28-402: CKA may refer to: Atlantic Croaker , FAO fish species code Chief Kitsap Academy Kegelman Air Force Auxiliary Field , United States (IATA airport code) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CKA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
56-506: A result of mutations in the genes that code for AR. These mutations cause the inactivation of AR due to mutations conferring resistance to circulating testosterone, with more than 400 different AR mutations reported. The primary mechanism of action for androgen receptors is direct regulation of gene transcription . Androgens (also called androgenic hormones), such as testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, are understood to exert their primary effects through binding to an androgen receptor in
84-595: A role in regulating female sexual, somatic, and behavioral functions. Experimental data using AR knockout female mice, provides evidence that the promotion of cardiac growth, kidney hypertrophy, cortical bone growth and regulation of trabecular bone structure is a result of DNA-binding-dependent actions of the AR in females. Moreover, the importance of understanding female androgen receptors lies in their role in several genetic disorders including androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS) which are
112-493: A specific sequence of DNA known as a hormone response element , where it forms macromolacular protein condensates that might facilitate rapid gene regulation as consequence of local high protein concentrations together with other coregulators. Androgen receptors interact with other proteins in the nucleus, resulting in up- or down-regulation of specific gene transcription. Up-regulation or activation of transcription results in increased synthesis of messenger RNA , which, in turn,
140-424: Is serum response factor , a protein that activates several genes that cause muscle growth. Androgen receptor is modified by post-translational modification through acetylation , which directly promotes AR-mediated transactivation , apoptosis and contact-independent growth of prostate cancer cells. AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin . The AR acetylation site
168-448: Is a key target of NAD -dependent and TSA -dependent histone deacetylases and long non-coding RNA . More recently, androgen receptors have been shown to have a second mode of action. As has been also found for other steroid hormone receptors such as estrogen receptors , androgen receptors can have actions that are independent of their interactions with DNA. Androgen receptors interact with certain signal transduction proteins in
196-430: Is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae and is closely related to the black drum ( Pogonias cromis ), the silver perch ( Bairdiella chrysoura ), the spot croaker ( Leiostomus xanthurus ), the red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ), the spotted seatrout ( Cynoscion nebulosus ), and the weakfish ( Cynoscion regalis ). It is commonly found in sounds and estuaries from Massachusetts to
224-405: Is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones , including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone , in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus . The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor , and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor. The main function of the androgen receptor
252-510: Is as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression ; however, the androgen receptor has other functions as well. Androgen-regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype . In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation. Testosterone appears to be
280-670: Is defective in Kennedy's disease . In addition, point mutations and trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms have been linked to a number of additional disorders. The AR gene contains CAG repeats that affect receptor function, where fewer repeats leads to increased receptor sensitivity to circulating androgens and more repeats leads to decreased receptor sensitivity. Studies have shown that racial variation in CAG repeats exists, with African-Americans having fewer repeats than non-Hispanic white Americans. The racial trends in CAG repeats parallels
308-571: Is native to coastal waters in the western Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Massachusetts to Mexico and includes the northern half of the Caribbean Sea but possibly not the southern Gulf of Mexico or the Antilles. It is also thought to live on the coasts of southern Brazil and Argentina. It is usually found in bays and estuaries over sandy or muddy bottoms where it feeds on polychaete worms , crustaceans and small fish. The croaker visits
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#1732786996392336-528: Is predictive of resistance to some drugs (caused by missing Ligand-binding domain in this splice variant). High expression in androgen receptor has been linked to aggression and sex drive by affecting the HPA and HPG axis Aberrant androgen receptor coregulator activity may contribute to the progression of prostate cancer . The AR is an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer . Thus many different antiandrogens have been developed, primarily targeting
364-467: Is translated by ribosomes to produce specific proteins. One of the known target genes of androgen receptor activation is the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Thus, changes in levels of specific proteins in cells is one way that androgen receptors control cell behavior. One function of androgen receptor that is independent of direct binding to its target DNA sequence is facilitated by recruitment via other DNA-binding proteins . One example
392-703: The Chesapeake Bay from March through October and is found throughout the Bay as far north as the Susquehanna Flats. Croaker populations greatly vary from year to year, and can be dependent on the conditions of their habitats. Their management is challenging due to the variability in their numbers. Due to a wide range and large population, croaker are listed as species of Least Concern by the IUCN. In 1999, an androgen receptor protein called ZIP9 Protein
420-469: The Gulf of Mexico . The name croaker is descriptive of the noise the fish makes by vibrating strong muscles against its swim bladder , which acts as a resonating chamber much like a ball. The Atlantic croaker is the loudest of the drum family. It is also referred to as a hardhead, with smaller ones called pin heads. During spawning season (August to October), croakers turn a deep golden color, from this comes
448-513: The ligand-binding domain of the protein. AR ligands can either be classified based on their structure ( steroidal or nonsteroidal ) or based on their ability to activate or inhibit transcription ( agonists or antagonists ). Inhibitors that target alternative functional domains ( N-terminal domain , DNA-binding domain ) of the protein are still under development. Alteration of ARs may lead to treatment resistance (castration resistance) in prostate cancer as there may be missense mutations of
476-444: The androgen receptor dissociates from accessory proteins, translocates into the nucleus, dimerizes, and then stimulates transcription of androgen-responsive genes. The binding of an androgen to the androgen receptor results in a conformational change in the receptor that, in turn, causes dissociation of heat shock proteins , transport from the cytosol into the cell nucleus , and dimerization . The androgen receptor dimer binds to
504-417: The androgen receptor genotype. Two isoforms of the androgen receptor ( A and B ) have been identified: Like other nuclear receptors, the androgen receptor is modular in structure and is composed of the following functional domains labeled A through F : AR-V7 is an androgen receptor splice variant that can be detected in circulating tumor cells of metastatic prostate cancer patients and
532-458: The androgen receptor is encoded by the AR gene located on the X chromosome at Xq11–12. At least 165 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. The androgen insensitivity syndrome , formerly known as testicular feminization, is caused by a mutation in the androgen receptor gene on the X chromosome (locus: Xq11–Xq12). The androgen receptor seems to affect neuron physiology and
560-475: The androgen receptor is essential for normal female fertility, being required for development and full functionality of the ovarian follicles and ovulation , working through both intra-ovarian and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Via the androgen receptor, androgens play a key role in the maintenance of male skeletal integrity. The regulation of this integrity by androgen receptor (AR) signaling can be attributed to both osteoblasts and osteocytes . The AR plays
588-440: The bones, but more of the potent maturation effect comes from the estrogen produced by aromatization of androgens. Steroid users of teen age may find that their growth had been stunted by androgen and/or estrogen excess. People with too little sex hormones can be short during puberty but end up taller as adults as in androgen insensitivity syndrome or estrogen insensitivity syndrome . Knockout-mice studies have shown that
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#1732786996392616-407: The cytoplasm. Androgen binding to cytoplasmic androgen receptors can cause rapid changes in cell function independent of changes in gene transcription, such as changes in ion transport . Regulation of signal transduction pathways by cytoplasmic androgen receptors can indirectly lead to changes in gene transcription, for example, by leading to phosphorylation of other transcription factors. In humans,
644-413: The cytosol. The receptor is translocated to the nucleus upon androgen binding and ultimately results in the transcriptional regulation of a number of genes via androgen responsive elements. This androgen response mechanism is perhaps best known and characterized in the context of male sexual differentiation and puberty, but plays a role in a variety of tissue types and processes. Upon binding to androgens,
672-424: The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in these two groups. The enhancer and the gene encoding for these receptors contain recurrent mutations, such as structural rearrangements and copy number changes, acquired in the progression of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treatment with therapy targeting these receptors (abiraterone, enzalutamide ), make the disease progression determined by
700-414: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CKA&oldid=1033662485 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Atlantic Croaker The Atlantic croaker ( Micropogonias undulatus )
728-922: The name golden croaker. Beginning in August, tiny young enter the Chesapeake Bay and travel to low-salinity and freshwater creeks. They move to deeper parts of tidal rivers for the winter. Juveniles leave the bay with the adults the following autumn. When full-grown at 2 to 3 years old, croakers reach between 18 and 20 inches in length long and 4 to 5 pounds, but on average are 1/2-2 pounds. The fish's lifespan can reach up to 8 years. The Chesapeake Bay record Atlantic croaker, caught in August 2007 off New Point Comfort Lighthouse in Virginia, weighed 8 pounds, 11 ounces and measured 27 inches long. They have traditionally been used for food by Native Americans , and their remains are found in shell middens . These fish are popular catches among recreational anglers. The Atlantic croaker
756-486: The primary androgen receptor-activating hormone in the Wolffian duct , whereas dihydrotestosterone is the main androgenic hormone in the urogenital sinus , urogenital tubercle , and hair follicles . Testosterone is therefore responsible primarily for the development of male primary sexual characteristics , whilst dihydrotestosterone is responsible for secondary male characteristics . Androgens cause slow maturation of
784-1080: Was discovered in the brain , ovary and testicular tissues of Atlantic croaker. Androgen receptor 1E3G , 1GS4 , 1T5Z , 1T63 , 1T65 , 1XJ7 , 1XOW , 1XQ3 , 1Z95 , 2AM9 , 2AMA , 2AMB , 2AO6 , 2AX6 , 2AX7 , 2AX8 , 2AX9 , 2AXA , 2HVC , 2OZ7 , 2PIO , 2PIP , 2PIQ , 2PIR , 2PIT , 2PIU , 2PIV , 2PIW , 2PIX , 2PKL , 2PNU , 2Q7I , 2Q7J , 2Q7K , 2YHD , 2YLO , 2YLP , 2YLQ , 2Z4J , 3B5R , 3B65 , 3B66 , 3B67 , 3B68 , 3BTR , 3V49 , 3V4A , 3ZQT , 4HLW , 3L3X , 3L3Z , 3RLJ , 3RLL , 4K7A , 4OEA , 4OED , 4OEY , 4OEZ , 4OFR , 4OFU , 4OGH , 4OH5 , 4OH6 , 4OHA , 4OIL , 4OIU , 4OJ9 , 4OJB , 4OK1 , 4OKB , 4OKT , 4OKW , 4OKX , 4OLM , 4QL8 , 5CJ6 367 11835 ENSG00000169083 ENSMUSG00000046532 P10275 Q9NUA2 P19091 NM_001011645 NM_000044 NM_001348061 NM_001348063 NM_001348064 NM_013476 NP_000035.2 NP_001011645.1 NP_038504 The androgen receptor ( AR ), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4),
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