Misplaced Pages

#857142

120-579: The Canadair CL-415 ( Super Scooper , later Bombardier 415 ) and the De Havilland Canada DHC-515 are a series of amphibious aircraft built originally by Canadair and subsequently by Bombardier and De Havilland Canada . The CL-415 is based on the Canadair CL-215 and is designed specifically for aerial firefighting ; it can perform various other roles, such as search and rescue and utility transport. Development of

240-420: A 10% procurement costs decrease would add six gross margin points to the programme. Airbus waited to win several new orders before increasing pressure on suppliers and catching their attention in 2019 with the sale of 135 A220s to U.S. airlines, including a follow-up order from Delta. The market share was split between 80% A220-300 and 20% A220-100. Delivery rates continued to climb with the new brand, reaching

360-459: A 15 percent power increase over the original piston engines , as well as enhanced reliability and safety. The retrofitted aircraft were designated CL-215T . Speaking during the new model's development, company officials recognised that market demand for the CL-215T was marginal, and thus not enough to justify developing an all-new aircraft. Despite this, it featured numerous enhancements, including

480-507: A conventional land-based aircraft). However, in cases where this is not practical, amphibious floatplanes, such as the amphibious version of the DHC Otter , incorporate retractable wheels within their floats. Some amphibians are fitted with reinforced keels which act as skis, allowing them to land on snow or ice with their wheels up. Many amphibian aircraft are of the flying boat type. These aircraft, and those designed as floatplanes with

600-441: A conventional undercarriage. These are not built to take the impact of the aircraft landing on them. An amphibian can leave the water without anyone getting in the water to attach beaching wheels (or even having to have any handy), yet a fully functional undercarriage is heavy and impacts the aircraft's performance, and is not required in all cases, so an aircraft may be designed to carry its own. An occasional problem with amphibians

720-620: A day and by July up to nine a day with an average time of 1 hours 15 minutes. airBaltic's flight length averaged 3 hours, and the average fleet daily usage was 14 hours. On 8 August, following the steep approach certification by EASA, Swiss operated its first revenue flight from Zurich to London City, replacing the Avro RJ. As of September, the CSeries fleet had undergone 20 A Checks with no significant maintenance issues, and over 1.5 million passengers had 16,000 revenue flights in

840-598: A fire without having to return to base to refill its tanks. The CL-415 was specifically developed to provide the capability to deliver large quantities of suppressant in quick response to fires. This is stored within large tanks which are located mostly beneath the cabin floor within the hull, although a header tank above this level is present on either side of the fuselage. The airframe is built for reliability and longevity, making extensive use of corrosion -resistant materials, predominantly treated aluminium, that facilitates its use in salt water. According to Flight International,

960-681: A longer range than comparable helicopters, and can achieve nearly the range of land-based aircraft, because an airplane's wing is more efficient than a helicopter's lifting rotor. This makes amphibious aircraft, such as the Grumman Albatross and the Shin Meiwa US-2 , useful for long-range air–sea rescue tasks. In addition, amphibious aircraft are particularly useful as bush planes that can engage in light transport in remote areas. In these areas, they often have to operate not only from airstrips, but from lakes and rivers as well. In

1080-580: A new-build production series. On 6 December 1993, the CL-415 conducted its maiden flight, while the first deliveries commenced during November 1994. One year later, a 180-day sales tour traversing 21 countries commenced using a CL-415 owned by the Quebec Government . That same year, Bombardier stated that it was in the planning phase of a six-point improvement plan for the CL-415, which was principally intended to diversify its capabilities. Orders for

1200-552: A package of CA$ 372.5 million in interest-free loans for the company, with the programme to receive one-third. In 2016, Bombardier achieved its goal of delivering seven CSeries aircraft to both launch operators, Swiss and airBaltic . Production was then set to ramp to 30–35 aircraft deliveries in 2017 after PW1500G engine supply and start issues were resolved. However, the CSeries delivery goal for 2017 had to be revised to 20–22 aircraft only, due to persistent engine delivery delays, and finally, only 17 deliveries were completed in

1320-564: A period of significant expansion until encountering financial hardship during the 2010s, largely brought on by the very high costs involved in developing the CSeries narrow-body airliner . The much smaller Viking Aircraft started off as a component manufacturing specialist, which came to include the licensed production of parts of several of Bombardier's discontinued aircraft range, helping operators to keep them in service. During 2008, Bombardier and Viking Air reached an arrangement under which

SECTION 10

#1732779519858

1440-495: A preliminary 80% anti-dumping duty, resulting in a duty of 300%. The DoC announced its final ruling, a total duty of 292%, on 20 December, hailing it as an affirmation of the " America First " policy. In October, with financial issues already mounting, Bombardier was indirectly forced by the US government tariffs to relinquish 50.01% of its stake in the CSeries program to Airbus for a symbolic CAD $ 1, and would produce CSeries aircraft in

1560-571: A runway. A common solution is to make them retractable, like those found on the Consolidated Catalina ; however, these are even heavier than fixed floats. Some aircraft may have the tip floats removed for extended use from land. Other amphibians, such as the Dornier Seastar , use stub wings, called sponsons , mounted with their own lower surfaces nearly even with the ventral "boat-hull"-shaped fuselage surface. This can provide

1680-404: A second-half 2012 first flight as it was to receive the first fuselage package until mid-2012 at the earliest and Pratt & Whitney still had "a little bit more work to do" to meet the requirement. In June 2012, Bombardier reaffirmed the first flight should happen before the year's end with subsequent entry into service remaining 2013. In July 2012, Bombardier began discussions with AirAsia at

1800-415: A significant upgrade in the event of an engine derivative for the CSeries program. Both prospective engine suppliers for the CSeries program were uncertain about the aircraft market projections after Bombardier failed to address these concerns, but they left the door open to future discussions of a potential program. Bombardier then returned to Pratt & Whitney (P&W) in search of the right engine for

1920-486: A single main float under the fuselage centerline (such as the Loening OL and Grumman J2F ), require outrigger floats to provide lateral stability so as to avoid dipping a wingtip, which can destroy an aircraft if it happens at speed, or can cause the wingtip to fill with water and sink if stationary. While these impose weight and drag, amphibious aircraft also face the possibility of these getting hit when operating from

2040-482: A strategic partner beyond the period required in the clauses, allowing it to acquire Investissement Québec's stake no earlier than 2023 and Bombardier's stake no earlier than 2025, but with main production remaining in Mirabel, Québec until at least 2041. The partnership was subject to regulatory approvals, and during competition investigation, Airbus and Bombardier were to operate separately and clean teams planned

2160-526: A total output of 33 in 2018, and then rising to 48 A220 in 2019. The groundbreaking ceremony for the $ 300 million final assembly line (FAL) at the Airbus Mobile plant in Mobile, Alabama was held on 16 January 2019; on this occasion Airbus confirmed its confidence that there is enough demand to justify two assembly sites and that the airliner can be profitable. On 5 August 2019, production started at

2280-509: A twelve-second 410-metre-long (1,350 ft) run on the water at 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph), then climb back to 15 m (49 ft) altitude. The aircraft can also pick up partial loads in smaller areas, and can turn while scooping if necessary. Management of the water bombing system is centralised via a water status panel on the flight instrumentation, giving direct control to the pilots; various dispersal patterns and sequences can be selected. A manually-operated emergency dump lever

2400-535: A variety of roles. However, like the pure flying boat, they were made obsolete by helicopters which could operate in sea conditions far beyond what the best seaplane could manage. Development of amphibians was not limited to the United Kingdom and the United States. In any case, few designs saw more than limited service, as there was a widespread preference for pure flying boats and floatplanes, due to

2520-618: A water bomber and fire suppressor. In recognition of its abilities, the aircraft was awarded in 2006 the Batefuegos de oro (gold fire extinguisher) by the Asociacion para la Promocion de Actividades Socioculturales (APAS) in Spain; the award citation in part read "This is the most efficient tool for the aerial combat of forest fires, key to the organization of firefighting in a large number of countries. The continuous improvements to meet

SECTION 20

#1732779519858

2640-457: Is also present, bypassing this system. Bombardier have claimed that the type performs 6.9 water drops for every flight hours of the type. The CL-415GR variant features higher operating weights, while the CL-415 multi-role model is available for purposes in a paramilitary search and rescue role and utility transport. Derived from its predecessor's nickname, the aircraft is known as the "Superscooper" in light of its greatly enhanced performance as

2760-445: Is for Bombardier to win orders these days.[...]. It also raises the question of how profitable the next C Series order they win will be for them." On 28 April 2016, Bombardier Aerospace , a division of Bombardier Inc. , recorded a firm order from Delta Air Lines for 75 CSeries CS100s plus 50 options. On 27 April 2017, The Boeing Company filed a petition for dumping them at $ 19.6m each, below their $ 33.2m production cost. On

2880-414: Is rectified via the addition of an inverted fixed leading edge slat forward of the righthand horizontal stabiliser. Furthermore, winglets have been adopted on this model for the purpose of improving directional stability. The CL-415 can scoop up to 6,140 L (1,350 imp gal; 1,620 US gal) of water from a nearby water source, mix it with a chemical foam if desired, and drop it on

3000-403: Is said to announce a deal to purchase $ 530-million worth of water bombers from De Havilland Aircraft of Canada to help deal with the country’s severe wildfire seasons. The CL-415 has an updated cockpit, aerodynamics enhancements and changes to the water-release system as well, creating a modern firefighting amphibious flying boat for use in detecting and suppressing forest fires . Compared to

3120-486: Is with ensuring that the wheels are in the correct position for landing. In normal operation, the pilot uses a checklist, verifying each item. Since amphibians can land with them up or down though, the pilot must take extra care to ensure that they are correct for the chosen landing place. Landing wheels-up on land may damage the keel (unless done on wet grass, a technique occasionally used by pilots of pure flying boats), while landing wheels-down on water will almost always flip

3240-735: The 737-600 first delivered in September 1998. Bombardier appointed Gary Scott on 8 March 2004 to evaluate the creation of a New Commercial Aircraft Program. A feasibility study for a five-seat abreast CSeries was then launched at the biennial Farnborough Airshow in July to investigate development of an aircraft to replace rival manufacturers' aging models: DC-9/MD-80, Fokker 100, Boeing 737 Classic and BAe-146 with 20% lower operating costs, and 15% lower operating costs than then-in-production models: Embraer E-Jet, Boeing 717, etc. The smaller variant ( C110 ) should carry 110 to 115 passengers and

3360-609: The A220 pre-FAL , a U-shaped pre-assembly line with four stations used for preparatory work and seven for the actual equipping, in order to install systems earlier, stabilising the production process. The equipped fuselage sections are then moved to the FAL in Mirabel or in Mobile at a rate of six per month as of November 2022. These investments had accelerated A220 production and confirmed that

3480-562: The A319neo in the Airbus range and competes with Boeing 737 MAX 7 , as well as the smaller four-abreast Embraer E195-E2 and E190-E2 , with the A220 holding over 55% market share in this small airliner category. Bombardier began discussions with Fokker on 5 February 1996 about acquiring that company's assets, including the 100-seat Fokker 100 short-haul aircraft. However, after evaluating

3600-529: The A320neo re-engine. Airbus opted to compete aggressively against the CSeries rather than ignoring it, as Boeing had done with Airbus. Airbus dropped the A320's price in head-to-head competition, successfully blocking Bombardier from several deals. The effect of stiff competition and production delays was apparent in early 2016. On 20 January, United Continental Holdings ordered 40 Boeing 737-700s instead of

3720-454: The Airbus partnership ; these could include putting doors on the exposed main wheels, reducing drag but adding weight and complexity, and adding two to three more seats by moving the aft lavatory, without reducing the seat pitch. On 21 May 2019, Airbus announced a 2,268 kg (5,000 lb) MTOW increase from the second half of 2020, from 60.8 to 63.1 t (134,000 to 139,000 lb) for

Canadair CL-415 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3840-715: The Bombardier CSeries . The program was launched on 13 July 2008. The smaller A220-100 (formerly CS100) first flew on 16 September 2013, received an initial type certificate from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and entered service on 15 July 2016 with launch operator Swiss Global Air Lines . The longer A220-300 (formerly CS300) first flew on 27 February 2015, received an initial type certificate on 11 July 2016, and entered service with airBaltic on 14 December 2016. Both launch operators recorded better-than-expected fuel burn and dispatch reliability, as well as positive feedback from passengers and crew. In July 2018,

3960-586: The COVID-19 pandemic , the A220 was expected to reach a production rate of five aircraft per month by the end of the first quarter as previously foreseen. In May 2021, Airbus targeted a production rate of six per month from early 2022, and intends to reach 14 (ten in Quebec and four in Alabama) per month by the middle of the decade to be profitable. On 10 January 2022, Airbus introduced a "sub-assembly line" or

4080-617: The Cessna Caravan . Development of amphibians has continued into the new millennium. The ShinMaywa US-2 was developed in the 2000s in Japan for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force . CSeries The Airbus A220 is a family of five-abreast narrow-body airliners by Airbus Canada Limited Partnership (ACLP). It was originally developed by Bombardier Aviation and had two years in service as

4200-406: The Consolidated Catalina (named for Santa Catalina Island off the coast of southern California, whose resort was popularized partly by the use of amphibians in the 1930s, including Sikorskys and Douglas Dolphins ) was redeveloped from being a pure flying boat into an amphibian during the war. After the war, the United States military ordered hundreds of the Grumman Albatross and its variants for

4320-617: The Government of Quebec US$ 87.5 million and the Government of the United Kingdom US$ 340 million (£180 million), repayable on a royalty basis per aircraft. The UK contribution is part of an investment partnership for the location of the development of the composite wings and other parts at the Belfast plant, where Bombardier bought Short Brothers in 1989. Despite government support, Bombardier had difficulty finding

4440-569: The Paris Air Show in June, Bombardier released updated performance data, showing improvements over the initial specifications. The CS100 passed the required certification tests by mid-November. On 25 November, Bombardier completed the first phase of its route proving capabilities, with a 100% dispatch reliability. The final prototype, FTV8, the second CS300 with a complete interior, made its first flight on 3 March 2016. The smallest model in

4560-565: The United Kingdom , traditionally a maritime nation, a large number of amphibians were built between the wars, starting from 1918 with the Vickers Viking and the early 1920s Supermarine Seagull , and were used for exploration and military duties, including search and rescue, artillery spotting and anti-submarine patrol. These evolved throughout the interwar period to culminate in the post–World War II Supermarine Seagull , which

4680-596: The integration with privileged access to competitively sensitive data but separated from their management. Embraer assured at the Dubai Airshow in November 2017 that its base country Brazil would sue Canada for its subsidies to Bombardier through the World Trade Organization , because the competitor viewed CSeries as a heavy, expensive, and long, thin-haul aircraft outperforming

4800-475: The landing gear , air management system and pneumatics; UTC Aerospace for the electrical system and lighting; Parker for the fuel, hydraulics and fly by wire systems, Goodrich for the engine nacelle ; Meggitt for the wheels and brakes; Michelin for the tires; Spirit for the pylons; Honeywell for the APU ; and PPG supplies the windows. Supplier costs could be cut by 30–40% through Airbus's market power , as

4920-424: The 100- to 150-seat market, and needed a supply chain cost reduction over 10%. It then sought to reduce costs from all suppliers, including Bombardier, wing builder Short Brothers and engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney, and had reportedly pushed its suppliers to lower their prices by 20% for more volume, or to switch them, towards 150 yearly deliveries. As of January 2019, the A220 suppliers were Liebherr for

Canadair CL-415 - Misplaced Pages Continue

5040-459: The 18 aircraft in service, making up to 100 revenue flights per day on 100 routes: most used were up to 17 hours per day and up to 10 legs per day. Thirty-five minute turnarounds allowed 11 legs per day. On 22 December, after months of engine delivery delays, Korean Air became the third and latest operator of CSeries after receiving its first CS300, and completed its first revenue flight from Seoul to Ulsan on 20 January 2018. The aircraft

5160-461: The 2010s, according to aerospace periodical Flight International , there was a downturn in sales of the type. A total of ninety-five CL-415s had been completed when Bombardier closed down the production line in October 2015, although the company continued to actively market the type as well as to provide support for the existing fleet beyond this date. For several decades, Bombardier had experienced

5280-639: The 38.7 m (127 ft) long A220-300 seats 130 to 160. The ACJ TwoTwenty is the business jet version of the A220-100, launched in late 2020. Delta Air Lines is the largest A220 customer and operator with 72 aircraft in its fleet as of October 2024 . A total of 912 A220s have been ordered of which 367 have been delivered and are all in commercial service with 22 operators. The global A220 fleet has completed more than 1.33 million flights over 2.32 million block hours, transporting more than 100 million passengers without accidents. The A220 family complements

5400-483: The A220-100 and 67.6 to 69.9 t (149,000 to 154,000 lb) for the A220-300, expanding the range by 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi): the A220-300 to 3,350 and 3,400 nmi (6,200 and 6,300 km; 3,860 and 3,910 mi) for the A220-100. With the Airbus ruleset (90 kg (200 lb) passengers with bags, 3% enroute reserve, 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) alternate and 30 minutes hold),

5520-490: The CL-215, the CL-415 has increased operating weight and speed, yielding improved productivity and performance. Due to the increased power of its pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF turboprop engines, each capable of generating up to 1,775 kW of thrust, these are located closer to the fuselage in comparison to the CL-215's arrangement. While this repositioning would typically reduce lateral stability on its own, this

5640-414: The CL-415 began in the early 1990s, shortly after the success of the CL-215T retrofit programme had proven a viable demand for a turboprop -powered model of the original CL-215. Entering production in 2003, in addition to its new engines, the aircraft featured numerous modernisation efforts and advances over the CL-215, particularly in terms of its cockpit and aerodynamics , to yield improved performance. By

5760-430: The CL-415 has good handling on the water, being relatively easy to operate in comparison with several other amphibious aircraft. The CL-515 can hold up to 7,000 litres (1,850 US gallons), and has a refill time of 14 seconds. The aircraft requires 1,340 m (4,400 ft) of flyable length to descend from 15 m (49 ft) altitude, scoop 6,137 L (1,350 imp gal; 1,621 US gal) of water during

5880-852: The CS100 18 to 27% less per seat than the Avro RJ100 . Furthermore, the CS300 was designed to be 6 t (13,000 lb) lighter than the Airbus A319neo and nearly 8 t (18,000 lb) lighter than the Boeing 737 MAX 7, giving it an operating cost advantage of up to 12%. After 28,000 engine hours in 14 in-service aircraft with a dispatch reliability of 99.9%, Swiss replaced an engine pair in May 2017 after 2,400 hours, while airBaltic replaced another one in June. Swiss initially flew six sectors

6000-469: The CS100 received Transport Canada and EASA steep approach certification. The first CSeries, a CS100, was delivered to Swiss Global Air Lines on 29 June 2016 at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport , and began commercial service on 15 July with a flight between Zürich and Paris . The launch operator stated in August, that "the customer feedback is very positive with the expected remarks concerning

6120-524: The CS300 range was 2% better, as were its per seat and per trip cost , and burned over 1% less fuel at 2,600 L/h. On long missions, the CS100 was up to 1% more fuel efficient than the brochure and the CS300 up to 3%. Therefore, Bombardier would update its performance specifications later in 2017. The CS300 burned 20% less fuel than the Airbus A319ceo , 21% less than the Boeing 737 Classic while

SECTION 50

#1732779519858

6240-638: The CSeries at one of the most important aerospace events in that year, Farnborough Airshow. On 7 September, flight testing was resumed after the engine problem had been isolated to a fault in the lubrication system. On 18 September, Bombardier relocated the FTV4 to Wichita , Kansas (USA) joined FTV3 at the Bombardier Flight Test Center to take advantage of better weather for flight testing. The CS300 (FTV7) made its maiden flight from Mirabel airport on 27 February 2015, seven days after

6360-607: The CSeries business plan and were further tasked to include other risk-sharing partners in the program. Bombardier announced on 31 January 2007 that work on the aircraft would continue, with entry into service planned for 2013. In November 2007, Bombardier finally selected the P&;W Geared Turbofan (GTF), now the PW1500G , already selected to power the Mitsubishi Regional Jet , to be the exclusive powerplant for

6480-538: The CSeries due to the availability of the type that already in full production, and commonality with the United's 737 fleet of 310 aircraft. Boeing also reportedly gave United a massive 73% discount on the 737 deal, dropping the price to $ 22 million per unit, well below the CS300 market value at $ 36 million. David Tyerman, an analyst with Canaccord Genuity said to the Toronto Star : "This just shows how difficult it

6600-593: The CSeries programme into Airbus hands by pressing the U.S. administration for massive tariffs on the aircraft. Bombardier CEO predicted that the partnership would significantly accelerate sales as it would bring certainty to the CSeries programme through Airbus's global scale. AirInsight estimated that Airbus's corporate strength would increase the CSeries share of the 100- to 150-seat aircraft market over 20 years, from 40% of 5,636 aircraft (2254 sales) to 55–60%, around 3,010 aircraft. Airbus would retain Bombardier as

6720-571: The CSeries would be done in Mirabel , wings would be developed and manufactured in Belfast and the aft fuselage and cockpit would be manufactured in Saint-Laurent, Quebec . The centre fuselage was to be built by China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC)'s affiliate Shenyang Aircraft Corporation . In March 2009, Bombardier confirmed major suppliers: Alenia Aeronautica for the composite horizontal and vertical stabilisers, Fokker Elmo for

6840-505: The CSeries, although the company had already rejected a PW6000 derivative offered by P&W a year earlier, maintaining its original plan to launch the all-new aircraft program only with a new centreline engine as well. Bombardier announced on 31 January 2006 that market conditions could not justify the launch of the program, and that the company would reorient CSeries project efforts, team and resources to regional jet and turboprop aircraft. A small team of employees were kept to develop

6960-408: The CSeries, rated at 100 kN (23,000 lbf). Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized offering formal sales proposals of the CSeries to airline customers on 22 February 2008, due to its 20% lower fuel burn and up to 15% better operating costs compared to similarly sized aircraft produced at the time. This interested Lufthansa , Qatar Airways and ILFC . In a press conference on the eve of

7080-602: The EASA on 7 October that cleared the delivery to its launch operator airBaltic , and from the FAA on 14 December 2016. Both models were awarded a common type rating on 23 November 2016 simultaneously from Transport Canada and EASA, allowing pilots to qualify on both types interchangeably. Bombardier conducted steep 5.5˚ approach landings tests at London City Airport (LCY) in March 2017, and announced one month later, April 2017, that

7200-493: The Farnborough Airshow about a 160-seat high-density CS300 concept, which was subsequently added to the CSeries program in November, despite the low cost airline 's refusal to order 100 units of this version.. In the same month, Bombardier announced a six-month delay in both the first flight to June 2013 and the entry into service (EIS) of the CS100 a year later due to unspecified supplier issues in some areas of

7320-558: The Indonesian Ministry of Defense announced it was purchasing six CL-515s and one CL-415EAF for delivery in 2024. Out of the 95 CL-415s built, 14 have been destroyed in the following accidents: Data from Viking General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Amphibious aircraft Floatplanes often have floats that are interchangeable with wheeled landing gear (thereby producing

SECTION 60

#1732779519858

7440-460: The Mobile facility, which was not due to be finished until 2020; work started early to ensure that the first delivery schedule could be met. The removal of Bombardier's financial constraints in February 2020 gave Airbus greater latitude for further investment in the programme, which will be needed to ramp up production rates, though this will push back the break-even point of the programme to

7560-457: The Swedish lessor. In August 2014, Bombardier changed the programme's management and slashed its workforce. In 2015, in exchange for help in the final development stages of the "overdue and over-budget" aircraft, Bombardier offered to sell a controlling stake in the CSeries programme to Airbus but then had to look for alternatives after the latter confirmed in October that it had turned down

7680-468: The United States. On 10 January 2018, Canada formally filed a complaint at the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States over the affair. On 26 January, the four USITC commissioners unanimously reversed their earlier claims, finding that US industry is no longer threatened and no duty orders will be issued, overturning the imposed duties. The Commission public report was made available by February 2018. On March 22, Boeing declined to appeal

7800-421: The acceleration of the A220 production rate to 14 A220s per month. Accordingly, Airbus would invest $ 900m into the aircraft programme and Investissement Québec $ 300m, allowing the partnership to continue until the programme becomes profitable in the middle of the decade. In addition, 2030 had been set as the new earliest date for Airbus to acquire the remaining shares, with Quebec hoping to definitely profit from

7920-506: The acquisition terms Airbus acquired Bombardier's option to buy out Investissement Québec's share from 2023, with a revised option date of 2026. Airbus also agreed to acquire A220 and A330 work package production capabilities from Bombardier in Saint-Laurent , to be taken through the Airbus subsidiary, Stelia Aerospace . Airbus and the government of Quebec agreed in February 2022 to invest a further $ 1.2b in Airbus Canada, to support

8040-433: The addition of powered flight controls, air conditioning in the cockpit , as well as various upgraded electrical and avionics systems. The most notable external features of the CL-215T retrofit were the aerodynamic additions to the wings and empennage . Having conducted the relatively successful CL-215T programme, the company decided to develop a further improved model of the aircraft CL-415 , which would take form as

8160-490: The air management system, and it was also anticipated that wireless In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) might be feasible when the CSeries entered service. By November, the first wing had been assembled at the Bombardier Aerostructures and Engineering Services (BAES) site in Belfast, Northern Ireland . In the same month, construction of a composite wing manufacturing facility at the Belfast site started and

8280-533: The aircraft in U.S. could circumvent the 292% duties proposed in the Boeing dumping petition , Airbus CEO Tom Enders and Bombardier CEO Alain Bellemare assured that this factor did not drive the partnership. However, negotiations began in August 2017 after the filing in April and the decision in June to proceed, and Boeing was therefore suspicious. Airbus CCO John Leahy considered that Boeing indirectly forced

8400-426: The aircraft upside down, causing substantial damage. Amphibious aircraft are heavier and slower, more complex and more expensive to purchase and operate than comparable landplanes. However, they are also more versatile. Even though they cannot hover or land vertically, they compete favorably with helicopters for some jobs and can do so at a significantly lower cost. Amphibious aircraft can also be much faster and have

8520-626: The aircraft was rebranded as the A220 after Airbus acquired a majority stake in the programme through a joint venture that became ACLP in June 2019. The A220 thus became the only Airbus commercial aircraft programme managed outside of Europe. In August, a second A220 final assembly line opened at the Airbus Mobile facility in Alabama , supplementing the main facility in Mirabel, Quebec . In February 2020, Airbus increased its stake in ACLP to 75% through Bombardier's exit, while Investissement Québec held

8640-681: The aircraft. On 21 June 2019, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense announced it was purchasing six CL-515s and one CL-415EAF for delivery in 2024. On 31 March 2022, Viking Air through De Havilland Canada renamed the CL-515 as the DHC-515, planning for production and final assembly in Calgary , Alberta, where the CL-215 and CL-415 are supported, with 22 letters of intent from European customers. On 20 March 2024, Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis

8760-517: The airframe weight would be in composite materials for the centre and rear fuselages, tail cone, empennage and wings. The first flight was planned for 2008 and entry into service for 2010. Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized marketing the CSeries on 15 March 2005, seeking firm commitments prior to program launch. In May, the CSeries development was evaluated at US$ 2.1 billion, shared with suppliers and partner governments for one-third each. The Government of Canada would invest US$ 262.5 million,

8880-668: The bright cabin, reduced noise, enough leg room and space for hand luggage as well as the comfortable seats. Also, the feedback from our pilots is gratifying. They especially like the intuitive flying experience." The first CS300 was delivered to second CSeries operator AirBaltic on 28 November, and began revenue service on 14 December with a flight from Riga to Amsterdam in a two-class, 145-seat configuration. The type launch operator lauded lower noise levels for passengers and more space for luggage than its Boeing 737-300s . Upon introduction, both variants were performing above their original specifications, with airBaltic reporting that

9000-573: The company expected to generate up to half of that. Bombardier redesignated the C110 and C130 as CS100 and CS300 , respectively in March 2009. The models were offered in standard- and extended-range (ER) variants; and additionally, an extra thrust (XT) variant of the CS300 was also offered. Bombardier subsequently settled on a single variant, with the ER becoming the new standard. At the program launch in July 2008, Bombardier announced that final assembly of

9120-470: The company to save the struggling programme. In early November, a Scotiabank report indicated that the company and the programme would probably need a second bailout , and that even then the CSeries would probably not make money. When Transport Canada granted type certification for the CS100 in December 2015, CSeries' total development costs, including the aforementioned write-offs, were $ 5.4 billion. At

9240-547: The demand is too small to justify the costs of development, with the Volmer Sportsman being a popular choice among the many offerings. With the increased availability of airstrips in remote communities, fewer amphibious aircraft are manufactured today than in the past, although a handful of amphibious aircraft are still produced, such as the Bombardier 415 , ICON A5 , and the amphibious-float–equipped version of

9360-519: The first Italian aircraft to fly. While most were not amphibians, quite a few were, including the Savoia-Marchetti S.56 A and the Piaggio P.136 . Amphibious aircraft have been particularly useful in the unforgiving terrain of Alaska and northern Canada , where many remain in civilian service, providing remote communities with vital links to the outside world. The Canadian Vickers Vedette

9480-485: The first aircraft specifically designed to be a water bomber . A total of 125 aircraft were constructed prior to the final CL-215 being delivered during May 1990. During 1987, in response to prevailing market trends towards more efficient, powerful and reliable turboprop powerplants, Canadair undertook the task of retrofitting 17 CL-215 airframes with the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123AF engines. This engine provided

9600-528: The first flight of the CSeries was expected by 2012. In 2010, Ghafari Associates was retained to develop the Montreal manufacturing site to accommodate the aircraft production. Bombardier was about to reach the design freeze for the CSeries in January 2010 and announced that CS100 deliveries were planned to start in 2013, and CS300 deliveries would follow a year later. In November 2011, Bombardier expected

9720-523: The former sold the design documents and all intellectual property rights of all out-of-production de Havilland aircraft from the DHC-1 Chipmunk through the DASH-7 50 passenger STOL regional airliner to Viking. Its unit cost in 2014 was 36.9 million US dollars. On 20 June 2016, it was announced that Viking Air was in the process of purchasing the CL-415 type certificate from Bombardier , along with

9840-438: The four tested FTVs had accumulated over 1,000 flight hours. The flight test results surpassed the company's guarantees for noise, economics and performance, meaning a longer range than advertised could be possible. The fifth CS100 (FTV5) with a complete interior made its first flight on 18 March, while the sixth CS100 (not officially designated as FTV6) was the first production unit used for function and reliability flights. At

9960-534: The larger ( C130 ) between 130 and 135 passengers over 3,200 nautical miles. The C110 was planned to weigh 60,420 kg (133,200 lb) at MTOW and have a length of 35.0 m (114.7 ft), while the C130 should be 38.2 m (125.3 ft) long and have a 66,000 kg (146,000 lb) MTOW. The aircraft would have 3-by-2 standard seating and 4-abreast business class, 2.1 m (7 ft) stand-up headroom, fly-by-wire and side stick controls. 20 percent of

10080-594: The larger flying boats could not go, and helping to popularize amphibians in the US. The Grumman Corporation, latecomers to the game, introduced a pair of light utility amphibious aircraft – the Goose and the Widgeon – during the late 1930s for the civilian market. However, their military potential could not be ignored, and many were ordered by the US Armed forces and their allies during World War II. Not coincidentally,

10200-492: The mid-2020s. The program cost was US$ 7 billion. On 2 June 2020, the first A220 produced in Alabama completed its first flight. By that date, production of the first aircraft for JetBlue Airways had also started. The first US-assembled A220 aircraft, an A220-300, was delivered to Delta on 22 October 2020. In January 2021, as Airbus reviewed its production rates following a shift in demand away from wide-bodies affected by

10320-482: The more remote locations during the summer months when the only areas suitable for landing are the waterways. Despite the gains of amphibious floats, small flying-boat amphibians continued to be developed into the 1960s, with the Republic Seabee and Lake LA-4 series proving popular, though neither was a commercial success due to factors beyond their makers' control. Many today are homebuilts, by necessity as

10440-535: The needed stability, while floatplane amphibians usually avoid the problem by dividing their buoyancy requirements between two floats, much like a catamaran . Some non-amphibious seaplanes may be mistaken for amphibians (such as the Shin Meiwa PS-1 ) which carry their own beaching gear. Usually, this is a wheeled dolly or temporary set of wheels used to move a flying boat or floatplane from the water and allow it to be moved around on land. It can also appear as

10560-506: The needs of forest firefighting have made these aircraft the aerial means most in demand over more than 30 years." By 1999, a total of 51 orders had been secured for the type; operators have reportedly predominantly used the CL-415 for firefighting and maritime search and rescue purposes. Of the 95 built, seven had reportedly been removed from service as a result of several accidents by December 2007. In 2016/2019, there were 164 in-service CL-215 and CL-415s in 11 countries. On 21 June 2019,

10680-571: The next 20 years. The Airbus partnership in July 2018 decided to keep the primary final assembly line (FAL) in Mirabel, Quebec, with its 2,200 workforce . The secondary FAL in Mobile would start deliveries in 2020 with a monthly production rate of four, rising to six for a capacity of eight while the main Mirabel FAL could go to ten. Airbus CFO predicted a production potential of more than 100 A220 per year. The company targeted over 100 orders of A220 in 2018 and 3,000 over 20 years, half of

10800-441: The offer. Just days prior, the Government of Quebec reiterated its willingness to provide Bombardier with financial aid, if it were requested. On 29 October, Bombardier took a CA$ 3.2 billion write-down on the CSeries. The Trudeau government indicated that it would reply to Bombardier's request for $ 350 million in assistance after it took power in early November. On the same day, the Quebec government invested CA$ 1 billion in

10920-670: The older CL-215 and CL-215T models. The acquisition was finalised on 3 October 2016. Shortly following the acquisition, Viking began work on the design of a modernized CL-515 version. In May 2018 Bridger Aerospace of Bozeman, Montana became the launch customer for the CL-415EAF "Enhanced Aerial Firefighter" with a $ 204 million contract for up to six aircraft. During December 2018, a full-flight CL-415 simulator, capable of simulating water scoop and bombing operations, received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification. Prior to this, pilot training had typically involved live flying of

11040-400: The only Airbus commercial aircraft programme managed outside of Europe, making Canada Airbus's largest presence other than Europe. After reassessing its participation in January 2020, Bombardier exited the A220 programme in February 2020, selling its share to Airbus for $ 591 million. Airbus thus owned 75% of the programme; the remaining 25% of shares were held by Investissement Québec . Under

11160-502: The opening of the Farnborough Airshow on 13 July, Bombardier Aerospace formally launched the CSeries, with a letter of interest from Lufthansa for 60 aircraft, including 30 options, at a US$ 46.7 million list price. The aircraft fuel efficiency would be 2 litres per 100 kilometres (120 mpg ‑US ) per passenger in a dense seating. Bombardier estimated the market for the 100- to 150-seat segment at 6,300 aircraft over twenty years, representing more than $ 250 billion in revenue, with

11280-643: The potential purchase, Bombardier announced an end to the talks on 27 February, and two weeks later, on 15 March, Fokker was declared bankrupt. Bombardier then launched the BRJ-X , or "Bombardier Regional Jet eXpansion" on 8 September, a larger regional jet than the CRJ Series or "Canadair Regional Jet" due to enter service in 2003. Instead of 2–2 seating, the BRJ-X was to have a wider fuselage with 2–3 seating for 85 to 110 passengers, and underwing engine pods . It

11400-481: The program. An extensive program update was presented on 7 March 2013, with the Flight Test Vehicle 1 (FTV1) was displayed in a near-complete state, along with three other FTVs in various states of assembly: one such FTV confirmed the 160 seat high-density concept for the CS300, featuring two sets of over-wing emergency exits. The first FTV's electrical system was powered up in March, while tests on

11520-476: The programme is on track to reach its target rate of 14 aircraft per month by mid-decade. The 50th US-assembled A220 aircraft, an A220-300, was delivered to Breeze Airways on 30 August 2023. After 1,600 new hires over the last two years, an increase of 75%, a total of 3,500 employees were working on the A220 programme in Quebec as of July 2024. After beating performance promises by 3%, performance improvement packages shaving operating costs were explored prior to

11640-434: The programme launch, development costs for the CSeries were evaluated at $ 2.1 billion in May 2005, shared with suppliers and partner governments for one-third each. In November 2009, when the first CSeries wing was assembled for prototype manufacture , development costs rose to approximately $ 3.5 billion. Programme delays during the test preparation and flight test phase also resulted in order cancellations, including from

11760-423: The range of its own E-Jet E2 , a close rival for market share . Previously, in October 2017, Boeing was reportedly concerned over its ability to match fleet package deals enabled by the partnership. Then, in December 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported Boeing was planning to offer Embraer more than the company's $ 3.7 billion market value to set up a joint venture, in what aviation industry analysts said

11880-535: The remaining stake. Powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1500G geared turbofan engines under its wings, the twinjet features fly-by-wire flight controls, a carbon composite wing, an aluminium-lithium fuselage, and optimised aerodynamics for better fuel efficiency . The aircraft family offers maximum take-off weights from 63.1 to 70.9 t (139,000 to 156,000 lb), and cover a 3,450–3,600 nmi (6,390–6,670 km; 3,970–4,140 mi) range . The 35 m (115 ft) long A220-100 seats 108 to 133, while

12000-408: The right powerplant for the CSeries in June 2005 after failing to get the two engine consortia International Aero Engines and CFM International to compete for the CSeries contract. The former engine manufacturer had offered a new centreline engine in the 21,000–23,000 lb (93–102 kN) thrust class, while the latter was not yet ready to offer its next-generation CFM56 engine, as Bombardier required

12120-544: The ruling. Bombardier and Airbus announced on 16 October 2017 that Airbus would acquire a 50.01% majority stake in the CSALP partnership, with Bombardier keeping 31% and Investissement Québec 19%. Airbus paid no money, incurred no debt and assumed no liability for its share in the programme, but its supply chain expertise should save production costs, and a second assembly line would be built at its production facility, Airbus Mobile , in Mobile, Alabama . While assembling

12240-467: The sale. Under the latest agreement in July 2024 the threshold for Airbus to buy out Québec's share will be further extended to 2035, securing that two-thirds of the jobs linked to the production of the A220 will remain in Quebec. Meanwhile, the A220 held a market share of over 55% in its category and PwC estimated the aircraft programme will have an economic impact in Canada of more than $ 40 billion over

12360-572: The same day, both Bombardier and the government of Canada rejected Boeing's claim, vowing to mount a "vigorous defence". On 9 June 2017, the US International Trade Commission (USITC) found that the US industry could be threatened and should be protected . On 26 September, after lobbying by Boeing, the US Department of Commerce (DoC) alleged subsidies of 220% and intended to collect deposits accordingly, plus

12480-402: The second half of 2018 to 2021. Ten days after programme control was transferred to Airbus, the aircraft was rebranded with A220 as the family name (formerly CSeries) and A220-100/300 for the former CS100/CS300 variants. Later, on 1 June 2019, the CSALP joint venture was renamed to Airbus Canada Limited Partnership (ACLP) and adopted the Airbus logo as its sole visual identity. The A220 became

12600-477: The second time on 1 October. The FTV2 completed its first flight on 3 January 2014, while the planned entry-into-service date was delayed into the second half of 2015 due to certification testing issues. On 29 May 2014, the FTV1 suffered an uncontained engine failure and flight testing of the four FTVs was subsequently suspended until an investigation could be completed. The incident kept Bombardier from displaying

12720-449: The series, the 110- to 125-seat CS100, received type certificate from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and simultaneously from US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in June 2016, clearing the way for delivery to the launch operator, Swiss International Air Lines . The largest model, the 130- to 145-seat CS300, obtained its type certificate from Transport Canada on 11 July 2016, from

12840-459: The six available models (B737-700, A318/A319, CS100/CS300 and E195) was fewer than 80 aircraft per year for the first 10.5 years. The CSeries competed with the smaller variants of the A320 family aircraft. The 2010 order for 40 CS300s and 40 options from Republic Airways Holdings  – then owner of exclusive A319/320 operator Frontier Airlines  – also pushed Airbus into

12960-724: The static airframe proceeded satisfactorily and on schedule. In June, Bombardier again delayed the first flight into July on account of software upgrades and final ground testing. On 24 July, after a protracted system integration process, the first flight was delayed into "the coming weeks". On 30 August, Bombardier received the flight test permit from Transport Canada , granting permission to perform high speed taxi testing and flight testing. The CS100 (FTV1) took off for its maiden flight from Bombardier's facility at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport in Quebec on 16 September 2013. After reconfiguration and software upgrades, FTV1 flew for

13080-473: The time the programme's production phase had begun, it was owned by Bombardier, who continued production up until 2015. In October 2016, the CL-415 programme was acquired by Viking Air, aiming to produce an updated CL-515, since renamed the De Havilland Canadair 515 , and to be produced in both Victoria, BC and Calgary , Alberta, by De Havilland Canada. Introduced during 1966, the CL-215 was

13200-566: The time, the CSeries had 250 firm orders and letters of intent, plus commitments for another 360, mostly for the CS300. Bombardier reportedly requested a CA$ 1 billion aid package from the Canadian Government in April 2016. The Government then offered an aid package without divulging the amount or conditions imposed. In July, Bombardier set up the C Series Aircraft Limited Partnership (CSALP) together with Investissement Québec . The Government finally announced in February 2017

13320-460: The type were promptly received from several countries, which included several lease and purchase arrangements; by July 1996, 37 examples were reportedly in service with operators in Canada, France, Italy, and Spain. Starting in 1998, the CL-415 was being assembled at Bombardier Aerospace's facility near North Bay/Jack Garland Airport in North Bay, Ontario , and tested on Lake Nipissing . During

13440-623: The weight penalty the undercarriage imposed. Russia also developed a number of important flying boats, including the widely used pre-war Shavrov Sh-2 utility flying boat, and postwar the Beriev Be-12 anti-submarine and maritime patrol amphibian. Development of amphibians continues in Russia with the jet-engined Beriev Be-200 . Italy, bordering the Mediterranean and Adriatic , has had a long history of waterborne aircraft, going back to

13560-466: The wiring and interconnection systems and Goodrich Corporation Actuation Systems: design and production of the flap and slat actuation systems. By June 2009, 96% of billable materials had been allocated, with the company settling on various companies for remaining components and systems: Rockwell Collins for the avionics, Zodiac Aerospace for the interiors, Parker Hannifin for the fully integrated fuel and hydraulics systems, Liebherr-Aerospace for

13680-410: The year. By the time the Airbus partnership came into effect on 1 July 2018, a total of 37 CSeries had been delivered, which was a very low production rate considering Bombardier had forecast at the programme launch, 315 annual deliveries from 2008 to 2027 for 100- to 150-seat airliners, up to half of that (157 units) would be delivered by the company itself. However, the average production rate of

13800-413: Was a reaction to the partnership. The Boeing–Embraer joint venture was announced in February 2019, but before the antitrust investigations were completed, the deal was unilaterally terminated by Boeing in April 2020 due to impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation . The antitrust investigation was due to be completed ahead of Farnborough Airshow 2018 to allow for a marketing boost, and it

13920-622: Was comparable to the smallest narrow-body jetliners , like the 2–3 DC-9 / MD-80 / Boeing 717 or the 3–3 Airbus A318 and Boeing 737-500 / 737-600 . At the end of 2000, the project was shelved by Bombardier in favour of stretching the CRJ700 into the CRJ900 . Meanwhile, Embraer launched its four-abreast E-Jet family for 70 to 122 passengers in June 1999, which entered service in 2004. Airbus launched its 107–117 passengers A318 on 21 April 1999, which entered service in July 2003, as Boeing had

14040-564: Was developed for forestry patrol in remote areas; a job that previously was done by canoe and took weeks could be accomplished in hours, revolutionizing forestry conservation. Although successful, flying-boat amphibians like the Vedette ultimately proved less versatile than floatplane amphibians and are no longer as common as they once were. Amphibious floats that could be attached to any aircraft were developed, turning any aircraft into an amphibian, and these continue to be essential for getting into

14160-579: Was planned to rebrand the CSeries as an Airbus model, with A200 suggested as a family name and A210/A230 for the CS100 and CS300. On 8 June, following regulatory approval, the partnership confirmed that Airbus would take a majority stake on 1 July. The head office, and leadership team would remain in Mirabel, while the programme team would be formed by leaders from both Airbus and Bombardier and headed by Philippe Balducchi, then Head of Performance Management at Airbus Commercial Aircraft. Bombardier would fund any required cash shortfalls up to US$ 610 million from

14280-413: Was rebranded A220 as a family name (formerly CSeries ) with A220-100/300 (formerly CS100/CS300 ) as variant name on 10 July 2018, following the Airbus partnership  ten days earlier. Financial issues at Bombardier due to the CSeries programme and production delays, stiff competition and ultimately a dumping petition by Boeing paved the way for the partnership. During the feasibility study prior to

14400-568: Was to have replaced the wartime Walrus and the Sea Otter but was overtaken by advances in helicopters . From the mid-1920s to the late 1930s in the United States , Sikorsky produced an extensive family of amphibians (the S-34 , S-36 , S-38 , S-39 , S-41 , S-43 ) that were widely used for exploration and as airliners around the globe, helping pioneer many overseas air routes where

#857142