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77-507: CFU may refer to: Companies and organizations [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Cedar Falls Utilities , a municipally-owned public utility located in Cedar Falls, Iowa Croatian Fraternal Union , a Croatian diaspora club Australia [ edit ] Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd (ASX and LSX code), an Australian fuel cell technology company Community Fire Unit ,

154-566: A 10,000 kilowatt interchange agreement was made with the Iowa Public Service Company. In 1959, further expansion of the city's electrical distribution system was needed. Plans were also made for an extensive street lighting program to improve the quality of street lights throughout Cedar Falls. That year, 94.2% of energy was generated at the Utility's power plant, 5.47% was produced by the hydroelectric plant, and about 0.25%

231-453: A 16,500 kilowatt steam turbine-generator were made in late 1960 and construction began in March 1962. When completed, the new power plant addition was the tallest structure in Cedar Falls. A new Gas Distribution facility went into service in late 1963 and by 1965 80 percent of homes in Cedar Falls were heated with natural gas. In 1966 the modern CFU logo was first used. That same year, two and

308-493: A 1994 community referendum with over 70% voter approval. CFU offers a variety of communications services from budget to premium, meeting a wide range of customer needs and further expanding community development. As a whole, CFU subscribers save more than $ 4 million a year on communications services, compared with the average peer-city rates. Cedar Falls Utilities is very innovative in its use of FTTx network , providing high speed internet, phone, and video services. CFU peers with

385-540: A New South Wales-based residential volunteer fire protection organisation Other countries [ edit ] Cambridge Fans United , fans of the English football team Cambridge United F.C. Canadian Freelance Union , a Canadian trade union for freelance media contributors Caribbean Football Union , the nominal governing body for Caribbean football Children's Film Unit , a British film production company & educational charity Commercial Farmers' Union ,

462-654: A Unified System of Photometry. These mesopic visual performance models are conducted in laboratory conditions in which the viewer is not exposed to higher levels of luminance than the level being tested for. Further research is needed to bring additional factors into these models such as visual adaptation and the biological mechanics of rod cells before these models are able to accurately predict visual performance in real world conditions. The current understanding of visual adaptation and rod cell mechanics suggests that any benefits from rod-mediated scotopic vision are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in real world conditions under

539-429: A board of trustees who set rates for all CFU services. The fees for these services completely cover the Utility, there is no cost to the public. CFU participates in municipal efforts to promote economic development, which in turn results in a larger customer base for its utility services. CFU continuously expands and improves its service to meet community needs. Due to customer demand, particularly from local businesses,

616-697: A charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company , and the first gas company in the world came into being. Less than two years later, on 31 December 1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas. Following this success, gas lighting spread outside London, both within Britain and abroad. The first place outside London in England to have gas lighting, was Preston, Lancashire in 1816, where Joseph Dunn 's Preston Gaslight Company introduced

693-435: A community-owned gas manufacturing and distribution system. During this time, the public waterworks and electric distribution systems continued to operate smoothly. In 1926, the original cost of the power plant was paid off, about 12 years after it was established. Then, in March, 1928, a vote was held and passed by a 5-1/2 to 1 margin to construct a municipal gas utility. In 1936, demand for electricity threatened to exceed

770-486: A company based in Waterloo, Iowa (Citizens Gas and Electric Company) for electric production which powered street and house lighting for 15 years. Due to this existing franchise – despite public interest in developing a community-owned electric company, and hoping to avoid a monopoly situation – focus was placed on creating a community-owned gas plant. A short franchise was granted to George A. Dunkle of Chicago to provide

847-533: A degree in electrical engineering , was hired as the Utility's first CEO . A special election in August that same year transferred control of the Utilities from the city council to a Board of Trustees appointed by the mayor of Cedar Falls. The first Board of Trustees took office on September 1, 1959. The Municipal Communications Utility is community-owned but not tax supported. A group of local citizens forms

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924-458: A gas plant and distribution system, but was quickly disbanded after a fatal accident caused by the lighted match of an employee. 25-year franchise rights were then granted to Citizens Gas and Electric Company in Waterloo for gas production and distribution in Cedar Falls. In the early 1910s, ordinary citizens and industrial leaders alike began taking note of the city's poor street lighting . In

1001-536: A half miles of water main was laid helping supply over 780 million gallons of water to the people of Cedar Falls. In 1968, a massive 25,000 kilowatt combustion engine – the largest in Iowa at the time – was constructed in Cedar Falls. During the summer of 1969, the community swimming pool was filled in to provide additional coal storage. In March, 1958, John P. Pace, a graduate of the University of New Mexico with

1078-625: A house on the rue Saint-Dominique seventeen years prior. The first gas lamps on the main streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 on the place du Carrousel and the Rue de Rivoli , then on the rue de la Paix , place Vendôme , and rue de Castiglione. By 1857, the Grands Boulevards were all lit with gas; a Parisian writer enthused in August 1857: "That which most enchants the Parisians is

1155-643: A large system illuminating a significant portion of the city, with over 13 km of streets lit by 52 incandescent lights and 3 arc lights. Powered by a municipal power company, this system gave Tamworth the title of "First City of Light" in Australia. On 10 December 1885, Härnösand became the first town in Sweden with electric street lighting, following the Gådeå power station being taken into use. Incandescent lamps were primarily used for street lighting until

1232-624: A new, brighter gas lighting. Another early adopter was the city of Baltimore , where the gaslights were first demonstrated at Rembrandt Peale 's Museum in 1816, and Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore provided the first gas streetlights in the United States. In the 1860s, streetlights were started in the Southern Hemisphere in New Zealand . Kerosene streetlamps were invented by Polish pharmacist Ignacy Łukasiewicz in

1309-481: A recently rebuilt dam on the Cedar River with a hydroelectric plant. A site was chosen a quarter-mile downstream from the dam, and a 1,200 kilowatt hydroelectric plant went into service on February 1, 1941. During the first full year of service, due to unusually high water levels on the Cedar River, the hydroelectric plant produced about 60 percent of the city's electric needs, a mark not to be reached again during

1386-644: A small foundry in Adelaide Street and occupied by J. W. Sutton and Co. In 1884, Walhalla, Victoria , had two lamps installed on the main street by the Long Tunnel (Gold) Mining Company. In 1886, the isolated mining town of Waratah in Tasmania was the first to have an extensive system of electrically powered street lighting installed. In 1888, the New South Wales town of Tamworth installed

1463-577: A special election on March 13, 1913 Cedar Falls residents voted in favor of a bond to construct a municipally owned power plant and distribution system. On April 1, 1914, generation started at the plant and the first customers were served. Shortly after production began, in June 1914, the community-owned electric company signed an agreement with the Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa ) to supply electricity to

1540-603: A trade union in Zimbabwe Crown Film Unit , the film production arm of the UK Ministry of Information during World War II Other uses [ edit ] Colony-forming unit , a measure of viable bacterial or fungal numbers in biology Corfu International Airport (IATA airport code), an airport on the Greek island of Corfu University training credit (It: credito formativo universitario, CFU)

1617-604: A wall-bracket or standard lamp. The standard base is cast metal with an escutcheon bearing two intertwined letters 'F', the Royal cypher of King Ferdinand VII of Spain and commemorates the date of the birth of his daughter, the Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier . The first electric street lighting employed arc lamps , initially the "electric candle", "Jablotchkoff candle", or " Yablochkov candle ", developed by Russian Pavel Yablochkov in 1875. This

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1694-458: A wind-energy project in 1998 along with six other Iowa municipal utilities. In 2016, 28% of electricity supplied to Cedar Falls was wind generated, up from 2% in 2006. When energy generation started in April 2016 at CFU's solar farm , it was the largest community solar project in Iowa with over 1,200 participating residents and businesses. Eight acres of land near Prairie Lakes Park was donated by

1771-441: Is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform . When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led. Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is little-to-no ambient light, such as at dusk, dawn, or

1848-536: Is an academic credit system in Italian universities. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CFU . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CFU&oldid=1258911493 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1925-408: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cedar Falls Utilities Cedar Falls Utilities began as a municipally owned waterworks in 1888 which supplied spring water to residents and businesses. The waterworks received incredible praise for its water and nearly "legendary state of purity". In the late 1890s, a franchise was granted to

2002-625: Is not found in the data. Towns, cities, and villages can use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners. Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fundraising via lamppost banner sponsorship programs first designed by a US-based lamppost banner manufacturer. The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused , and cause light pollution . There are three optical phenomena that need to be recognized in streetlight installations. There are also physical dangers to

2079-532: Is the first major city to have entirely switched to LED lighting. In North America , the city of Mississauga , Canada was one of the first and largest LED conversion projects, with over 46,000 lights converted to LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America to use Smart City technology to control the lights. DimOnOff , a company based in Quebec City ,

2156-874: The Arc de Triomphe , to celebrate the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition . In 1881, to coincide with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, streetlights were installed on the major boulevards. The first streets in London lit with the electrical arc lamp were by the Holborn Viaduct and the Thames Embankment in 1878. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck of Siemens & Halske . The United States

2233-459: The Netherlands , Philips found that birds can get disoriented by the red wavelengths in street lighting, and in response developed alternative lighting that only emit in the green and blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum. The lamps were installed on Ameland in a small-scale test. If successful, the technology could be used on ships and offshore installations to avoid luring birds towards

2310-408: The current through the string became zero, causing the voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see Ohm's law ). In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and power was restored to the rest of the district. The streetlight circuit contained an automatic current regulator, preventing the current from increasing as lamps burned out, preserving

2387-600: The "spirit" of coal and discovered its flammability by accident. William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use this gas for the practical application of lighting. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal-gas as the most effective. He first lit his own house in Redruth , Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to light

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2464-400: The 20th century, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps were preferred, taking further the same virtues. Such lamps provide the greatest amount of photopic illumination for the least consumption of electricity. Two national standards now allow for variation in illuminance when using lamps of different spectra . In Australia, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. In

2541-599: The Cedar Falls City Council, United Appeal , Girl Scouts , Red Cross , and local churches. Cedar Falls Municipal Utilities was one of three fallout shelter sites in Cedar Falls during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Black Hawk County Civil Defense stocked the shelter with food, medical, and sanitation supplies. The newly appointed Board of Trustees's first major concern was the need for expanded access to electric service. Proposals for

2618-582: The Civil Twilight Collective created a variant of the conventional LED streetlight, namely the Lunar-resonant streetlight. These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the streetlight according to the lunar light. This streetlight design thus reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution. Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions, creating

2695-630: The Parisian Parliament decreed that a torch be installed and lit at each intersection, and in 1594 the police changed this to lanterns. Still, in the mid 17th century it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. King Louis XIV authorized sweeping reforms in Paris in 1667, which included the installation and maintenance of lights on streets and at intersections, as well as stiff penalties for vandalizing or stealing

2772-457: The UK, illuminances are reduced with higher values S/P ratio. New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights , emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens . It is a commonly accepted practice to justify and implement a lower luminance level for roadway lighting based on increased scotopic lumens provided by white light. However, this practice fails to provide

2849-433: The advent of high-intensity gas-discharge lamps . They were often operated at high-voltage series circuits . Series circuits were popular since their higher voltage produced more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of photoelectric controls, a single switch or clock could control all the lights in an entire district. To avoid having the entire system go dark if a single lamp burned out, each streetlamp

2926-474: The campus. After pushes to raise gas prices from the Citizens Gas and Electric company, as well as a fatal gas explosion killing a Cedar Falls family, public enthusiasm for a municipally owned gas utility steadily increased over the course of the 1920s. An engineering consulting firm was hired from Kansas City to investigate the gas situation in Cedar Falls, by whom recommendations were made to establish

3003-610: The city of Lemberg ( Austrian Empire ), in 1853. His kerosene lamps were later widely used in Bucharest, Paris, and other European cities. He went on to open the world's first mine in 1854 and the world's first kerosene refinery in 1856 in Jasło , Poland. In Paris, public street lighting was first installed on a covered shopping street, the Passage des Panoramas , in 1817, private interior gas lighting having been previously demonstrated in

3080-603: The city of Cedar Falls for the project. The total capacity of the solar array is 1.5 MW. The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier is a local newspaper which annually recognizes employers in the Cedar Valley for excellence in promoting employee quality of life. CFU has been nominated by employees and recognized by the Courier many times in the past decade: Street light A street light , light pole , lamp pole, lamppost , streetlamp , light standard , or lamp standard

3157-508: The company. Over the past thirty years, CFU's energy efficiency programs have included local building energy codes, on-bill financing, sizing of A/C unites under a rebate program, and smart thermostat pilot programs. CFU was also one of the first utility sponsors of the Energy Star Verified Installation program. CFU was an early entrant into the market for renewable energy in the United States, investing in

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3234-486: The context needed to apply laboratory-based visual performance testing to the real world. Critical factors such as visual adaptation are left out of this practice of lowering luminance levels, leading to reduced visual performance. Additionally, there have been no formal specifications written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and street departments to hold back on implementation of these new technologies until

3311-457: The dark than in daylight. At least in the 1980s and 1990s, when automobile crashes were far more common, street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tended to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges. Some say lighting reduces crime, as many would expect. However, others say any correlation (let alone causation)

3388-451: The decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at Apothecary's Hall , by Taylor & Martineau . Farola fernandina is a traditional design of gas streetlight which remains popular in Spain. Essentially, it is a neoclassical French style of gas lamp dating from the late 18th century. It may be either

3465-464: The development of cheap, reliable and bright incandescent light bulbs at the end of the 19th century, arc lights passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer. The first street to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street, in Newcastle . The street was lit for one night by Joseph Swan 's incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879. Consequently, Newcastle has

3542-540: The first city street in the world to be lit by electric lighting. The first city in the United States to successfully demonstrate electric lighting was Cleveland , Ohio, with 12 electric lights around the Public Square road system on 29 April 1879. Wabash, Indiana , lit 4 Brush arc lamps with 3,000 candlepower each, suspended over their courthouse on 2 February 1880, making the town square "as light as midday". Kimberley , Cape Colony (modern South Africa),

3619-417: The fixtures. Paris had more than 2,700 streetlights by the end of the 17th century, and twice as many by 1730. Under this system, streets were lit with lanterns suspended 20 yards (18 m) apart on a cord over the middle of the street at a height of 20 feet (6.1 m); as an English visitor enthused in 1698, 'The streets are lit all winter and even during the full moon!' In London, public street lighting

3696-481: The lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton , Mayor of London though there is no firm evidence of this. Public street lighting was first developed in the 16th century, and accelerated following the invention of lanterns with glass windows by Edmund Heming in London and Jan van der Heyden in Amsterdam, which greatly improved the quantity of light. In 1588

3773-459: The late 1930s, due to damage of the swimming beach on the Cedar River, the utility company transformed the artificial lake at their power plant into a public swimming pool. Expenses for maintenance of the lake and grounds, construction of bath houses and fences, and maintenance of a safety boat were charged to the lighting fund. Promotion, staff, water treatment, and classes were charged to a city recreation fund. In 1939, surveys began for adapting

3850-594: The life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This system was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator separating the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousand volts above ground. Today, street lighting commonly uses high-intensity discharge lamps . Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps became commonplace after World War II for their low power consumption and long life. Late in

3927-501: The lifetime of the plant. The year 1945, with the end of World War II , marked the beginning of a steady increase in demand for all utility services. The G.I. Bill of Rights brought an unprecedented number of young men to Cedar Falls for college and to start new lives with their families. During this time, old water and electric production equipment, as well as the employees who maintained them, began to show their age. The equipment could not keep up with demand, and workers who had known

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4004-498: The lower portions to increase their visibility. High winds or accumulated metal fatigue also occasionally topple streetlights. Light pollution can hide the stars and interfere with astronomy . In settings near astronomical telescopes and observatories , low-pressure sodium lamps may be used. These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as mercury and metal halide lamps because low-pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity, monochromatic light. Observatories can filter

4081-517: The main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. The first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall , London on 4 June 1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor . In 1811, Engineer Samuel Clegg designed and built what is now considered the oldest extant gasworks in the world. Gas

4158-572: The municipal utility launched phone service in May 2016. The utility donated land to form the Cedar Falls Industrial and Technology Park in the late 1960s and in more recent years has aggressively expanded access to its communications services, including cable television, phone, and broadband Internet access, which the city promotes as a key factor in its economic-development strategy. The communications utility began service in 1996 after

4235-482: The municipal utility's means to produce it. Enthusiasts called for a hydroelectric power plant to be built on the Cedar River , claiming that hydroelectric power is "almost free for the asking." However, due to drought and extremely low water levels in recent years, the utility opted to construct a 2,500 kilowatt steam turbine at the power plant instead. Construction of the turbine was completed in 1937. In

4312-492: The new lighting by gas of the boulevards...From the church of the Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lamps, shining with a clarity white and pure, have a marvelous effect." The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname "The City of Light." Oil-gas appeared in the field as a rival of coal-gas. In 1815, John Taylor patented an apparatus for

4389-508: The onset of dark weather conditions. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a solar dial . Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another. Street lights are an important source of public security lighting intended to reduce crime. Early lamps were used in the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilizations, where light primarily served

4466-480: The open sea at night. Bats can be negatively impacted by streetlights, with evidence showing that red light can be least harmful. As a result, some areas have installed red LED streetlights to minimise disruption to bats. A study published in Science Advances reported that streetlights in southern England had detrimental impacts on local insect populations. Streetlights can also impact plant growth and

4543-399: The operation of this equipment from the beginning were starting to retire. Plans were made for plant upgrades at the municipal utilities, specifically for electric production equipment and water well pumps which had grown obsolete. In the late 1940s, to keep up with "the fastest growing city in Iowa" and their utility needs, a board of trustees appointed by the mayor to oversee company operation

4620-423: The posts of streetlamps, other than children climbing them for recreational purposes. Streetlight stanchions (lampposts) pose a collision risk to motorists and pedestrians, particularly those affected by poor eyesight or under the influence of alcohol. This can be reduced by designing them to break away when hit (known as frangible , collapsible, or passively safe supports), protecting them by guardrails, or marking

4697-687: The presence of high luminance light sources. Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: glow, trespass and glare. Using this method, lighting specifiers can quantify the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property. Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of automobile accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in numerous crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in

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4774-557: The purpose of security , to both protect the wanderer from tripping on the path over something and keep potential robbers at bay. At that time, oil lamps were used predominantly, as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. A slave responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of Roman villas was called a lanternarius . In the words of Edwin Heathcote , "Romans illuminated the streets with oil lamps, and cities from Baghdad to Cordoba were similarly lit when most of Europe

4851-433: The sodium wavelength out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light that is directed at the sky, which also improves the luminous efficiency of the light. Streetlights can impact biodiversity and ecosystems—for instance, disrupting the migration of some nocturnally migrating bird species. In

4928-547: The standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex, UK is currently undergoing a project to see 6000 of its streetlights converted to LED and will be closely followed by Hastings in early 2014. Many UK councils are undergoing mass-replacement schemes to LED, and though streetlights are being removed along many long stretches of UK motorways (as they are not needed and cause light pollution), LEDs are preferred in areas where lighting installations are necessary. Milan , Italy,

5005-469: The three most highly connected networks in the world – Level 3 Communications , Cogent Communications , and Hurricane Electric . They are connected via one-hop fiber paths through Chicago, Kansas City, and Des Moines. From 2008 to 2016, use of coal powered electric generation has decreased in CFU's plants by 33%. The significant reduction in use of fossil fuels is a result of the use of solar and wind power by

5082-582: The top of lampposts; by 1817, there were 4,694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution (1789–1799), the revolutionaries found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats and other opponents. The first widespread system of street lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. Stephen Hales was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas

5159-458: Was a carbon arc lamp employing alternating current , which ensured that both electrodes were consumed at equal rates. In 1876, the common council of the city of Los Angeles ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting. On 30 May 1878, the first electric streetlights in Paris were installed on the avenue de l'Opera and the Place de l'Étoile , around

5236-468: Was chosen as a Smart City partner for this project. In the United States, the city of Ann Arbor , Michigan was the first metropolitan area to fully implement LED street lighting in 2006. Since then, sodium-vapor lamps were slowly being replaced by LED lamps . Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments. In 2007,

5313-441: Was considered. The 1950s were a period of great expansion for Cedar Falls and the utility company necessarily expanded with it. Natural gas distribution began in the mid 50s. In 1956, nearly 6.1 million gallons of water were pumped to citizens and businesses of Cedar Falls. A 5,000 kilowatt turbine-generator, completed in 1955, was constructed to meet growing electric demands, only to be met with further increased demand in 1956 when

5390-433: Was equipped with a device that ensured that the circuit would remain intact. Early series streetlights were equipped with isolation transformers. that would allow current to pass across the transformer whether the bulb worked or not. Later, the film cutout was invented. This was a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an open circuit ),

5467-527: Was implemented around the end of the 17th century; a diarist wrote in 1712 that 'All the way, quite through Hyde Park to the Queen's Palace at Kensington, lanterns were placed for illuminating the roads on dark nights.' A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère , was introduced in 1745 and improved in subsequent years. The light shed from these réverbères was considerably brighter, enough that some people complained of glare. These lamps were attached to

5544-488: Was living in what it is now rather unfashionable to call the Dark Ages but which were, from the point of view of street lighting, exactly that." So-called " link boys " escorted people from one place to another through the murky, winding streets of medieval towns. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of

5621-451: Was purchased from the Iowa Public Service Company. Now supporting a population nearly 7,000 greater than a decade before, the electric and gas departments continued their rapid expansion during the 1960s. A new office building was completed in March 1960 for the Gas, Water, and Electric department's office workers which included a 4,500 square foot community room and commonly hosted meetings for

5698-424: Was quick in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall moonlight towers . Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance-intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With

5775-497: Was the first city in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to have electric public lighting, on 12 November 1884; 731 lamps were used. On 9 December 1882, Brisbane , Queensland, Australia was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration of 8 arc lights, erected along Queen Street Mall . The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in

5852-729: Was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and in Africa to have electric streetlights – with 16 first lit on 2 September 1882. The system was only the second in the world, after that of Philadelphia , to be powered municipally. In Central America, San Jose , Costa Rica, lit 25 lamps powered by a hydroelectric plant on 9 August 1884. Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have electric public lighting on 7 June 1882, followed by Berlin on 20 September 1882 (Potsdamer Platz only). Temesvár (Timișoara in present-day Romania)

5929-626: Was used to light the worsted mill in the village of Dolphinholme in North Lancashire. The remains of the works, including a chimney and gas plant, have been put on the National Heritage List for England. Clegg's installation saved the building's owners the cost of up to 1,500 candles every night. It also lit the mill owner's house and the street of millworkers' houses in Dolphinholme. In 1812, Parliament granted

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