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66-688: Codemaster or code master may refer to: Code master or master coder, a master programmer Cipher master or secret code master, a master cryptographer Codemaster, a character class in Chaotic (TV series) Codemasters , a British video game developer See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "codemaster"  or "codemasters" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with Codemaster All pages with titles containing Codemaster Code (disambiguation) Master (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

132-483: A flight simulator . Simple programs can be written in a few hours. More complex ones may require more than a year of work, while others are never considered 'complete' but rather are continuously improved as long as they stay in use. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer's supervision. Programming editors, also known as source code editors , are text editors that are specifically designed for programmers or developers to write

198-597: A NATO conference in 1968 by Professor Friedrich L. Bauer . Margaret Hamilton described the discipline of "software engineering" during the Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy. At the time there was perceived to be a " software crisis ". The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with the Plenary Sessions' keynotes of Frederick Brooks and Margaret Hamilton . In 1984,

264-422: A certain category or domain of projects. Software design is the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels: Software construction typically involves programming (a.k.a. coding), unit testing , integration testing , and debugging so as to implement the design. “Software testing is related to, but different from, ... debugging”. Testing during this phase

330-516: A continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns. While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes

396-494: A core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment." Edsger Dijkstra , a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called

462-420: A decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031. and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower. Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over

528-450: A demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers; some were distributed between users of a particular machine for no charge, while others were sold on a commercial basis. Other firms, such as Computer Sciences Corporation (founded in 1959), also started to grow. Computer manufacturers soon started bundling operating systems , system software and programming environments with their machines;

594-802: A form of engineering. Steve McConnell has said that it is not, but that it should be. Donald Knuth has said that programming is an art and a science. Edsger W. Dijkstra claimed that the terms software engineering and software engineer have been misused in the United States. Requirements engineering is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of requirements for software . Software requirements can be functional , non-functional or domain. Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into

660-421: A further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031. and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower. However, for software developers BLS projects for 2019 to 2029 a 22% increase in employment, from 1,469,200 to 1,785,200 jobs with

726-402: A lack of general interest in science and mathematics and also out of an apparent fear that programming will be subject to the same pressures as manufacturing and agriculture careers. For programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook originally predicted a growth for programmers of 12 percent from 2010 to 2020 and thereafter a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026,

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792-414: A median base salary of $ 110,000 per year. This prediction is lower than the earlier 2010 to 2020 predicted increase of 30% for software developers. Though the distinction is somewhat ambiguous, software developers engage in a wider array of aspects of application development and are generally higher skilled than programmers, making outsourcing less of a risk. Another reason for the decline for programmers

858-573: A more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002. In the U.K. the British Computer Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Chartered IT Professional (CITP) , available to fully qualified members ( MBCS ). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of the British Computer Society or Institution of Engineering and Technology and so qualify to be considered for Chartered Engineer status through either of those institutions. In Canada

924-621: A programmer writes code in a computer language and with an intent to build software that achieves some goal . Sometimes a programmer or job position is identified by the language used or target platform. For example, assembly programmer , web developer . The job titles that include programming tasks have differing connotations across the computer industry and to different individuals. The following are notable descriptions. A software developer primarily implements software based on specifications and fixes bugs . Other duties may include reviewing code changes and testing . To achieve

990-409: A programmer, although professional certifications are commonly held by programmers. Programming is considered a profession . Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business for which they are writing programs. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to duplicate conditions on an aircraft for pilots training in

1056-438: A team of programmers, communicating with customers, managers and other engineers, considering system stability and quality, and exploring software development methodologies. Sometimes, a software engineer is required to have a degree in software engineering, computer engineering , or computer science. Some countries legally require an engineering degree to be called engineer . British countess and mathematician Ada Lovelace

1122-440: A threat to software engineering itself; a related career, computer programming does appear to have been affected. Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via the follow-the-sun workflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations. When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides

1188-724: A vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery , and updated in 2014. A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; as of 2010 , there were 244 Campus Bachelor of Software Engineering programs, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in

1254-552: A week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008. Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periods sitting in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, Thrombosis , Obesity , and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome . The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in

1320-409: A working, program-controlled, electronic computer. From 1943 to 1945, per computer scientist Wolfgang K. Giloi and AI professor Raúl Rojas et al., Zuse created the first, high-level programming language , Plankalkül . Members of the 1945 ENIAC programming team of Kay McNulty , Betty Jennings , Betty Snyder , Marlyn Wescoff , Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman have since been credited as

1386-452: Is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the IEEE Computer Society produced the SWEBOK , which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience. Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at

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1452-401: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Programmer A programmer , computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming . The professional titles software developer and software engineer are used for jobs that require a programmer. Generally,

1518-530: Is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries. In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts

1584-465: Is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing. Software testing is an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test. When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed by test engineers or quality assurance instead of

1650-523: Is often considered to be the first computer programmer. She authored an algorithm , which was published in October 1842, for calculating Bernoulli numbers on the Charles Babbage analytical engine . Because the machine was not completed in her lifetime, she never experienced the algorithm in action. In 1941, German civil engineer Konrad Zuse was the first person to execute a program on

1716-552: Is their skills are being merged with other professions, such as developers, as employers increase the requirements for a position over time. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in artificial intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software professions. As of 2024 in Japan , the demand for programmers is increasing rapidly. Numerous programming schools have opened to meet this demand, including TechAcademy , Tech i.s. and NinjaCode . On

1782-586: The Canadian Information Processing Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Information Systems Professional (ISP) . In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's ( Professional Engineers Ontario ) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through

1848-666: The Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering bachelor's degree in the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program. In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003,

1914-589: The IBM 1620 came with the 1620 Symbolic Programming System and FORTRAN . The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the personal computer (PC) in the mid-1970s, which brought computing to the average office worker. In the following years, the PC also helped create a constantly growing market for games, applications and utility software. This resulted in increased demand for software developers for that period of time. Computer programmers write, test, debug , and maintain

1980-484: The Professional Engineers Ontario and can become Professional Engineers P.Eng. The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for

2046-804: The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) was established as a federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States. Watts Humphrey founded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing the software engineering process. The Process Maturity Levels introduced became the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how

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2112-411: The U.S. in 2018. Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees. The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%. This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering. And,

2178-416: The "radical novelty" of computer science : A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that

2244-827: The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs. In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world. Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through

2310-597: The Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA). The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and the IEEE Computer Society together examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s, but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering. John C. Knight and Nancy G. Leveson presented

2376-628: The Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton . Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers. ETS (École de technologie supérieure) University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge ( SWEBOK ), which has become an ISO standard describing

2442-681: The Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain the European Engineer (EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as a Chartered Engineer through the British Computer Society . In the United States, the NCEES began offering a Professional Engineer exam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized. NCEES ended

2508-685: The US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team. Modern, generally accepted best-practices for software engineering have been collected by the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 subcommittee and published as the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). Software engineering is considered one of the major computing disciplines. Notable definitions of software engineering include: The term has also been used less formally: Margaret Hamilton promoted

2574-573: The United States. In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained through military service in software engineering. Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science , information systems , or information technology . A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987,

2640-558: The body of knowledge covered by a software engineer. Legal requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or

2706-424: The construction aspect of typical software engineer workload. A software engineer applies a software development process , which involves defining, implementing , testing , managing , and maintaining software systems and, creating and modifying the development process. Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering . The development of software engineering

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2772-409: The detailed instructions, called computer programs , that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of

2838-514: The distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in the developed world avoid education related to software engineering because of the fear of offshore outsourcing (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by foreign visa workers . Although statistics do not currently show

2904-530: The exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation. Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial. The IEEE Computer Society and the ACM , the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE's Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version , or SWEBOK , defines

2970-706: The field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current SWEBOK v3 is an updated version and was released in 2014. The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics". There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016. Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as freelancers . Some organizations have specialists to perform each of

3036-446: The field of software engineering: Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field. Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters. Some claim that

3102-586: The first professional computer programmers. The first company founded specifically to provide software products and services was the Computer Usage Company in 1955. Before that time, computers were programmed either by customers or the few commercial computer manufacturers of the time, such as Sperry Rand and IBM . The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. Universities, governments, and businesses created

3168-404: The following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of

3234-529: The other hand, despite the fact that there are more than 1.2 million programmers in Japan as of 2020, more than 40% of Japanese companies say they do not have enough IT personnel, including programmers; by 2030, the number of programmers will exceed 1.6 million, but about 800 000 people, including programmers A shortage of engineers is expected to occur. Software engineering The terms programmer and coder overlap software engineer , but they imply only

3300-688: The profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license. The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly

3366-593: The programmers who wrote it. It is performed at the system level and is considered an aspect of software quality . Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such as performance , robustness , and security . Software maintenance refers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to: error correction , optimization, deletion of unused and discarded features, and enhancement of existing features. Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost. Knowledge of computer programming

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3432-434: The programming work done today. Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization. Programmers work in many settings, including corporate information technology (IT) departments, big software companies , small service firms and government entities of all sizes. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client sites as contractors . Licensing is not typically required to work as

3498-483: The required skills for the job, they might obtain a computer science or associate degree, attend a programming boot camp or be self-taught . A software engineer usually is responsible for the same tasks as a developer plus broader responsibilities of software engineering including architecting and designing new features and applications, targeting new platforms, managing the software development lifecycle (design, implementation, testing, and deployment), leading

3564-417: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Codemaster . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Codemaster&oldid=1191390866 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3630-537: The same year as Rice University , Clarkson University , Milwaukee School of Engineering , and Mississippi State University . In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering. Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, SE2004 ,

3696-456: The source code of an application or a program. Most of these editors include features useful for programmers, which may include color syntax highlighting , auto indentation, auto-complete , bracket matching, syntax check , and allows plug-ins . These features aid the users during coding, debugging and testing. According to BBC News , 17% of computer science students could not find work in their field six months after graduation in 2009 which

3762-620: The tasks in the software development process . Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hire interns , often university or college students during a summer break, or externships . Specializations include analysts , architects , developers , testers , technical support , middleware analysts , project managers , software product managers , educators , and researchers . Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours

3828-621: The term software engineering have been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in the June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation" and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue of Communications of the ACM (Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger. It is also associated with the title of

3894-497: The term "software engineering" during her work on the Apollo program . The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of the term: When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It

3960-428: The use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations). Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas. There are various prizes in

4026-503: The vendors of these technologies. These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies. Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. As of 2006 , the IEEE had certified over 575 software professionals as a Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP). In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as

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4092-800: The years as compared to other engineering fields. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in Artificial Intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers. However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession or age out of the market in the next few decades. The Software Engineering Institute offers certifications on specific topics like security , process improvement and software architecture . IBM , Microsoft and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many IT certification programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by

4158-621: Was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right. Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define software engineering or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. David Parnas has said that software engineering is, in fact,

4224-584: Was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society . As of 2004 , about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada,

4290-428: Was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even completed. In 1968, NATO held the first software engineering conference where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of software were established. The origins of

4356-610: Was the highest rate of the university subjects surveyed while 0% of medical students were unemployed in the same survey. After the crash of the dot-com bubble (1999–2001) and the Great Recession (2008), many U.S. programmers were left without work or with lower wages. In addition, enrollment in computer-related degrees and other STEM degrees (STEM attrition) in the US has been dropping for years, especially for women, which, according to Beaubouef and Mason, could be attributed to

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