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121-533: CJIC was the historic callsign of three broadcast outlets in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario , Canada: CJIC , an AM radio station launched in 1935, which subsequently used the callsign CFYN from 1977 until its shutdown in 1992, CJIC-FM , an FM radio station launched in 1964, which changed its callsign to CHAS in 1977, CJIC-TV , a television station which broadcast from 1955 to 2002. [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

242-498: A lingua franca or trade language in the circum-Great Lakes area , particularly in interactions with speakers of other Algonquian languages. Documentation of such usage dates from the 18th and 19th centuries, but earlier use is likely, with reports as early as 1703 suggesting that Ojibwe was used by different groups from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Lake Winnipeg , and from as far south as Ohio to Hudson Bay . Documentation from

363-556: A resolution declaring English as the city's official language and the sole language for provision of municipal services. The resolution was widely seen as retaliation for Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa 's move to override the Supreme Court of Canada ruling that declared parts of Bill 101 unconstitutional. Bill 101 had declared French as the only official language of Quebec. Numerous other Ontario municipalities had already passed similar protest resolutions, but Sault Ste. Marie

484-435: A schwa and depending on the writer, may be transcribed as "i", "e" or "a". For example, anami'egiizhigad [ na · m ' e · gii · zh gad /əˌnaməˈʔɛːˌɡiːʒəˌɡad/ ] (Sunday, literally 'prayer day') may be transcribed as anama'egiizhigad in those dialects. The general grammatical characteristics of Ojibwe are shared across its dialects. The Ojibwe language is polysynthetic , exhibiting characteristics of synthesis and

605-521: A Canadian passenger ship, was a museum ship in the Great Lakes at Sault Ste. Marie. This ship is no longer docked in Sault Ste. Marie. Nearby parks include Pancake Bay Provincial Park , Batchawana Bay Provincial Park and Lake Superior Provincial Park . Winter activities are also an asset to Sault Ste Marie's tourism industry with the annual Bon Soo Winter Carnival , Searchmont Resort as

726-460: A central role in Ojibwe grammar. Noun inflection and particularly verb inflection indicate a wide variety of grammatical information, realized through the use of prefixes and suffixes added to word stems . Grammatical characteristics include the following: There is a distinction between two different types of third person : the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in focus) and

847-428: A corporate office located on the waterfront. It employs a total of about 900 people in Sault Ste. Marie between the corporate office and OLG Casino Sault Ste. Marie . The prize centre used to be administered in the city but this operation was moved back to Toronto (York Mills) in 2009. The OLG is still the fourth-largest employer, after Algoma Steel , Sault Area Hospital , and the call centre industry. Sault Ste. Marie

968-572: A geographical term of convenience rather than a genetic subgroup , and its use does not indicate that the Central languages are more closely related to each other than to the other Algonquian languages. The most general Indigenous designation for the language is Anishinaabemowin 'speaking the native language' ( Anishinaabe 'native person,' verb suffix –mo 'speak a language,' suffix –win 'nominalizer'), with varying spellings and pronunciations depending upon dialect. Some speakers use

1089-530: A great ski and snowboard destination, Stokely Creek Lodge (cross country ski resort) and Hiawatha a nearby cross country ski trails. The city also hosts a large snowmobile trail system that criss-crosses the province of Ontario. A new non-motorized HUB trail, named the John Rowswell Hub Trail , was built around the city (25 km or 16 mi) so that walkers, rollerbladers and cyclists (snowshoeing and cross country skiing in winter) can enjoy

1210-577: A high morpheme -to-word ratio. Ojibwe is a head-marking language in which inflectional morphology on nouns and particularly verbs carries significant amounts of grammatical information. Word classes include nouns , verbs , grammatical particles , pronouns , preverbs , and prenouns . Preferred word orders in a simple transitive sentence are verb-initial, such as verb–object–subject and verb–subject–object . While verb-final orders are dispreferred, all logically possible orders are attested. Complex inflectional and derivational morphology play

1331-633: A o/ and three corresponding long vowels /iː aː oː/ in addition to a fourth long vowel /eː/ , which lacks a corresponding short vowel. The short vowel /i/ typically has phonetic values centring on [ɪ] ; /a/ typically has values centring on [ə]~[ʌ] ; and /o/ typically has values centring on [o]~[ʊ] . Long /oː/ is pronounced [uː] for many speakers, and /eː/ is often [ɛː] . Ojibwe has nasal vowels . Some arising predictably by rule in all analyses, and other long nasal vowels are of uncertain phonological status. The latter have been analysed as underlying phonemes and/or as predictable and derived by

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1452-614: A planned destination for railway expansion since the early 1880s, there was considerable disagreement within the business consortium assembled to build the Canadian Pacific Railway as to whether or not to route its transcontinental line through it. The symbolic "first spike" of the railway had been driven at Bonfield, Ontario in Nipissing District in 1881, and construction had been proceeding westward. The American railway magnate James J. Hill , nicknamed

1573-663: A reduced military base at Sault Ste. Marie. The first Algerine -class minesweeper in the Royal Canadian Navy was named HMCS Sault Ste. Marie (J334) after the city. It was laid down in 1942 and acted as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic . On January 29, 1990, under mayor Joe Fratesi , Sault Ste. Marie became a flashpoint in the Meech Lake Accord constitutional debate when council passed

1694-528: A roundabout in Gros Cap , the highway loops around the Sault Ste. Marie Public Utilities Commissions' water intake building. This newer limited-access roadway, known as "Carmen's Way" and named after the late MP Carmen Provenzano , has made it easier for transport trucks to reach Highway 17 and other major area roads. The route of Carmen's Way has a wide grassy right-of-way on both sides of the roadway, to facilitate future expansion of its lane capacity. Planning

1815-820: A sizable French-speaking population, and these residents objected strongly to the council's action. The resolution was struck down by a court ruling in 1994, one year after Premier Bourassa passed Bill 86 , which amended that province's language laws in accordance with the Supreme Court ruling. Sault Ste. Marie has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with cold, snowy winters and warm humid summers that are moderated to some extent by Lake Superior . Winters are cold and very snowy, usually beginning in mid-late November and lasting until early April. Temperatures drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) just over 26 days per year. Summers are warm and humid with mild nights. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occur 12 days per year. The average annual precipitation

1936-616: A small CPR town, and with the discovery of vast mineral resources in the Sudbury Basin during the construction of this transcontinental line north of the junction, mining activity in the Sudbury area grew explosively, leading to the creation of Sudbury District in 1894 and shifting economic focus away from Sault Ste. Marie. The original CPR line (by then known as the CPR Algoma Branch), which had lain dormant until 1888,

2057-514: A small canteen, a marina, public washrooms, a Roberta Bondar statue, and green space; located to the right (looking at the city from the waterfront) is Montana's and the newly renovated City Hall, and to the left, Delta Sault Ste. Marie Waterfront and the Station Mall . Sault Ste. Marie is also served by Sault Ste. Marie Airport and Sault Transit Services . The city is no longer connected by passenger rail to any other major cities, but

2178-614: A solar energy equipment manufacturer. In 2021, Sault Ste. Marie and the PUC began work on the Sault Smart Grid (SSG) Project. The project utilizes new technologies which will optimize voltage, automate distribution, and incorporate advanced metering infrastructure. It is expected to reduce electricity costs for residential and commercial customers of the PUC, and will help reduce the frequency and length of power outages through immediate location of outages and increased reliability of

2299-427: A third subgroup which is further divided into (i) a subgrouping of Northwestern Ojibwe and Saulteaux , and a subgrouping consisting of Eastern Ojibwe and a further subgrouping comprising Southwestern Ojibwe and Central Ojibwe. Valentine has proposed that Ojibwe dialects are divided into three groups: a northern tier consisting of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin; a southern tier consisting of "Odawa, Chippewa, Eastern Ojibwe,

2420-480: A time under new ownership. Also related to wood products is ARAUCO, which employs over 110 people in the community. An adjacent melamine factory manufactures products with ARAUCO's materials. Examples are furniture and cupboards where a finish is added to the product. Together both of ARAUCO's factories employ about 150 people. The Huron Central Railway is important to these local industries as well. The business process outsourcing industry had three call centres in

2541-471: A total population of 79,800 in 2011. Native American settlements, mostly of Ojibwe -speaking peoples, existed here for more than 500 years. In the late 17th century, French Jesuit missionaries established a mission at the First Nations village. This was followed by development of a fur trading post and larger settlement, as traders, trappers and Native Americans were attracted to the community. As

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2662-498: Is 1,184.2 mm (46.62 in), which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year; the autumn months of September to November are the wettest months. The highest temperature ever recorded in Sault Ste. Marie was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) on 3 July 1921, while the record low was −41.1 °C (−42.0 °F) on 26 January 1927. The city developed considerable industry before and after World War II, especially in steel-making. Algoma (formerly Algoma Steel; Essar Steel Algoma)

2783-495: Is a significant Ojibwe influence. In locations such as Turtle Mountain, North Dakota individuals of Ojibwe ancestry now speak Michif and Ojibwe. Bungi Creole is an English-based Creole language spoken in Manitoba by the descendants of "English, Scottish, and Orkney fur traders and their Cree or Saulteaux wives ...". Bungee incorporates elements of Cree; the name may be from the Ojibwe word bangii 'a little bit' or

2904-593: Is adduced. The Central languages share a significant number of common features. These features can generally be attributed to diffusion of features through borrowing: "Extensive lexical, phonological, and perhaps grammatical borrowing—the diffusion of elements and features across language boundaries—appears to have been the major factor in giving the languages in the area of the Upper Great Lakes their generally similar cast, and it has not been possible to find any shared innovations substantial enough to require

3025-502: Is also in place at Lowell Elementary School in Duluth, Minnesota . The Algonquian language family of which Ojibwemowin is itself a member of the Algic language family, other Algic languages being Wiyot and Yurok . Ojibwe is sometimes described as a Central Algonquian language, along with Fox , Cree , Menominee , Miami-Illinois , Potawatomi , and Shawnee . Central Algonquian is

3146-691: Is an indigenous language of North America of the Algonquian language family . The language is characterized by a series of dialects that have local names and frequently local writing systems . There is no single dialect that is considered the most prestigious or most prominent, and no standard writing system that covers all dialects. Dialects of Ojibwemowin are spoken in Canada, from southwestern Quebec , through Ontario , Manitoba and parts of Saskatchewan , with outlying communities in Alberta ; and in

3267-629: Is an open-source app available for iOS devices. The Ojibwe People's Dictionary is an online language resource created in collaboration with the University of Minnesota. It is an accessible system that allows users to search in English or Ojibwe and includes voice recordings for many of the 17 000 entries in the collection. Despite what they have faced in the American and Canadian Governments' attempt to force Ojibwe into language death through

3388-863: Is called makade-mashkikiwaaboo ('black liquid-medicine') by many speakers, rather than gaapii . These new words vary from region to region, and occasionally from community to community. For example, in Northwest Ontario Ojibwemowin , 'airplane' is ombaasijigan , literally 'device that gets uplifted by the wind' (from ombaasin , 'to be uplifted by the wind') as opposed to the Minnesota bemisemagak . Like any language dialects spanning vast regions, some words that may have had identical meaning at one time have evolved to have different meanings today. For example, zhooniyaans (literally 'small[-amount of] money' and used to refer to coins) specifically means 'dime' (10-cent piece) in

3509-452: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario The Ojibwe , the indigenous Anishinaabe people of the area, call this area Baawitigong , meaning "place of the rapids". They used this as a regional meeting place during whitefish season in the St. Mary's Rapids (the anglicized form of this name, Bawating,

3630-447: Is known that some speakers of Menominee also speak Ojibwe and that the pattern persisted into the 20th century. Similarly, bilingualism in Ojibwe is still common among Potawatomis who speak Potawatomi. Reports from traders and travellers as early as 1744 indicate that speakers of Menominee , another Algonquian language, used Ojibwe as a lingua franca. Other reports from the 18th century and the early 19th century indicate that speakers of

3751-558: Is more commonly employed in the United States and in southwestern Ontario among descendants of Ojibwe migrants from the United States. Ojibwe and Potawatomi are frequently viewed as being more closely related to each other than to other Algonquian languages. Ojibwe and Potawatomi have been proposed as likely candidates for forming a genetic subgroup within Proto-Algonquian , although the required research to ascertain

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3872-798: Is not in dispute. The relatively low degrees of mutual intelligibility between some nonadjacent Ojibwe dialects led Rhodes and Todd to suggest that Ojibwe should be analyzed as a linguistic subgroup consisting of several languages. While there is some variation in the classification of Ojibwe dialects, at a minimum the following are recognized, proceeding west to east: Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux) , Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) , Northwestern Ojibwe , Severn Ojibwe (Oji-Cree) , Ottawa (Odawa) , Eastern Ojibwe , and Algonquin . Based upon contemporary field research, Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately

3993-463: Is one of only a few cities in Ontario where a municipal bylaw prevents stores from opening on December 26, the day after Christmas, which is a Commonwealth holiday known as Boxing Day . Retail stores in Sault Ste. Marie begin their post-Christmas Boxing Day sales on December 27. A municipal referendum to determine whether voters favour allowing stores to open on Boxing Day was held concurrently with

4114-525: Is over terrain where there were few observers and the long winter nights could hide activity. A joint Canadian and US committee called the "Permanent Joint Board on Defence" drove the installation of anti-aircraft defence and associated units of the United States Army Air Forces and Royal Canadian Air Force to defend the locks. An anti-aircraft training facility was established 100 km (62 mi) north of Sault Ste. Marie on

4235-641: Is part of the Algoma Central Railway network, which runs north from the city to the small town of Hearst . In 2006 the city's Member of Parliament , Tony Martin , called for passenger rail service to be reinstated between Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury. In 2018, Ontario Northland announced a major service expansion west of Sudbury, which includes multiple stops in Sault Ste. Marie. Passengers may board buses headed toward Hearst , Sudbury , or Manitoulin Island . ONTC currently has three stops in

4356-480: Is phonologically contrastive and so is phonemic . Although long and short vowels are phonetically distinguished by vowel quality, vowel length is phonologically relevant since the distinction between long and short vowels correlates with the occurrence of vowel syncope , which characterizes the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, as well as word stress patterns in the language. There are three short vowels /i

4477-497: Is present in phonological representations . The Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) have /h/ in a small number of affective vocabulary items in addition to regular /ʔ/ . Some dialects may have otherwise non-occurring sounds such as /f, l, r/ in loanwords . Obstruent consonants are divided into lenis and fortis sets, with these features having varying phonological analyses and phonetic realizations cross-dialectally. In some dialects, such as Severn Ojibwe, members of

4598-554: Is the largest single employer, with 3,500 employees at the main plant and approximately 553 (440 unionized and 113 non-unionized) at an adjacent tube mill operated by Tenaris . During the 1940s, the steel and chromium operations were of substantial importance to the war effort in Canada and the United States. Algoma Steel and the Chromium Mining and Smelting Corporation were key producers for transportation and military machines. The Huron Central Railway has been important into

4719-403: Is the most plausible explanation for the distinctive linguistic features found in these three dialects. Many communities adjacent to these relatively sharply differentiated dialects show a mix of transitional features, reflecting overlap with other nearby dialects. While each of these dialects has undergone innovations that make them distinctive, their status as part of the Ojibwe language complex

4840-489: Is used in institutional and geographic names in the area). French settlers referred to the rapids on the river as Les Saults de Ste-Marie ( the rapids of St. Marie ) and the village name was derived from that. The rapids and cascades of the St. Mary's River descend more than 6 m (20 ft) from the level of Lake Superior to the level of the lower lakes. Hundreds of years ago, this slowed shipping traffic, requiring an overland portage of boats and cargo from one lake to

4961-413: The 2000 United States Census and the 2006 Canadian census . The Ojibwe language is reported as spoken by a total of 8,791 people in the United States of which 7,355 are Native Americans and by as many as 47,740 in Canada, making it one of the largest Algic languages by numbers of speakers. The Red Lake , White Earth , and Leech Lake reservations are known for their tradition of singing hymns in

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5082-412: The 2010 municipal election . Voter turnout was not high enough to make the referendum legally binding, but 60.77 per cent of voters opposed allowing stores to open on the holiday. The Sault Ste. Marie Solar Park (68 MW), co-generation plant (Brookfield Power), F. H. Clergue Hydroelectric Generating Station, nearby Prince Township Wind Farm (189 MW) and several nearby hydroelectric dams, form part of

5203-758: The Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre , Entomica Insectarium , the Sault Ste. Marie Museum , the Sault Ste. Marie Canal National Historic Site, boat tours of the Sault locks (which connect Lake Superior with the lower Great Lakes ), Whitefish Island , the Ermatinger Clergue National Historic Site , Casino Sault Ste. Marie , the Art Gallery of Algoma and the Algoma Central Railway 's popular Agawa Canyon Tour Train. The MS Norgoma ,

5324-607: The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 mandated the phasing-out of the Native American boarding school program, the practice of sending youth to these institutions continued into the 1960s and 1970s. Because children were forced to live away from their home communities, many never had the opportunity to hear and use their native language. This government assimilation effort caused widespread loss of language and culture among indigenous communities, including

5445-615: The La Cloche Mountains , while the Central Ontario -based Midland Railway of Canada also surveyed its own line, but became insolvent and collapsed shortly after. The Northern Railway of Canada , which had pushed northward from Toronto to Lake Simcoe , sought to push further to North Bay and then cut west under a subsidiary called the Northern, North-Western, and Sault Ste. Marie Railway , competing directly with

5566-605: The Red River Rebellion , the Wolseley expedition had left Toronto in May 1870 and only arrived at Fort Garry , Manitoba by August. American control of the Sault Ste. Marie locks was seen to be a continued potential impediment to future military transportation within Canada. An all-Canadian rail route would bypass this. A CPR line was surveyed and gradually constructed along the north shore of Lake Huron, cutting through

5687-500: The St. Lawrence Seaway . The city operates its own small-scale lock which is used by small boats and other pleasure craft in the summer. Also recently opened is a multi-modal terminal designed to take advantage of the Sault as a rail, road, and water transportation hub. Cruise ships often dock at Roberta Bondar Park , which includes a large pavilion, small farmers market, a BeaverTails outlet,

5808-540: The obviative (the third person deemed less important or out of focus). Nouns can be singular or plural in number and either animate or inanimate in gender. Separate personal pronouns exist but are used mainly for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first-person plurals. Verbs, the most complex word class, are inflected for one of three orders ( indicative , the default; conjunct , used for participles and in subordinate clauses ; and imperative , used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for

5929-451: The sault spelling to mean a cataract, waterfall or rapids. In modern French, however, the words chutes or rapides are more usual. Sault survives almost exclusively in geographic names dating from the 17th century. (See also Long Sault, Ontario , Sault St. Louis, Quebec , and Grand Falls/Grand-Sault, New Brunswick , three other place names where "sault" also carries this meaning.) Traders regularly interacted with tribes from around

6050-504: The "Empire Builder", supported a route through Sault Ste. Marie, which would allow for both a "water bridge" to the head of Lake Superior at Thunder Bay and an all-rail connection to the west via American railways in the Midwest , benefiting Hill's St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad . Simultaneously, there were political considerations around the railway as a nation-building project coupled with fears of American expansionism. During

6171-690: The 17th century indicates that the Wyandot language (also called Huron), one of the Iroquoian languages , was also used as a trade language east of the Great Lakes by speakers of the Nipissing and Algonquin dialects of Ojibwe, and also by other groups south of the Great Lakes, including the Winnebago and by a group of unknown affiliation identified only as "Assistaeronon." The political decline of

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6292-436: The 21st century to the steel operation, despite extensive railway restructuring elsewhere. Genesee & Wyoming , owner of the railway, announced its intention to discontinue operations. It continued to operate under an agreement which terminated on August 15, 2010. Sault Ste. Marie prospered during the 1960s and '70s, but as imported steel began to compete with domestic production, the local industry began to contract. Since

6413-570: The American side of the border via Sault Ste. Marie's transport route, which runs from the International Bridge, travels along Carmen's Way to Second Line East, and then meets with Great Northern Road (Highway 17), where transports can either turn left to go north, towards Thunder Bay , or continue straight to go east, towards Sudbury . The section from Second Line East to Great Northern Road is also known as Ontario Highway 550 , which runs from Great Northern Road and Second Line East to

6534-463: The CPR. It also collapsed and ultimately the line terminated at a junction with the CPR line south of North Bay, named Nipissing Junction. Throughout the abrupt rise and fall of these competing projects, CPR construction had slowly marched westward under engineer James Worthington. By 1884, however, changes had occurred in CPR management with the rise of William Cornelius Van Horne , who would later become

6655-692: The Cree equivalent, but whether there is any other Ojibwe component in Bungee is not documented. Ojibwe borrowings have been noted in Menominee , a related Algonquian language . All dialects of Ojibwe generally have an inventory of 17 consonants . Most dialects have the segment glottal stop /ʔ/ in their inventory of consonant phonemes; Severn Ojibwe and the Algonquin dialect have /h/ in its place. Some dialects have both segments phonetically, but only one

6776-461: The Great Lakes. After the English took over former French areas of Canada, their traders became more prominent. Scots-British fur trader John Johnston , his Ojibwe wife, Ozhaguscodaywayquay (Woman of the Green Glade), daughter of a chief, and their multi-racial children were prominent among all societies here in the late eighteenth century. They frequently hosted prominent travelers from both

6897-753: The Hiawatha area of the city. The Algoma Trail Network plans to add more trails to the existing 30–40 km (19–25 mi) network, with initial work being completed by September 2021. In August 2021, Sail Superior ran tours of their Zodiac Hurricane boat with tours departing from the Roberta Bondar marina. One of the major draws to the area from the months of June to October is the Agawa Canyon Tour Train . This one-day wilderness excursion travels 114 miles north of Sault Ste. Marie, alongside pristine northern lakes and rivers and through

7018-582: The Hurons in the 18th century and the ascendancy of Ojibwe-speaking groups including the Ottawa led to the replacement of Huron as a lingua franca. In the area east of Georgian Bay , the Nipissing dialect was a trade language. In the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula , the area between Lake Erie and Lake Huron , and along the north shore of Georgian Bay,

7139-556: The Ojibwe language is kept alive through indigenous methods of teaching, which emphasizes hands-on experiences, such as the sugar bush harvest. The language is then passed on in a similar manner in which it has been throughout history in that older members of the community—including elders/instructors and older students at the schools—relay their knowledge and experiences to the younger generation. Ojibwe communities are found in Canada from southwestern Quebec , through Ontario , southern Manitoba and parts of southern Saskatchewan ; and in

7260-519: The Ojibwe language is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example in Minnesota Ojibwemowin , 'airplane' is bemisemagak , literally 'thing that flies' (from bimisemagad , 'to fly'), and 'battery' is ishkode-makakoons , literally 'little fire-box' (from ishkode , 'fire', and makak , 'box'). Even 'coffee'

7381-421: The Ojibwe language may be more culturally meaningful to communities than simply educating about the culture through English. The goal, as with many other language immersion schools across the country, is to meet state-mandated standards for curriculum in the native language. This can be a challenge as public education standards are rigorous with curriculum on complex mathematic and scientific concepts occurring at

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7502-589: The Ojibwe language, is a language of action." Therefore, students are encouraged to learn the language by observing and by doing. For example, each spring the students at Waadookodaading participate in a maple sugar harvest. Older students and elders instruct the younger students on the harvest process, narrating what they are doing in Ojibwemowin as the younger students observe. The younger students are then encouraged to participate as they learn, gathering wood, helping to drill trees, and hauling buckets of sap. Thus,

7623-402: The Ojibwe language. These courses mainly target adults and young adults; however, there are many resources for all age groups, including online games which provide domains for online language use. In the 1980s, The Northern Native-Languages Project was introduced in Ontario to get Indigenous languages such as Ojibwe, to be taught in schools. Years later, the first curriculum was established for

7744-420: The Ojibwe language. As of 2011, Ojibwe is the official language of Red Lake. Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is usually considered to be a single language with a number of dialects, i.e. Ojibwe is "... conventionally regarded as a single language consisting of a continuum of dialectal varieties since ... every dialect is at least partly intelligible to

7865-540: The Ojibwe of the Border Lakes region between Minnesota and Ontario, and Saulteaux; and third, a transitional zone between these two polar groups, in which there is a mixture of northern and southern features." Michif is a mixed language that primarily is based upon French and Plains Cree , with some vocabulary from Ojibwe, in addition to phonological influence in Michif-speaking communities where there

7986-601: The Ojibwe people. With the remaining population of native speakers declining as older generations pass away, many historians consider now an important point in the language's history that will determine if it will proliferate or become extinct. Ojibwe historian Anton Treuer estimates that there are about 1,000 speakers of Ojibwe left in the United States, most residing in Minnesota on the Red Lake Indian Reservation or in Mille Lacs region. Teacher of

8107-402: The Ottawa dialect served as a trade language. In the area south of Lake Superior and west of Lake Michigan Southwestern Ojibwe was the trade language. A widespread pattern of asymmetrical bilingualism is found in the area south of the Great Lakes in which speakers of Potawatomi or Menominee, both Algonquian languages, also spoke Ojibwe, but Ojibwe speakers did not speak the other languages. It

8228-503: The US and Canada. The children were taught English, Ojibwe and French. Their daughter, Jane Johnston married Henry Rowe Schoolcraft , a US Indian agent and early ethnographer, and they had children. Jane Johnston Schoolcraft has been recognized as the first Native American poet and writer in the United States. This fluid environment changed during and after the War of 1812 between Britain and

8349-688: The United States from northern Michigan through northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota , with a number of communities in northern North Dakota and northern Montana . Groups of speakers of the Ottawa dialect migrated to Kansas and Oklahoma during the historical period, with a small amount of linguistic documentation of the language in Oklahoma. The presence of Ojibwe in British Columbia has been noted. Current census data indicate that all varieties of Ojibwe are spoken by approximately 56,531 people. This figure reflects census data from

8470-478: The United States refused to give the steamer Chicora , carrying Colonel Garnet Wolseley , permission to pass through the locks at Sault Ste Marie, which were otherwise available to both US and Canadian ships. They had built the first locks in 1855. In order to control their own water passage, the Canadians constructed the Sault Ste. Marie Canal , which was completed in 1895. Although Sault Ste. Marie had been

8591-907: The United States, from Michigan to Wisconsin and Minnesota , with a number of communities in North Dakota and Montana , as well as groups that were removed to Kansas and Oklahoma during the Indian Removal period . While there is some variation in the classification of its dialects, at least the following are recognized, from east to west: Algonquin , Eastern Ojibwe , Ottawa (Odawa) , Western Ojibwe (Saulteaux) , Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwe) , Northwestern Ojibwe , and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) . Based upon contemporary field research, J. R. Valentine also recognizes several other dialects: Berens Ojibwe in northwestern Ontario, which he distinguishes from Northwestern Ojibwe; North of (Lake) Superior; and Nipissing. The latter two cover approximately

8712-619: The United States. Trade dropped during the war and on July 20, 1814, an American force destroyed the North West Company depot on the north shore of the St. Marys River. Since the Americans were unable to capture Fort Mackinac , the British forces retained control of Sault Ste. Marie. As noted, after the war and defining a new border, the US closed its territory to British Canadian traders, shutting off much interaction. In 1870,

8833-659: The Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School located on the Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation in northern Wisconsin. Most students come from English-speaking homes and are learning Ojibwemowin as their second language. At this school, instructors and elders teach the preschoolers to third graders entirely in the Ojibwe language, so that by the time that students complete kindergarten, they know both English and Ojibwe alphabets and writing systems. In

8954-699: The awesome granite rock formations and vast mixed forests of the Canadian Shield, eventually ending at the Agawa Canyon. The train departs at 8am and returns to Sault Ste. Marie by 6pm. In August 2021 a new train station was opened for the tour train, the Canal district of the city. Ojibwe language Ojibwe ( / oʊ ˈ dʒ ɪ b w eɪ / oh- JIB -way ), also known as Ojibwa ( / oʊ ˈ dʒ ɪ b w ə / oh- JIB -wə ), Ojibway , Otchipwe , Ojibwemowin , or Anishinaabemowin ,

9075-401: The beautiful and convenient circle tour around town. The Voyageur Hiking Trail , a long-distance trail that will eventually span from Sudbury to Thunder Bay , originated in Sault Ste. Marie in 1973. The Roberta Bondar Park and Pavilion, most famous for its unique tent design, was created to commemorate the first Canadian female astronaut to go into space and regularly hosts community events;

9196-534: The beginning of a word are frequently lost. In the Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe dialects, all metrically weak vowels are deleted. For example, bemisemagak(in) (airplane(s), in the Southwestern Ojibwe dialect) is stressed as [ be · m se · m gak /ˈbɛːmɪˌseːmʌˌɡak/ ] in the singular but as [ be · m se · m ga · kin /ˌbeːmɪˈsɛːmʌˌɡaˌkin/ ] in the plural. In some other dialects, metrically weak (unstressed) vowels, especially "a" and "i", are reduced to

9317-461: The city is bordered by an unincorporated portion of Algoma District , which includes the local services boards of Aweres , Batchawana Bay , Goulais and District , Peace Tree and Searchmont . The city's census agglomeration , including the townships of Laird , Prince and Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional and the First Nations reserves of Garden River and Rankin , had

9438-604: The city's push to develop alternative forms of energy and gain the title of 'Alternative Energy Capital of North America'. Two other wind farms are proposed for the area: the Goulais wind farm (25 MW) and the Bow Lake wind farm (58 MW), in partnership with the Batchewana First Nation to be built near Montreal River Harbour . Elementa Group has built a pilot waste-to-energy plant in Sault Ste. Marie, and

9559-553: The city, which together employed about 1,500 people. The largest, Sutherland Global Services , closed in 2019 and Agero closed in April 2020. Nucomm previously had a call centre here as well. The call centre industry became a major source of jobs and had contributed to the economic turnaround of the city in the late 1990s. Another large employer in the community is the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG). The OLG has

9680-426: The city, with the main stop being along Trunk Road in the east end, and the other stops being at Sault College and the hospital. Sault Ste. Marie does not have Lyft or Uber, but has three ridesharing companies that focus on small communities called URide, EZ Ride and Driverseat. The city has taxi services offered by Hollywood Airport Shuttle & Limousines, Soo Yellow Cab, and UCab. Local area attractions include

9801-507: The classroom, students generally first become familiar with the language by hearing and speaking it and then advance to reading and writing it as well. They are taught mathematics, reading, social studies, music, and other typical school subjects through the medium of the Ojibwe language so as to increase student's exposure to Ojibwemowin while providing a well-rounded education. In her research study on Ojibwe immersion schools, Ojibwe scholar and educator Mary Hermes suggests that educating through

9922-600: The community had developed on both sides of the river, it was considered unified and part of Canada. After the War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, the border between Canada and the US was finally settled at the St. Mary's River. At that time, the US prohibited British traders from operating in its territory any longer, causing major losses. The areas separated by the river began to develop as two communities, both named Sault Ste. Marie. Anishinaabe " Time immemorial "–1671 Kingdom of France 1671–1763 British Empire 1763–1867 Canada 1867–present After

10043-424: The company's president. Both Hill and Worthington resigned from the company, and Hill became a bitter opponent of it. A new transcontinental mainline through Northern Ontario, passing directly through the interior and bypassing the lakeshore settlements along Lake Huron (including Sault Ste. Marie), was laid out and constructed from a point on the line which became known as Sudbury Junction. This junction point became

10164-713: The east; the northern and eastern entrances to the city via Highway 17 are monitored by the Sault Ste. Marie Police Service with new cameras, scanning license plates upon entry/exit of the city—however as of April 2022, they are not yet fully operational. The International Bridge connects downtown Sault Ste. Marie to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan , becoming Interstate 75 on the American side. Interstate 75 continues south to Saginaw , Flint , and Detroit before crossing into Ohio , eventually terminating in Hialeah, Florida , near Miami , and becoming toll roads SR 924 and SR 826 . The International Bridge also directs traffic from

10285-541: The educational system, many indigenous communities across the Great Lakes region are making efforts towards the Ojibwe language revival by similarly using the school system. Largely inspired by the success of Polynesian languages immersion schools in Hawaii and New Zealand , similar school programs have been starting throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin in recent years. One of the most notable programs—developed by Ojibwe educators Lisa LaRonge and Keller Paap —is that of

10406-540: The fortis set are realized as a sequence of /h/ followed by a single segment drawn from the set of lenis consonants: /p t k tʃ s ʃ/ . Algonquin Ojibwe is reported as distinguishing fortis and lenis consonants on the basis of voicing , with fortis being voiceless and lenis being voiced. In other dialects fortis consonants are realized as having greater duration than the corresponding lenis consonant, invariably voiceless, "vigorously articulated," and aspirated in certain environments. In some practical orthographies such as

10527-530: The important role language revitalization has in treating health concerns. The use of language connects a community through shared views and supports the well-being of said community. Researchers found that language and the notion of culture were intertwined together instead of being separate concepts, and the people who regularly practiced their language and culture were often associated with more positive health outcomes, particularly for psychological health and mental well-being. An "Ojibway Language and People" app

10648-672: The language Keller Paap approximates that most fluent speakers in the United States are over 70 years old, making exposure to spoken Ojibwemowin limited in many communities. Ojibwe educators and scholars across the region are working with the remaining elders who speak Ojibwemowin, known as the First Speakers, so as to document and learn the language in hopes to preserve it and pass it on to the next generation of speakers. In recent years, historian and Ojibwe professor Anton Treuer has been recording stories told by about 50 different Ojibwe elders in their native language so as to preserve both

10769-449: The language and language structure; however, it does not help grow the use of the language outside of a school setting. The most effective way of promoting language is being surrounded by the language, especially in a familial setting. This is difficult to replicate in schools, which is why speaking Ojibwe with family and in one's home life is important in growing language revitalization. Research has been done in Ojibwe communities to prove

10890-431: The language and pieces of knowledge and history. Alongside his current mentor, a Ponemah elder named Eugene Stillday, he writes the recorded stories in both Ojibwe and translated English. Recently, there has been more of a push toward bringing the Ojibwe language back into more common use, through language classes and programs sponsored by universities, sometimes available to non-students, which are essential to passing on

11011-411: The late 1980s, Algoma has declared bankruptcy twice and laid off large numbers of workers, adversely affecting the regional economy. Algoma was bailed out by the Ontario government with interest-free loans. The company had a swift turnaround in 2004 from its earlier financial troubles of the 1990s. China's increased demand for steel of the past decade has increased the price of steel. Denis Turcotte , CEO,

11132-542: The late 19th century, the American federal Native American boarding school initiative which forced Native American children to attend government-run boarding schools in an attempt to "acculturate" them into American society. Often far from their home communities, these schools attempted to remove any ties children had to their native culture and to limit their ability to visit home. Students were forced to speak English, cut their hair, dress in uniform, practise Christianity, and learn about European culture and history. Although

11253-399: The linguistic history and status of a hypothetical "Ojibwe–Potawatomi" subgroup has not yet been undertaken. A discussion of Algonquian family subgroups indicates that "Ojibwe–Potawatomi is another possibility that awaits investigation." In a proposed consensus classification of Algonquian languages, Goddard (1996) classifies Ojibwa and Potawatomi as "Ojibwayan," although no supporting evidence

11374-413: The local Public Utilities Commission (PUC) collects methane gas from the city's landfill. The city's street lights fully utilize LED technology and as recently as 2021, there has been progress made as the city has begun to budget for the purchase of electric vehicles, starting in 2022, to replace their fleet of gasoline powered vehicles. Sault Ste. Marie is also the location of the headquarters of Heliene ,

11495-415: The metrical foot defines the domain for relative prominence , in which a strong syllable is assigned stress because it is more prominent than the weak member of the foot. Typically, the strong syllable in the antepenultimate foot is assigned the primary stress. Strong syllables that do not receive main stress are assigned at least secondary stress. In some dialects, metrically weak (unstressed) vowels at

11616-444: The operation of phonological rules from sequences of a long vowel and /n/ and another segment, typically /j/. Placement of word stress is determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical foot , in which a weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. A foot consists of a minimum of one syllable and a maximum of two syllables, with each foot containing a maximum of one strong syllable. The structure of

11737-513: The other. The entire name translates to 'Saint Mary's Rapids' or 'Saint Mary's Falls'. The word sault is pronounced [so] in French, and / s uː / in the English pronunciation of the city name. Residents of the city are called Saultites . Sault Ste. Marie is bordered to the east by the Rankin and Garden River reserves , and to the west by Prince Township . To the north,

11858-682: The parking lot has spaces for farmers market vendors and the pavilion also has a BeaverTails , a canteen, and overlooks the St. Mary's River . The park is often most active in the spring and summer and is located in between Montana's and Delta Sault Ste. Marie Waterfront , with the Roberta Bondar Place directly to the North, which consists of the OLG headquarters and other provincial government offices. Sault Ste. Marie has an extensive mountain biking network and has invested in new trails in

11979-399: The person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both the subject and object as well as for several different modes (including the dubitative and preterit ) and tenses. Although it does contain a few loans from English (e.g. gaapii , 'coffee') and French (e.g. mooshwe , 'handkerchief' (from mouchoir ), ni-tii , 'tea' (from le thé , 'the tea'), in general,

12100-416: The postulation of a genetically distinct Central Algonquian subgroup." The possibility that the proposed genetic subgrouping of Ojibwa and Potawatomi can also be accounted for as diffusion has also been raised: "The putative Ojibwa–Potawatomi subgroup is similarly open to question, but cannot be evaluated without more information on Potawatomi dialects." Several different Ojibwe dialects have functioned as

12221-585: The power supply. It will also allow for efficient additions to the power grid in the future. The SSG was officially launched in November 2023, with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in attendance. Sault Ste. Marie is served by Highway 17 , designated as a segment of the Trans-Canada Highway in the region. The highway connects the city to Thunder Bay to the northwest and Sudbury to

12342-446: The program and it was known as Native Languages 1987. There has also been an increase in published children's literature. The increase in materials published in Ojibwe is essential to increasing the number of speakers. Language revitalization through Ojibwe frameworks also allows for cultural concepts to be conveyed through language. A 2014 study has indicated that learning Indigenous languages such as Ojibwe in school helps in learning

12463-408: The question as to whether or not they should include English instruction. Some research suggests that learning to write in one's first language is important prior to learning a second language. Therefore, many schools include some level of English education at certain grade levels. Along with using the native language, Waadookodaading uses native ways of teaching in its education system. "Ojibwemowin,

12584-458: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about radio and/or television stations with the same/similar call signs or branding. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CJIC&oldid=1112559855 " Category : Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

12705-628: The same territory as Central Ojibwa , which he does not recognize. The aggregated dialects of Ojibwemowin comprise the second most commonly spoken First Nations language in Canada (after Cree ), and the fourth most widely spoken in the United States or Canada behind Navajo , the Inuit languages and Cree. Ojibwemowin is a relatively healthy indigenous language. The Waadookodaading Ojibwe Language Immersion School in Hayward, Wisconsin teaches all classes to children in Ojibwe only. A similar program

12826-600: The same territory as Central Ojibwa , which he does not recognize. Two recent analyses of the relationships between the Ojibwe dialects are in agreement on the assignment of the strongly differentiated Ottawa dialect to a separate subgroup, and the assignment of Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin to another subgroup, and differ primarily with respect to the relationships between the less strongly differentiated dialects. Rhodes and Todd recognize several different dialectal subgroupings within Ojibwe: (a) Ottawa; (b) Severn and Algonquian; (c)

12947-483: The second and third grade levels. Ojibwe educators at these schools are constantly working with elders so as to design new ways to say lesser-used words in Ojibwe such as plastic or quotient . Because the Ojibwe language is traditionally oral, it is often difficult for educators to find adequate resources to develop the curriculum. Thus, through these school programs, the language is constantly evolving. Many of these Ojibwe language immersion schools are also considering

13068-473: The settlement expanded to include both sides of the river. Sault Ste. Marie is one of the oldest French settlements in North America. It was at the crossroads of the 5,000 km (3,000 mi) fur trade route , which stretched from Montreal to Sault Ste. Marie and to the North country above Lake Superior . A cosmopolitan, mixed population of Europeans, First Nations peoples, and Métis lived at

13189-550: The shores of Lake Superior. Barrage balloons were installed, and early warning radar bases were established at five locations in northern Ontario ( Kapuskasing , Cochrane , Hearst , Armstrong (Thunder Bay District) , and Nakina ) to watch for incoming aircraft. Military personnel were established to guard sensitive parts of the transportation infrastructure. A little over one year later, in January 1943, most of these facilities and defences were deemed excessive and removed, save

13310-489: The speakers of the neighboring dialects." The degree of mutual intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably; recent research has shown that there is strong differentiation between the Ottawa dialect spoken in southern Ontario and northern Michigan; the Severn Ojibwa dialect spoken in northern Ontario and Manitoba; and the Algonquin dialect spoken in southwestern Quebec. Valentine notes that isolation

13431-719: The term Ojibwemowin . The general term in Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwe) is Anihshininiimowin , although Anishinaabemowin is widely recognized by Severn speakers. Some speakers of Saulteaux Ojibwe refer to their language as Nakawemowin . The Ottawa dialect is sometimes referred to as Daawaamwin , although the general designation is Nishnaabemwin , with the latter term also applied to Jibwemwin or Eastern Ojibwe . Other local terms are listed in Ojibwe dialects . English terms include Ojibwe , with variants including Ojibwa and Ojibway . The related term Chippewa

13552-402: The trial of Angelina Napolitano , the first person in Canada to use the battered woman defence for murder. It was incorporated as a city the following year in 1912. During World War II , and particularly after the US was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor in 1941, government concern turned to protection of the locks and shipping channel at Sault Ste. Marie. A substantial military presence

13673-631: The unrelated Siouan language Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) also used Ojibwe when dealing with Europeans and others. Other reports indicate that agents of the American government at Green Bay, Wisconsin , spoke Ojibwe in their interactions with Menominee, with other reports indicating that "the Chippewa, Menominee, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Sac, and Fox tribes used Ojibwe in intertribal communication...." Some reports indicate that farther west, speakers of non-Algonquian languages such as Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Iowa , and Pawnee spoke Ojibwe as an "acquired language." In

13794-532: The village spanning the river. The city name originates from Saults de Sainte-Marie , archaic French for "Saint Mary's Falls", a reference to the rapids of Saint Marys River. Etymologically, the word sault comes from an archaic spelling of saut (from sauter ), which translates most accurately in this usage to the English word cataract . This in turn derives from the French word for "leap" or "jump" (similar to somersault ). Citations dating back to 1600 use

13915-415: The visit of Étienne Brûlé in 1623, the French called this area of rapids as Sault de Gaston in honour of Gaston, Duke of Orléans , the brother of King Louis XIII of France . In 1668, French Jesuit missionaries renamed it as Sault Sainte-Marie , and established a mission settlement (present-day Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan ) on the river's south bank. Later, a fur trading post was established and

14036-693: The widely-used double vowel system, fortis consonants are written with voiceless symbols: p, t, k, ch, s, sh . Lenis consonants have normal duration and are typically voiced intervocalically. Although they may be devoiced at the end or beginning of a word, they are less vigorously articulated than fortis consonants, and are invariably unaspirated. In the double vowel system, lenis consonants are written with voiced symbols: b, d, g, j, z, zh . All dialects of Ojibwe have two nasal consonants /m/ and /n/ , one labialized velar approximant /w/ , one palatal approximant /j/ , and either /ʔ/ or /h/ . All dialects of Ojibwe have seven oral vowels . Vowel length

14157-427: Was established to protect the locks from a possible attack by Nazi German aircraft from the north. The recent development of long-range bombers increased fears of a sudden air raid. Military strategists studied polar projection maps, which indicated that the air distance from occupied Norway to the town was about the same as the distance from Norway to New York. That direct route of about 5,000 km (3,000 mi)

14278-468: Was finally reactivated and completed through to Sault Ste. Marie, joining with the St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad via the joint Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge . Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario was incorporated as a town in 1888, but its economy stagnated toward the end of the 19th century with the decline of the fur trade. The town gained brief international notoriety in 1911 in

14399-585: Was named "Canadian CEO of the year" in 2006 for his efforts. An offer to purchase ASI by the Essar Group (India) had been recommended by the ASI Board of Directors and was approved. The company was officially sold to the Essar Group in June 2007 for $ 1.6 billion. Forestry is also a major local industry. St. Mary's Paper has been closed and decommissioned, although it was reopened in June 2007 and operated for

14520-637: Was the largest to have passed such a resolution. It was the first to do so despite its sizable Franco-Ontarian population. Many political figures, including Brian Mulroney , Jean Chrétien and Ontario premier David Peterson , who had strongly condemned Premier Bourassa's use of the 'notwithstanding clause', also expressed their opposition to the Sault Ste. Marie resolution. Peterson and his successor as premier, Bob Rae , refused to meet with Mayor Fratesi on several subsequent occasions, even to discuss unrelated matters. The city had previously established French as an official language for government services, due to

14641-582: Was underway to eventually connect the Second Line East and Black Road intersection to the new four-lane section of Highway 17, which opened east of the city in 2007—however as of 2022, there has been no environmental impact assessment initiated by the Ministry of Transportation . The city plays an inherited role in marine transportation , with the locks in Michigan being an integral component of

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