RCMP Academy, Depot Division (commonly known as "Depot", / ˈ d ɛ p oʊ / not / ˈ d iː p oʊ / ) is the police training academy for Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) cadets. Providing training since its establishment in 1885, the facility is located in the west part of Regina, Saskatchewan , near the airport , and consists of several buildings.
106-684: The Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service (CPKC Police Service), formerly known as Canadian Pacific Police Service ( CPPS ), is a railway police service responsible for providing police services on, around, and in relation to Canadian Pacific Kansas City property and rail lines in Canada and the United States . The Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service is one of the oldest police services in Canada. CPKC Police Service, formerly Canadian Pacific Police Service and CP Railway Police, have
212-497: A tiered police service delivery model , or by civil law enforcement agencies in jurisdictions that do not authorize a specific class of civil law enforcement officer. Special constabularies are differentiated from other types of special constable employers by their proactive, uniformed, and semi-independent role in community safety and delivery of police-style services, as opposed to the limited mandate of reactive law enforcement and investigations of other special constable employers or
318-564: A Safety and Security Department, responsible for emergency management, community patrols, and "ensur[ing] compliance" with Musqueam by-laws. The Fort McKay First Nation in the Alberta oil sands maintains a Park Ranger Program — staffed by peace officers able to enforce First Nation by-laws but only report violations of provincial or federal law — to patrol the reserve's parks and wilderness and provide assistance and education to band members and visitors. The Fort McKay First Nation also maintains
424-435: A former Canadian Pacific Police Service officer alleged that he was ordered to stop investigating a fatal railway derailment to protect the railway's interests. There are six provincial police services in Canada, maintained by four provinces, although only three are involved in frontline policing. The Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec provide provincial police services to Ontario and Quebec , respectively,
530-607: A generalist police service, where sworn police officers with standardized training provide the bulk of police services — response to emergencies, investigation of crimes, community safety initiatives, and some clerical duties — and are augmented by a handful of non-police specialists in administrative roles; tiered police organizations employ a variety of staff with different training and expertise, as well as sworn police officers, who then specialize in various policing functions or components of those functions, including criminal investigations and frontline police service delivery. In Canada,
636-606: A long and storied past within Canada and CP Rail is a part of Canada's history. Railway police were called upon many times to police railway towns , and to keep the peace during the building of the Canadian Railways from coast to coast. The railway police history dates many years and continues the tradition of protecting Canada's vast section of railway. Years ago, the CPKC Police provided police services to union station buildings, CP Hotels, CP Ships and CP Air. CPR
742-455: A maximum of 32 men and women who follow their entire 26-week training together. The number of trainees at Depot varies in relation to the demands of the force. Buildings at Depot include the following: This building provides for the inspection and preparation of new firearms for issue; complete repair, reconditioning and maintenance of firearms; training on firearms maintenance and repair, quality assurance of ammunition; consultation services in
848-406: A minimum standard of "adequate and effective" policing, while others, such as Quebec , authorize several tiers of police forces based on the size of the municipality, with the lowest tiers providing only basic patrol and law enforcement functions and the highest tiers responsible for all law enforcement, investigations, and policing in their jurisdiction. Beginning in the 1970s, and continuing into
954-993: A municipal police service, and the majority of municipal police forces serve urban areas exclusively. Many rural communities also operate police services, however, and several have only a handful of police officers. The police services in the Town of Luseland , Saskatchewan, and the Rural Municipality of Cornwallis , Manitoba both have one officer each. As the delivery of police services is a provincial responsibility, each province has its own set of standards that police services must meet. In several provinces, such as Ontario , police services must be able to provide 24/7 coverage, investigate all criminal matters, and provide for specialized units such as police dogs, while other provinces allow small police forces to rely on outside resources to routinely supplement their patrols and investigations. Some provinces, such as Manitoba , do not define
1060-628: A narrower mandate (but not fewer powers) in communities that maintain independent traffic enforcement or mental health crisis response agencies . The federal government maintains two police forces: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the Canadian Forces Military Police (CFMP). The RCMP's first responsibility is the enforcement of federal laws, although contract policing for provinces, territories, municipalities, and First Nations
1166-678: A number of facilities for its first sixty years. The museum was officially opened on its present site in 1973 by Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada , in honour of the RCMP's centennial. The museum contained many artifacts relating to the colourful history and traditions of the RCMP. The museum permanently closed in October 2006 and the collection moved to the RCMP Heritage Centre. The building now houses an auditorium, simulator training classroom and mess hall. The gym, commonly referred to as
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#17327902312621272-634: A partially-redacted 2019 memo to then- Minister of Public Safety Bill Blair "confirmed" for the Minister that "federal policing responsibilities have been and are being eroded to meet contract demands." Between 2012 and 2020, the RCMP gradually closed its money laundering and financial crimes units in British Columbia and Ontario, and in 2019, there were no RCMP officers in B.C. dedicated to investigating money laundering. In 2021, an all-party federal parliamentary committee recommended terminating
1378-449: A police training institution and have served a minimum of two years in a policing role with another Canadian police agency can undergo a five-week learning and orientation program rather than the full 26-week program. The RCMP Academy has altered its curriculum due to the social and economic changes of Canadian society; the school now focuses more on knowledge relating to the multiple facets of law enforcement than on military discipline. In
1484-615: A program that allowed Indigenous governments to appoint federal judges to enforce Indigenous laws in specialized courts in 2004, and as of 2022, few Indigenous governments exercise their powers to enact and enforce by-laws. Several First Nations, such as the Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation in northern Ontario , rely on police services to enforce by-laws, while others maintain dedicated by-law enforcement agencies. First Nations in Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba can maintain special constabularies for
1590-714: A railway line or as it relates to railway operations. As of 2023, the Canadian National Railway , the Canadian Pacific Kansas City railway, and Via Rail — a Crown Corporation — each maintain their own police service. TransLink , the transit authority for the Metro Vancouver Regional District in British Columbia , maintains a police force authorized by the province as opposed to
1696-633: A review of nine Canadian police services in 2016 found that there were no significant differences in cost or service quality between regional and non-regional police forces, and a separate 2015 literature review found that larger police services are less effective and more expensive than those serving about 50 000 people. As of 2022, police regionalization continues to be proposed by both provinces and municipalities, particularly in metropolitan areas where several urban municipalities that border one another each maintain independent police services. In 2022, there were 70 566 active police officers in Canada, out of
1802-489: A role in selecting detachment commanders, and review police service performance, including complaints, on a regular basis. In Quebec, contract police services are available to any municipality — outside of those in urban agglomerations — with fewer than 50,000 residents. In 2021, a provincial committee recommended that the population threshold for contract police services be raised to 130,000 residents and that police forces serving populations under this threshold be folded into
1908-979: A special constabulary to provide general community safety services. In Yukon and the Northwest Territories , First Nations can hire "community safety officers", who — unlike community safety officers in Saskatchewan — have no law enforcement or police powers and are instead tasked with patrolling communities, engaging with residents, and responding to emergencies. Many of these agencies are composed mostly or entirely of elders. Some First Nations in Saskatchewan operate "peacekeeper" programs, whose staff do not have law enforcement or police powers, to respond to non-violent calls for service, vehicle accidents, and fires. Similar programmes exist in Winnipeg, Manitoba , where volunteer organizations like
2014-506: A standard police-style forage cap. In addition, CPKC police sometimes work in a plain-clothes capacity. Current: Former: Law enforcement in Canada#Railway police Law enforcement in Canada is the responsibility of police services , special constabularies , and civil law enforcement agencies , which are operated by every level of government, some private and Crown corporations, and First Nations . In contrast to
2120-401: A total authorized strength (the maximum number of officers all the police forces in Canada combined are allowed to hire) of 74 528. Additionally, there were 32 717 non-sworn support personnel employed by police services across the country. Canadian police strength reached a peak in 1975, when there were 206 officers per 100,000 people. Although the current number reflects a significant rise in
2226-476: A transit agency, housing authority, park authority, or university campus; proactive community policing, crime prevention, and enhanced civil law enforcement for a municipality or First Nation; or security policing and law enforcement for an institution or legislature. Unlike police services, special constabularies only provide supplementary policing and do not replace the police service of jurisdiction. Although officers employed by special constabularies have
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#17327902312622332-602: A variety of categories and are referred to by different titles depending on the individual employer and role. They include sworn special constables and peace officers providing a variety of frontline police services; forensic and crime scene investigators; criminal investigators; clerical administrators; volunteers; and media affairs specialists. Individual police services may refer to non-police specialists as "police staff," "civilian employees," or "professional staff." Special constables and other peace officers employed in enforcement and frontline policing roles operate under
2438-1085: A variety of different designations depending on the individual police service and relevant provincial regulation: some police services categorize these officers as civilian or professional staff, while others categorize them as sworn employees in a category distinct from police officers. The Winnipeg Police Service and Vancouver Police Department both employ special constables to guard crime scenes, respond to some non-violent calls for service, and direct traffic at emergencies. The Saskatoon Police Service employs special constables, referred to as "alternative response officers," to guard crime scenes, direct traffic at emergencies and events, and conduct foot patrols in high-crime areas. The File Hills First Nations Police Service employs special constables to fulfill almost all community policing duties in member reserves, manage police stations and police records, conduct traffic enforcement, and respond to some calls for service. Police services in Ontario have practiced tiered policing since
2544-713: Is at the "heart of what the RCMP does." In addition to its contracts with three territories, eight provinces, 150 municipalities, and more than 600 Indigenous communities, the RCMP is responsible for border integrity; overseeing Canadian peacekeeping missions involving police; managing the Canadian Firearms Program , which licenses and registers firearms and their owners; and the Canadian Police College, which provides police training to Canadian and international police forces. The force has faced criticism for its uniquely broad mandate, and
2650-515: Is conducted elsewhere. It delivers updated and highly specialized training to experienced RCMP officers and to members of other forces from around the world who want to improve their knowledge. Many Canadian municipal and provincial police forces hire police officers who graduated from the RCMP Academy. No one can join the RCMP as a regular member without completing the RCMP Academy's 26-week Cadet Training Program. Candidates who are graduates of
2756-781: Is no government-mandated training college for railway police in Canada. Currently, CPKC Police have an agreement with the Lethbridge Police Service and the Lethbridge College in Alberta to provide recruit training to new officers. In 2010, CP Police used the Saskatchewan Municipal Police College (SKPC) to train recruits. The SKPC also offers continuing education and specialized courses to experienced members. Before 2010, CP Police recruits used to get their basic training at
2862-665: Is now their main responsibility, as the above CP departments have been sold. In 2019, the Canadian Pacific Police Service was criticized by its own officers for having a conflict of interest and failing to properly investigate a CP train crash near Field, British Columbia that resulted in three deaths. The incident called into question the role of private police forces. Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service are responsible for all aspects of railway security. They are duly appointed and armed federal police officers that gather their authority in Canada via
2968-567: Is responsible for the enforcement of the Canada National Parks Act , the Species at Risk Act , and park-specific legislation. Each province and territory in Canada operates or authorizes a variety of civil law enforcement agencies, including employment standards and workplace safety offices, animal cruelty organizations, and environmental enforcement services. Because of the wide-ranging regulatory powers of provinces, and
3074-755: The Constitution Act, 1982 as First Nations , Inuit , and Métis peoples, and the law enforcement powers of Indigenous governments vary significantly between the different groups. Métis self-government exists only in eight settlements in Alberta , none of which have the authority to raise police services, but may, with provincial approval, establish bylaw enforcement agencies. The territory of Nunavut and regional government of Kativik , both of which are populated mostly by Inuit peoples, were established after Inuit land claims agreements, but are not exclusive to Inuit peoples, have authority over police services. First Nations and Inuit communities governed by
3180-627: The Indian Act have access to the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program operated by Public Safety Canada and can establish their own police forces, funded entirely by the federal and provincial governments, but most Inuit governments and First Nations that have completed the comprehensive land claims process can only contract police services to a third party police force (although frameworks exist for these Nations to eventually establish their own independent police services). Because of
3286-551: The Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes as a provincial police force, but its role is strictly limited to police oversight and its members are appointed as peace officers only for the purposes of investigating police shootings, allegations of sexual assault made against police officers, and other investigations against police officers and special constables as directed by the Minister of Public Security . Municipal police forces make up
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3392-761: The Canada Border Services Agency , which manages Canadian ports of entry and enforces the Customs Act , the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act , and the Quarantine Act . The Agency also operates a Criminal Investigations Unit that investigates criminal violations of CBSA-enforced legislation, such as smuggling or immigration fraud. The government of Canada also employs fishery officers , who enforce federal fishing and fishery regulations; transport inspectors , who enforce
3498-739: The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal found that the federal government, which unilaterally sets the budgets for First Nations police forces participating in the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program, engaged in discrimination when it failed to provide adequate funding to the Mashteuiatsh Innu Nation's police force. In 2022, the British Columbia Special Committee on Reforming the Police Act unanimously recommended that
3604-575: The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal . In 2010, there were 38 self-administered First Nation police services in Canada, with one service each in British Columbia , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba ; three services in Alberta ; nine in Ontario ; and 23 in Quebec , although that number had decreased to 22 by 2020. First Nations police services are required to meet different standards in each province. In British Columbia, First Nations police services are considered "designated policing units" and placed in
3710-650: The Criminal Code . CFMP officers have authority over any person subject to the Code of Service Discipline (CSD), regardless of their position or rank, and can charge members of the broader public when a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, or at the request of the Minister of Public Safety , the Commissioner of the Correctional Service of Canada , or the Commissioner of
3816-654: The Metro Vancouver Transit Police and Stlʼatlʼimx Tribal Police Service fall into the same designated policing unit category as the OCABC, they have neither the province-wide mandate nor the direct provincial funding the OCABC does. The Unité permanente anticorruption was created in 2011 and tasked with investigations into corrupt government procurement practices, but relied on secondments from other police services until 2018, when it became its own police force. The Quebec Police Act also defines
3922-573: The Old Gym , is equipped with a self-defence gymnasium and a 26-metre swimming pool. Commonly referred to as the New Gym , the Fitness Centre includes a large gymnasium and a state-of-the-art cardio and weight training facility complete with treadmills, steppers, stationary bikes, free weights and various types of weight training equipment. This facility was expanded in 2007. Opened in 1994,
4028-616: The RCMP Academy at Depot in Regina, Saskatchewan. For specialized police training, members may attend different provincial police colleges, as well as the Canadian Police College in Ottawa. The CPKC uniform consists of a dark blue shirt, dark blue cargo pants with body armour ; they are armed with the usual police use-of-force equipment, as well as a Glock 9mm pistol, Remington 870 shotgun and SIG Sauer M400 patrol rifle. They are issued
4134-516: The Railway Safety Act as well as other acts. The Railway Safety Act is a federal act that allows for any federal railway to appoint officers as police constables. These police constables have all the powers of a regular police officer as it relates to the protection of property owned, possessed or administered by a railway company and the protection of persons and property on that property. Railway police are unique in Canada as they are
4240-436: The Railway Safety Act , any federally-regulated railway in Canada can request that a superior court judge appoint railway employees as police officers. These officers are hired, trained, and employed by the railway for the purposes of preventing crimes against the company and the protection of goods, materials, and public rail transit being moved through the railway network, and have nationwide jurisdiction within 500 metres of
4346-487: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police have integrated police officers and non-police specialists directly alongside each other, recruiting non-police experts in computer science and accounting to join cyber and financial crime investigation teams. These investigators are fully integrated into the organization, given limited police authority, and are charged with interviewing witnesses and obtaining and executing search warrants, among other duties. Non-police specialists fall into
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4452-608: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police . The ability of CFMP members to enforce provincial legislation varies, however, and in several provinces, CFMP officers can enforce neither traffic legislation nor mental health legislation — even on military bases. The CFMP maintains an investigations branch, the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service , which has the ability to investigate any crime concerning DND property or employees, except for sexual assault and intimate partner violence. Under
4558-759: The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary provides community and provincial police services to select urban communities in Newfoundland and Labrador , and the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia , the Unité permanente anticorruption , and the Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes provide specialized criminal law enforcement services in British Columbia and Quebec. The Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec are responsible for both provincial police services, such as
4664-414: The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary to police some of its urban communities, delegates this responsibility to municipalities. The federal government also maintains its own police service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , which provinces and territories can contract to provide provincial and municipal policing. Every Canadian territory and province, with the exceptions of Ontario and Quebec , relies on
4770-555: The United States or Mexico , and with the exception of the Unité permanente anticorruption (English: Permanent Anti-corruption Unit) in Quebec and the Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia , there are no organizations dedicated exclusively to the investigation of criminal activity in Canada. Criminal investigations are instead conducted by police services, which maintain specialized criminal investigation units in addition to their mandate for emergency response and general community safety. Canada's provinces are responsible for
4876-663: The 1980s, when special constables first began to assume court protection and prisoner transport duties, but several police forces including the Brantford Police Service, Cobourg Police Service , and Toronto Police Service now deploy special constables and volunteer auxiliary constables in frontline policing roles. Since 2021, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police has employed Civilian Criminal Investigators , unarmed peace officers recruited from non-police fields, to assist with technical computer science or financial crimes. RCMP Academy, Depot Division In
4982-664: The 1990s, a framework has existed for First Nations to establish their own police services, funded entirely by the federal and provincial governments and regulated by provinces. These police services generally receive less funding compared to other Canadian police forces — for example, in 2016, the Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service in Ontario received only 36% of the funding that the Ontario Provincial Police estimated it would cost to police
5088-444: The 1990s, several municipal police forces were amalgamated (alongside, in many cases, the municipalities they served) into new, regional organizations in the interest of creating efficiencies and reducing costs. As of 2022, there are regional police forces in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The adoption of regional policing has been controversial, however, and
5194-454: The 23 different pieces of federal transportation legislation the Minister of Transport is responsible for; and Environment and Climate Change Canada enforcement officers , who are responsible for enforcing federal environmental regulations. The Canada Revenue Agency operates a variety of compliance and enforcement divisions, but its proactive criminal enforcement unit, which collaborated with RCMP officers to break up organized crime rings,
5300-558: The Bear Clan Patrol and the Mama Bear Clan conduct regular patrols of Indigenous neighbourhoods, liaise with Winnipeg Police to search for missing people, and deliver food to unhoused residents. Tiered policing is a model of specialization in police service delivery that involves hiring specially-trained, non-police employees to assume responsibility over areas of a police service's traditional mandate. In contrast to
5406-756: The Buffalo Detachment, is a replica of a modern working RCMP Detachment, complete with everything you would find in such a facility. It provides the main hub of training at the Academy. A second detachment, known as "Eagle detachment" has since been implemented to accommodate larger troop loads. Surrounding the Model Detachment, the Town Site provides for a more realistic and safe environment during practical simulation scenarios. Opened in May 2007,
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#17327902312625512-417: The First Nations and Inuit Policing Program be replaced with a "new legislative and funding framework, consistent with international and domestic policing best practices and standards," and noted that "a truly decolonized lens would see Indigenous police services as an option for neighbouring municipalities or regions." Earlier that same year, the federal government began engaging First Nations about changes to
5618-1115: The House of Commons Security Services, Senate Protective Service, and the RCMP parliamentary precinct detachment. The Service, which was formed after the 2014 Parliament Hill shooting , is not a special constabulary, and only some of its members have the powers of a peace officer. In Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba , municipalities and First Nations are able to raise special constabularies to provide community police services; enforce non-criminal legislation; and assist jurisdictional police in securing crime and incident scenes. These agencies are composed of community peace officers (in Alberta), community safety officers (in Saskatchewan), and community/First Nation safety officers (in Manitoba) who are authorized to enforce municipal by-laws and provincial legislation, make arrests and detain members of
5724-735: The Legislative District Security Unit, the Provincial Protective Service (responsible for the provincial highway patrol, sheriffs officers, and conservation officers) maintains a special constabulary that patrols Wascana Centre , the park that surrounds the provincial legislature. The federal parliament buildings in Ottawa are protected by the Parliamentary Protective Service , which was formed by amalgamating
5830-474: The OCABC still technically exists as of 2022, its officers are limited to conducting operations and investigations within the CFSEU-BC, where it has been it largely superseded by RCMP and municipal police officers seconded to the unit. Despite its status as the core agency of the combined unit, the CFSEU-BC is governed by RCMP policies and procedures rather than the policies and procedures of the OCABC. Although
5936-472: The RCMP to provide at least some provincial or municipal police services. The exact duties of Canadian police forces vary significantly: each province regulates the basic responsibilities of police services in their jurisdiction. In Ontario , for example, police services are obliged to provide at least five core police services — crime prevention, law enforcement, maintenance of the public peace, emergency response, and assistance to victims of crime — to fulfill
6042-653: The RCMP's contract policing program, and Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino was mandated to conduct a review of RCMP contract policing when he took office in 2022. The CFMP provides police, security, and operational support services to the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and the Department of National Defence (DND). As a military police force, the CFMP does not have a frontline community policing role, but CFMP members are considered peace officers under
6148-415: The RCMP's early days, Depot had a full horse stable and employed veterinarians. Horsemanship is no longer part of the cadets' training since 1966. Depot is the only location where the RCMP trains its cadets. One of the only rare exceptions was some Mounties were trained at an Ottawa region facility in the 1950s or 1960s. This training centre, now closed, was located by the present Ottawa RCMP stables, where
6254-739: The Saskatchewan Highway Patrol, have the authority to enforce criminal legislation in addition to their primary mandate to enforce civil legislation, while others are limited to enforcing only a handful of by-laws. Regardless of the breadth of their legislative authority, all civil law enforcement officers in Canada are considered peace officers for the purposes of carrying out their duties, and may be variously appointed as special constables, municipal law enforcement officers, provincial offences officers, or generically as peace officers. The federal government maintains several civil law enforcement agencies, most prominent among them
6360-554: The Sûreté du Québec. The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary is a provincial police force, but does not provide provincial police services across the entire province. Instead, the responsibility for provincial police services is split between the RCMP, which provides local and provincial police services to Newfoundland and Labrador 's largely rural interior, and the Constabulary, which provides local and provincial police services to
6466-626: The United States and Canada. Jurisdictional public police departments maintain the overall responsibility for public safety and law enforcement in their respective territories including CPR property. CPKC Police will assist local police if necessary, and conduct its own investigations. CPR also uses its police department to conduct investigations into employee conduct dealing with collective agreement violations involving alcohol and drugs, as well as criminal matters. CPKC Police recruits attend different federal and provincial police academies as there
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#17327902312626572-464: The academy, Depot could not handle the overwhelming number of candidates. Therefore, the RCMP established the additional and temporary training facility in CFB Penhold, near Red Deer, AB. In addition to training new RCMP regular members, Depot has also been a major continuing-education centre for police in Canada, but is currently tasked primarily with the training of new members and other training
6678-449: The authority to investigate crimes and make arrests or issue citations for offences that occur in their area of authority, and some special constabularies may even have primary or exclusive responsibility for some low-level criminal offences or civil law enforcement in that area; they do not have ultimate responsibility for law enforcement and policing, and special constabularies are required to turn certain offences over to, or operate under
6784-681: The bulk of Canadian police services, and are generally responsible for all criminal matters within their jurisdiction. There are municipal police services in nine provinces, with 12 in British Columbia , seven in Alberta , 12 in Saskatchewan , 10 in Manitoba , 44 in Ontario , 31 in Quebec , nine in New Brunswick , 10 in Nova Scotia , and three in Prince Edward Island . Almost every major city in Canada maintains
6890-953: The bulk of these organizations are an evolution of the band constable system introduced in the 1960s. Band constables were peace officers tasked with enforcing First Nation by-laws and assisting local police. The programme was terminated in 2015 and replaced by special constabularies in Alberta , Saskatchewan , and Manitoba , while in New Brunswick , the officers were replaced by locally-hired civilian RCMP employees tasked with delivering crime prevention and community engagement programmes. The special constabularies have responsibility over enforcing provincial and First Nation legislation and are generally prohibited from conducting Criminal Code enforcement. Other First Nations maintain law enforcement divisions tasked exclusively with enforcing First Nation by-laws. These organizations typically have no authority to enforce provincial or federal legislation. The Musqueam First Nation in British Columbia maintains
6996-493: The by-laws of a transit authority, for example, are enforced by that transit authority, while federal environmental regulations are enforced by the federal government. The federal government maintains its own police force, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP, popularly known in English-speaking areas as the "Mounties"), which provides federal criminal law enforcement and contract police services to provinces and municipalities that do not maintain their own police forces. Since
7102-952: The cost of policing, but that implementation efforts have been hampered by negative cultural perceptions within police services about non-police specialists and confusion over their role. Some non-police specialists have reported demeaning treatment or exclusion from workplace events, while others have highlighted under-utilization of their expertise or, conversely, expectations to participate in law enforcement activities they are neither trained nor authorized to participate in. Some police services have failed to provide meaningful career advancement or professional development opportunities to non-police staff, and have instead siloed their personnel management strategies between sworn police officers and non-police staff; or they have filled positions intended for non-police specialists with police officers who otherwise would need to be placed on leave for an injury or conduct investigation. Alternatively, police forces like
7208-422: The development and maintenance of police forces and special constabularies, and every province except Newfoundland and Labrador delegates this responsibility to municipalities, which can establish their own police forces or contract with a neighbouring community or the province for police services. Civil law enforcement, however, is the responsibility of the level or agency of government that developed those laws —
7314-419: The early 1990s, the six-month thorough military-style RCMP training was slightly modified to face the new make-up of trainees. Cadets are now 10 years older than their 1950s or 1960s counterparts; and decade after decade, the ratio of college and university-educated future Mounties keeps increasing. The higher maturity level of trainees requires fewer disciplinary actions and enables the instructors to focus on
7420-466: The enforcement of Indigenous and provincial legislation. Some First Nations police services, citing a lack of legitimacy or prosecutability, will not enforce Indigenous laws. Several First Nations and Indigenous communities operate special constabularies or other law enforcement agencies with limited law enforcement powers, while others operate community safety agencies with no law enforcement powers. Although similar functions existed pre-colonization,
7526-525: The enforcement of court orders is the responsibility of the Superior Court of Justice Enforcement Office, which was named and is still sometimes referred to as the sheriff's office. Every municipality in Canada is authorized to develop and enforce municipal by-laws , but each province and territory regulates the authority of municipal law enforcement agencies differently. In British Columbia , Manitoba , Ontario , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island , municipal enforcement agencies are generally limited to
7632-470: The enforcement of municipal legislation and operate on an as-requested basis. In all three territories, as well as the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador , Quebec , Saskatchewan , and Alberta , some — but not all — municipal enforcement agencies also enforce provincial legislation and control traffic. Several municipalities rely on police services or contracted commissionaires for bylaw enforcement. Indigenous peoples in Canada are defined in
7738-482: The federal Railway Safety Act . Some smaller railways and transit authorities, such as GO Transit , also maintain provincially-regulated special constabularies to protect passengers and property. These agencies are authorized by provincial governments and are not related to federally-authorized Railway Safety Act police forces. Railway police have attracted scrutiny and criticism for their privately-funded nature and role in investigating train derailments. In 2020,
7844-546: The federal or provincial governments for police services. The policing of Indigenous communities in Canada has long been fraught with racial tension , inequitable police service delivery, and the enforcement of colonial laws and practices. Beginning in the 1960s, the federal government began to withdraw RCMP officers from reserves in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in favour of provincial control over First Nations policing. Between 1990 and 1995, there were several high-profile conflicts between Indigenous protesters demanding
7950-560: The field of small arms and ammunition; testing of bullet-proof vests and material and warranty services for many firearms manufacturers. The oldest remaining building in Regina is the RCMP chapel, dating from the earliest establishment of the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) as a guardhouse in 1883. It subsequently served as a mess hall and canteen and became a chapel in 1895. It was constructed in Ontario and moved by flatcar , steamer and ox team to Regina. The chapel
8056-619: The force who died in the Second World War. The chapel is one of the oldest Anglican houses of worship in western Canada, but today has only two monthly religious services. There is an Ecumenical (Protestant) service on the second Sunday of each month and a Roman Catholic service on the fourth Sunday of each month at 10 am. Formerly the RCMP Centennial Museum. Established in 1933, the RCMP Museum operated in
8162-463: The history of the Canadian reserve system, which operated on the assumption that Indigenous families required less land than settler families and routinely gave away reserve lands to settlers without Indigenous consultation or consent, many reserves are too small to sustain independent police forces, requiring First Nations to form regional police agencies with neighbouring communities or contract with
8268-574: The horses of the RCMP Musical Ride are kept off-season. The buildings of the former Ottawa training centre have become the Canadian Police College , a Canadian government institution which offers continuing-education courses for currently employed police officers. A small number of members had part of their training at CFB Penhold in Alberta as well in the early 70s. At that time, due to extensive hiring and construction at
8374-412: The integrated role of special constables employed by police services. Civil law enforcement agencies are responsible for the specialized enforcement of civil legislation. Civil law enforcement agencies are maintained by every level of government, a variety of government corporations and authorities, and First Nations . The powers of civil law enforcement agencies vary significantly. Some, such as
8480-455: The model are common across Canada, and tiered policing is practiced in Yukon , the Northwest Territories , British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Newfoundland and Labrador . Literature and research into tiered policing has generally found that tiered delivery models are successful in increasing police efficacy and reducing
8586-400: The more populous, less remote provinces. A special constabulary is any law enforcement organization composed of special constables or other peace officers ― as opposed to police officers ― with a mandate for criminal law enforcement and/or proactive peacekeeping and security. Their members are usually unarmed, and their duties may consist of providing frontline specialized police services for
8692-648: The northeast Avalon Peninsula (metropolitan St. John's ); the Bay of Islands and the Humber Valley (metropolitan Corner Brook ); and western Labrador ( Churchill Falls , Labrador City , and Wabush ). The Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia (OCABC) is legally defined as a designated policing unit, and is the "core agency" of the Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia (CFSEU-BC). Although
8798-423: The only sworn peace officers employed by a privately owned law enforcement agency. CPKCPS are "a fully authorized federal force, bound to uphold Canada's laws" and licensed to carry arms. The main duties of a railway police officer are to protect the public using the company facilities, the employees and its assets. This includes public education on trespassing, school awareness programs, investigating crimes against
8904-531: The policing of provincial highways, investigation of major crimes, and protection of provincial leaders, and the delivery of local police services to municipalities that do not maintain their own police forces, usually under contract. In Ontario, the OPP provides police services to municipalities without independent police forces regardless of whether or not there is a contract in place for them to do so, but contracts enable municipalities to direct police priorities, have
9010-727: The program and Indigenous police legislation. Every form of Indigenous government has the power to enact and enforce by-laws. Métis settlements receive their authority from the Alberta Metis Settlements Act , and First and Inuit nations receive their authority either from the Indian Act or the relevant comprehensive land claim agreement. However, because the Indian Act does not specify whether by-law violations should be prosecuted in federal or provincial and territorial courts, some provincial courts will not prosecute Indigenous laws. The federal government ended
9116-511: The province of Alberta has gradually expanded the mandate and powers of its sheriffs service , which now maintains a highway patrol, a criminal investigations unit, and provides legislative security to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . Ontario is the only province or territory in Canada that does not maintain a sheriffs service — instead, court security and prisoner transport duties are handled by local police services, and
9222-510: The province's requirement for "adequate and effective policing," while in neighbouring Quebec , the responsibilities of a police force are dependent on the population it serves. Other jurisdictions, such as Manitoba and British Columbia , do not define adequate and effective policing, although individual regulations in both of those provinces set out basic responsibilities of police forces. Individual police services may also take on additional duties, such as municipal by-law enforcement, or have
9328-755: The provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan , and New Brunswick deploy armed commercial vehicle enforcement officers. Some provinces, such as Ontario , empower provincial corporations and authorities to establish and maintain their own civil law enforcement agencies, separate from the provincial government. Almost every province and territory in Canada maintains a sheriffs service, although their role and powers vary between jurisdictions. In most provinces and all three territories, sheriffs are limited to providing courtroom security, enforcing court orders, and transporting offenders to and from court. In Quebec , sheriffs have no security function and are instead limited to enforcing court orders and selecting juries. Since 2006,
9434-872: The public, conduct traffic stops, and, in some cases, conduct investigations into non-emergency criminal offences. Officers employed by these agencies are generally unarmed, but may carry firearms to destroy injured animals. Because these special constabularies are provincially regulated, the exact duties, powers, and regulations governing their operations vary slightly between each province. In Manitoba, for example, community/First Nation safety officers are strictly prohibited from enforcing criminal legislation, while some officers in Saskatchewan and Alberta are empowered to enforce certain Criminal Code violations. Although special constables are often employed by special constabularies, they are also be employed by government agencies that require investigators or traffic agents to have some police authority, by police services as part of
9540-550: The purposes of protecting their provincial legislatures . Select special constables in British Columbia and Ontario were armed with handguns in the wake of the 2014 Parliament Hill shooting . In Alberta , legislative security is provided by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch , an armed provincial law enforcement agency also responsible for courtroom security, traffic enforcement on provincial highways, and some criminal investigations. In Saskatchewan , in addition to
9646-574: The railway properties cross many jurisdictions (federal, provincial, municipal, county) and have to collaborate with their respective police departments. The job of a railway police officer is sometimes lonely, patrolling miles of track alone, with little back-up. They are paid on par with regular police officers in Canada and receive similar benefits. CP Rail is a private company and pays taxes that includes public police protection, thus CPR has downsized their police department over several decades. CPKC Police numbers have remained steady at about 100 officers in
9752-537: The railway, assist the local police services, issuing tickets and many other duties including security of property and buildings. CPKC Rail assigns individual officers large sections of railway tracks to patrol and conduct active enforcement and public safety initiatives. The police service is led by two separate chiefs - one for the Canadian operation, and the other for the American operation. All CPKC Police officers must have knowledge of federal and provincial laws as
9858-498: The rank of staff sergeant. The Memorial Project came about following the shooting of Constable Willis Edward Rhodeniser on the White Bear Reserve near Carlyle, Saskatchewan , on August 26, 1939. Two more stained glass memorial windows on each side wall near the front were dedicated on November 4, 1951. The Resurrection in the west window honours serving members and The Nativity in the east window honours ex-members of
9964-512: The return of lands to which they had Aboriginal title and non-Indigenous police forces, resulting in the death of a police officer — Corporal Marcel Lemay of the Sûreté du Québec — and an unarmed Indigenous protester named Dudley George . During the 1995 Gustafsen Lake standoff , an RCMP commander reportedly told a subordinate to kill a prominent Indigenous demonstrator and "smear the prick and everyone with him," and an RCMP media liaison officer
10070-538: The same area. Police services in Canada are responsible for the maintenance of the King's peace through emergency response to and intervention against violence; investigations into criminal offences and the enforcement of criminal law; and the enforcement of some civil law, such as traffic violations. Constitutionally, the delivery of police services is the responsibility of provinces and territories , but every province except for Newfoundland and Labrador , which maintains
10176-778: The same category as the Metro Vancouver Transit Police . In Alberta, First Nations police services cannot maintain specialized resources, such as police dogs, and must consult with the RCMP before completing investigations into major crimes. In Quebec, however, First Nations police services have the "same missions, responsibilities, and powers [as non-Indigenous police forces] under Quebec police law." First Nations police services in Ontario are considered programs, not essential services, and are not required to meet standards under that province's Police Services Act unless police leadership decides to apply for an opt-in. Many First Nations police services face serious funding shortfalls. In January 2006, two Indigenous men burned to death and an officer
10282-602: The supervision of, the jurisdictional police service. In Canada, special constables (referred to as peace officers in Alberta and safety officers in Manitoba ) are sworn peace officers granted police powers to enforce specific legislation in a distinct context or geographic area, and may be employed by a range of organizations other than special constabularies . Special constabularies are generally referred to as special constable services, protective services, or, in some cases, as police services. British Columbia , Ontario , and Saskatchewan maintain special constabularies for
10388-453: The technical, specialized nature of much of civil law enforcement, many provincial civil law enforcement agencies operate in obscurity. The two most prominent uniformed civil law enforcement services operated by provinces and territories are commercial vehicle and conservation enforcement agencies, which usually maintain proactive patrols and education programs. While conservation officers in every province and territory are routinely armed, only
10494-521: The total police strength in the country (the highest in twelve years after steady declines in the 1980s and 1990s), Canada still employs fewer police officers per capita than Wales (262/100,000). Provincially, Nova Scotia had the highest number of officers per capita (193.8/100,000) in 2019. The lowest numbers per capita were in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick . The three territories , while having far fewer police officers in absolute terms, have around twice as many police officers per capita as
10600-493: The use of separate organizations to deliver certain frontline police services is also common, particularly in rural areas or in communities that do not maintain an independent police service. In these communities, independent special constabularies , civil law enforcement agencies , and community safety agencies are tasked with delivering basic frontline policing and community safety duties while police services respond to serious criminal violations. As of 2024, both forms of
10706-499: The very demanding requirements of modern police work. As of February 5, 2020, cadets at the RCMP Academy receive a weekly allowance of $ 525 to a maximum of $ 13,650 for the entire 26-week Cadet Training Program. After the recruitment process, successful candidates are scheduled to attend the Academy and begin the Cadet Training Program. Cadets are grouped together in what the force calls "troops". A troop consists of
10812-439: Was built by Mr. John Ross, a local building contractor. Originally a mess hall it was partially destroyed by fire in the spring of 1895. After its restoration it was converted to a chapel. The wife of the police commissioner, Mrs. Herchmer, wanted a chapel for the force members, who were located 2 miles (3.2 km) west of town. NWMP carpenters converted the mess hall to a chapel, making the altar and pews themselves. The chapel
10918-513: Was dedicated on December 8, 1895. The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at the RCMP Museum Chapel. On each side of the altar is a stained glass memorial window, each portrays a member of the force. On the left is a constable in mourning; on the right is a bugler sounding reveille. The model for the windows was Constable John Roy Fraser of Westville, Nova Scotia , in 1943. Fraser retired in 1960 at
11024-820: Was disbanded after budget cuts in 2012. (The RCMP disbanded its various counterparts to the CRA's criminal enforcement unit between 2012 and 2020.) The federal government also operates the Competition Bureau , which enforces the Competition Act , the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act , the Textile Labelling Act and the Precious Metals Marking Act . Parks Canada maintains a park warden service, which
11130-622: Was quoted as saying that "smear campaigns are [the RCMP's] specialty." The federal government created the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program in 1992, which scholars have called the first "comprehensive national policing strategy for [a country's] Aboriginal peoples." The Program was designed to allow First Nations and Inuit communities to create their own police forces that met the provincial standards for non-Indigenous police services, or establish their own RCMP detachment staffed by Indigenous officers, but has been criticized as underfunded and discriminatory by Indigenous groups, police chiefs, and
11236-421: Was seriously injured in a rescue attempt at a Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service detachment that the police force could not afford to bring into compliance with the fire code. (Two years later, the service had only one detachment that met provincial standards.) Other First Nations police services have struggled to pay for officers' wages and benefits or fill frontline positions because of budget shortfalls. In 2022,
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