950s, which had more white settlers than any other province of the Belgian Congo. The mining industry provided, by the standards of Africa, well paying jobs, and as such Katanga province attracted immigrants from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo. Tshombe, like many members of

864-565: The end of the Katangese secession , Diur was thrown in jail by Godefroid Munongo on charges of misappropriating public funds, but released by the new Interior Minister. At the time of his release, he ran for President of the Lualaba Province against Moïse Tshombe's brother Thomas. He was elected as the President, from 1965 the governor, of the province. He held office from 23 September 1963 until 24 April 1966. During his time as

918-454: The "immigrants" in Katanga tended to favor the parties that called for a more centralized state. President of Katanga,DRC Katanga Government DRC Government CONAKAT won control of the Katanga provincial legislature in the May 1960 general elections . One month later, the Congo became an independent republic. Tshombe became President of the autonomous province of Katanga. Patrice Lumumba

972-485: The 17th and 18th centuries. CONAKAT formed an electoral alliance with the Union Katangaise party that represented the white Belgian settlers of Katanga. Both CONAKAT and the Union Katangaise wanted very broad autonomy for Katanga within an independent Congo in order to keep the wealth generated by the mining industry within Katanga. In contrast to CONAKAT with its calls for autonomy and curbs on "immigration",

1026-484: The 1978 war film The Wild Geese is based in part on speculation that Tshombe's plane had initially been diverted to Rhodesia before being sent to Algeria. The film's characters Colonel Allen Faulkner and President Julius Limbani were largely based on Tshombe and his military ally Maj. "Mad Mike" Hoare . Tshombe has been played twice by the French actor Pascal N'Zonzi , first in the 2000 film Lumumba and again in

1080-495: The Belgian shares of the concessions. During the same visit, Spaak seems to have made appointing Tshombe premier the precondition of the share transfer. Finally, the administration of John F. Kennedy was very hostile towards Tshombe, but on 22 November 1963 Kennedy was assassinated . Kennedy's successor, Lyndon B. Johnson was more supportive of Tshombe, viewing him as a firmly pro-Western politician. In July 1964, he returned to

1134-544: The Congo and join the national army. Tshombe had made extensive use of white mercenaries to fight for Katanga, and as the Congolese premier, he hired the same mercenaries to fight for the Congo. The return of Tshombe to power was met with criticism. Malcolm X detested Tshombe as an "Uncle Tom", and in a 1964 speech in New York called him "the worst African ever born" and "the man who in cold blood, cold blood, committed an international crime – murdered Patrice Lumumba". In

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1188-585: The Congo to serve as prime minister in a new coalition government. His cabinet was sworn in on 10 July. Tshombe's national support was derived from the backing of provincial political bosses, customary chiefs, and foreign financial interests. Among his first acts in office were the lifting of a curfew in Léopoldville, the release of 600 political prisoners—including Antoine Gizenga , and the ordering of Katangese gendarmes to return from their exile in Angola to

1242-625: The Democratic Republic of Congo Tshombe became Prime Minister of the Congo and Munongo became Minister of the Interior. In the 1965 general election CONAKAT came second, receiving more than 178 thousand votes, 7.2% of the total vote. The party gained 9 seats in the National Assembly and was allied with the nationwide CONACO alliance led by Prime Minister Tshombe. The alliance won 80 seats but despite this Évariste Kimba,

1296-554: The Katanga rebellion was suppressed in 1963, forcing Tshombe into exile. The following year, he was made prime minister of the country as part of a new coalition government against the Simba rebellion by Lumumba's supporters. In 1965, he founded the CONACO alliance, which comfortably won the March and April general elections . However, he was dismissed as Prime Minister in October of that year, being replaced by Évariste Kimba . Following

1350-532: The Lunda people. He received his education from an American missionary school and later trained as an accountant. In the 1950s, he took over a chain of stores in Katanga Province , which failed. Tshombe ran a number of businesses, which all failed, requiring his wealthy family to bail him out. Tshombe later became involved in politics. Katanga was different from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo, being rich in copper, tin and uranium, all of which were mined by

1404-514: The Lunda royalty, was close to the settler elite, and felt threatened by the flood of Kasai Baluba moving into Katanga. In the late 1950s, the Belgians allowed a limited degree of democracy in the Belgian Congo and in the first municipal elections in 1957, the majority of the mayors elected were Baluba, which sparked fears that the Lunda would be a marginalized group in their own province. Tshombe's political involvement started in 1957 in response to

1458-550: The Simbas, Mobutu argued that the Congo needed Western help. Mobutu had been the king-maker of Congolese politics ever since he staged his first coup in 1960. He pressured President Joseph Kasa-Vubu to appoint Tshombe premier on the grounds that he was the Congolese politician most likely to secure Western support. Most of the economic concessions in the Belgian Congo were para-statal, as the Belgian state had invested its own funds alongside those of European capitalists in developing

1512-525: The Tshombe family was admitted at the autopsy. Further doubts were raised regarding Tshombe's death by former governor of Katanga and political exile Daniel Monguya Mbenge, who accused French lawyer Jacques Vergès of poisoning Tshombe by order of Mobutu. In the context of a series of interviews regarding a conspiracy theory about the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy , Belgian mercenary Joseph Smal told author Stephen J. Rivele that Tshombe

1566-497: The Tshombe family. In 1967, Tshombe was sentenced to death in absentia . On 30 June 1967, Tshombe was in a Hawker Siddeley jet aircraft that was hijacked by Francis Bodenan, an agent of the French SDECE . According to the Congolese government, Tshombe was travelling to Africa. He was taken to Algeria , jailed, and placed under house arrest. At his trial, he was represented by French lawyer René Floriot . The pilots of

1620-421: The aim of reintegrating Katanga into the Congo, causing Tshombe to flee into Northern Rhodesia for a time. However, the Katangese gendarmerie proved to be tougher than expected and in the siege of Jadotville , Irish troops serving under the United Nations flag were forced to surrender. The United Nations secretary-general, Dag Hammarskjöld, flew to meet Tshombe to discuss a ceasefire. After the meeting, Hammarskjöld

1674-554: The concessions. When Belgium granted independence to the Congo in 1960, the Belgians refused to transfer their shares in the concessions to the Congolese state under the grounds that the Congo refused to assume the debts that the Belgians had incurred when developing the concessions, which deprived the Congolese state of much needed revenue. In March 1964, the Belgian Foreign Minister Paul-Henri Spaak visited Leopoldville and agreed to transfer

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1728-523: The direction of UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld . The British diplomat Brian Urquhart , who met Tshombe several times, wrote: "Tshombe was not stupid, but he desperately wanted to be liked and recognized. He tended to agree with the last person he had talked to and could be counted on to go back on any agreement as soon as he had seen his next visitor. He was also an accomplished hypochondriac, using feigned ill health to avoid answering awkward questions. “ J’ai mal à la gorge, Monsieur Urquhart ” ("I have

1782-533: The eventual withdraw of the Belgian troops". Tshombe engaged in a successful bluff in the summer of 1960 as he maintained that Katanga had the military forces to repel an invasion while an army was being raised. Tshombe demanded United Nations recognition for independent Katanga, and he announced that any intervention by UN troops would be met with force. Nonetheless, Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and his successor, Cyrille Adoula , successfully requested intervention from UN forces. UN forces were sent under

1836-563: The exiled Tshombe, existed in the Ardèche , France, Munongo and Diur were suspended. Munongo was thrown in jail, but Diur was cleared on 25 December 1966. Diur professed his loyalty to new president Joseph-Désiré Mobutu in 1967, as a Provincial Commissioner, but was instead assigned to the Interior Ministry under Minister Etienne Tshisekedi . From there, he would be nominated to the powerful Political Bureau ( Bureau politique ) of

1890-459: The government "null and void". On the evening of 11 July, Tshombe, accusing the central government of communist leanings and dictatorial rule, announced that Katanga was seceding from the Congo. Tshombe had the full support of both Belgium and the Union Minière in proclaiming Katanga independent. One American diplomat described Katanga as a sham, reporting to Washington that the State of Katanga

1944-539: The government in Léopoldville (President Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Mobutu) to send Lumumba to Katanga. That would have stemmed from Lumumba's increasing popularity among soldiers, who might release him. Meanwhile, soldier mutinies and unrest increased by the day, at Prison Camp Hardy in Thysville. The telegram has still not been shown to exist. Whilst being flown in a Sabena Douglas DC-4 plane to Katanga, Lumumba

1998-477: The independence of the State of Katanga and the beginning of the Congo Crisis . CONAKAT became the dominant ruling party of the State of Katanga as it held 58 of the 64 seats in the National Assembly and the majority of cabinet positions. The party ruled Katanga until 1963 when it was forced to surrender in the face of overwhelming UN and Congolese opposition. In 1965 following the re-annexation of Katanga into

2052-454: The independence of the State of Katanga from the mainland. Diur became the chef de cabinet of Katangese Minister of Justice Valentin Ilunga . Diur applied for the position of Katangese Minister for Foreign Affairs, but Kimba was chosen instead. Godefroid Munongo namely opposed his nomination. In December 1960, Diur attended an anti-communist conference, organised by Suzanne Labin , at

2106-543: The perceived threat of Baluba domination. Along with Godefroid Munongo , he founded the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) party. CONAKAT promoted a federal Congo independent of the Belgian colonial empire . CONAKAT was founded in October 1958 to address the perceived problems of "immigration" into Katanga from the other provinces of the Belgian Congo, and its platform called for upholding

2160-677: The plane, Britons Trevor Copleston and David Taylor, were released and returned to the United Kingdom. The Congolese government demanded his extradition to Congo and his Western supporters agitated for his release. The Algerians resisted both demands. A part of his supporters gathered to form the Tshombe Emergency Committee in the U.S., including Marvin Liebman and William F. Buckley , to press for his release and move to Spain. The Tshombe Emergency Committee filed

2214-545: The provincial governor, the construction of an omnisport stadium began in the province's capital Kolwezi . In April 1966, the Lualaba province was merged with Katanga Oriental into one province of South Katanga . Diur's rival Godefroid Munongo became its governor, with Diur as vice-governor. When intelligence reports (and a series of articles in Jeune Afrique ) showed that a mercenary training camp, favourable to

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2268-470: The reinforcement of the mercenary Bob Denard and his men. It was supported by the networks of Jacques Foccart , the "Mr. Africa" of the French government. Lumumba's government was dissolved , and Lumumba taken prisoner by Mobutu and detained at Camp Hardy in Thysville . Harold Charles d'Aspremont Lynden (Belgian minister for African Affairs) sent a highly confidential telegram on 16 January 1961 to

2322-553: The rights of the "indigenous" peoples of Katanga by ending the "immigration". The majority of the CONAKAT supporters were Lunda, Batabwa, Tshowke and Bayeke, most of whom lived in southern Katanga. In common with the other members of the Lunda elite, the aristocratic Tshombe looked back nostalgically to the Kingdom of Lunda that once covered much of northern Angola, the southern Belgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia (modern Zambia) in

2376-870: The state party MPR in March 1969. Already towards the end of 1970, he had to leave the Bureau. He died in Lubumbashi in 1980. On 26 September 2020, the stadium in Kolwezi was reinaugurated after a long period of dilapidation, as the Stade Dominique Diur , located at the renamed Avenue Dominique Diur. The modernisation of the building was entrusted to a subsidiary of the Forrest Group . Mo%C3%AFse Tshombe Moïse Kapenda Tshombe (sometimes written Tshombé ; 10 November 1919 – 29 June 1969)

2430-422: Was "designed mainly for the protection of European lives and property". Favoring continued ties with Belgium , Tshombe asked the Belgian government to send military officers to recruit and train a Katangese army. Tshombe's Belgian military adviser, Major Guy Weber, on 13 July 1960 appointed Major Jean-Marie Crèvecœur to train an army for Katanga. To disguise its military nature, the force being raised and trained

2484-439: Was Munongo, who was quickly forced to cede leadership to Tshombe due to his work in the civil service. The CONAKAT ran in the national elections of 1960 on a regionalist program (including the demand for Katanga's self-government and preferential tax treatment). The party won only 8 of the 137 Congolese parliament seats in 1960. On July 11, 1960, just under a fortnight after Congolese independence, CONAKAT president Tshombe declared

2538-547: Was a Congolese businessman and politician. He served as the president of the secessionist State of Katanga from 1960 to 1963 and as prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1964 to 1965. Tshombe was born to an aristocratic Lunda family and ran several businesses in Katanga Province before becoming involved in politics, cofounding the pro-Western, anti-communist CONAKAT party in 1958 and advocating for autonomy for Katanga province. Following

2592-463: Was at least in part related to American domestic politics as the Kennedy administration supported the United Nations against Katanga and the support for Tshombe in the United States came mostly from conservative Republicans and Democrats, who used Kennedy's opposition to Tshombe to argue that he was "soft on communism". By contrast, Afro-Americans loathed Tshombe, seeing him as an " Uncle Tom " figure,

2646-449: Was beaten by the Congolese soldiers escorting him. In custody in Katanga, Lumumba was visited by Katangese notables and Belgian officers, who included Tshombe, Godefroid Munongo, Kibwe, Kitenge, Grandelet, Son, Gat, Huyghé, Tignée, Verscheure, Segers and Rougefort. Lumumba's execution, on 17 January, was carried out by a firing squad led by a Belgian mercenary, Julien Gat. In September 1961, the United Nations launched Operation Morthor with

2700-401: Was called the Katangese gendarmerie, but this was highly misleading as it was in fact an army. The majority of the officers training the gendarmerie were Belgian. The Belgian historian Jules Gérard-Libois wrote: "During the entire month of August, a veritable race against the clock took place with the objective, for Tshombe and his advisers, of building a more or less efficient gendarmery before

2754-549: Was killed by two injections with two different substances, prepared by the CIA . Moïse Tshombe was buried in a Methodist service at Etterbeek Cemetery, near Brussels , Belgium. Owing to his role in the death of Lumumba and his association with Western interests, Tshombe's name became synonymous with "sellout" to Black African nationalists. Tshombe's nephew, Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond , later became an important politician and served as prime minister from 1980 to 1981. The plot of

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2808-482: Was killed in an airplane crash . Tshombe become an iconic figure for American conservatives in the 1960s, who saw him as an acceptable African leader. The American historian Kyle Burke wrote: "To them [American conservatives], Tshombe represented a comfortable kind of decolonization, in which elite Africans would manage the transition from colony to nation without altering the existing racial, political and economic order, thereby ensuring that communists would not gain

2862-817: Was one of the founders of the CONAKAT party. Diur grew up in the Belgian Congo . His father was a dignitary of the chieftaincy of Kayembe Mukulu . He followed his primary education at the Catholic mission of Sandoa, he then continued to the Franciscan small seminary of Luabo , and later the Scheut major seminary of Kabue , Kasai . He followed advanced education in law at the Benedictines in Élisabethville . After his studies, he followed an internship at

2916-695: Was tasked with forming a national government . Members of his party, the Mouvement National Congolais , were given charge of the portfolios of national defence and interior, despite Tshombe's objections. The portfolio for economic affairs was awarded to a CONAKAT member, but this was undercut by the positioning of nationalists in control of the Ministry and Secretariat for Economic Coordination. Mines and land affairs were placed under separate portfolios. Tshombe declared that this diluting of CONAKAT's influence rendered his agreement to support

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