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65-751: He was born at Tollerodden in Larvik, Norway, where he also had his own house built and his boatyard. Colin Archer was born in Larvik in southern Norway as the 12th of 13 children to parents who immigrated to Norway from Scotland in 1825. Before his career in naval architecture, he spent time as a farmer and administrator in Queensland , Australia with several of his brothers , including David who first arrived in Sydney in 1834. During his time as an administrator he

130-497: A Customs house was situated here. The name was spelt Tolderodden (with «ld») until 1917 when Norway had its second modernization of the languish replacing Danish words and spelling closer to Norwegian dialects. «Tolder/toller» means the Customs officer and «odden» means peninsula. By coincidence, Tollerodden was owned by Niels Toller in 1667-69 and it has been speculated that the name had been spelt with «ll» in early days, but there

195-447: A bigger and more specialized rescue boat, a design competition was held in 1892 and Archer got the order. He based his design on his newest pilot-boat and scaled the lines to 46 feet and reduced the beam ratio to 33.5%. Freeboard height was increased with about 20 cm. The keel was widened so the ballast keel became considerably heavier at 6.5 tons. The inside ballast remained the same, 6-7 tons. Ceiling, 45 mm planking fitted inside

260-585: A boat for the writer Erskine Childers named the Asgard . Childers had just written the novel The Riddle of the Sands ; he was later shot by firing squad. Outside Scandinavia, the rescue boat lines have been the most popular design. The Archer-type outside of Norway has more beam and smaller rig than Archer's actual yachts. In 1908 the 47 feet OEGER was designed by Archer but built in Porsgrunn. The customer

325-624: A brigantine, but in Norway this rig is termed "Skonnertbrigg" and most often abbreviated to schooner, which has caused authors to believe the boat was re-rigged, but it was not. During late autumn of 1915 it developed a serious leak while on a voyage in the North Sea from  Granton to Porsgrunn with coal, and was abandoned. The plans for Leon were reproduced by Harold A. Underhill in 1958 in his book Plank-On-Frame Models and Scale Masting and Rigging, vol. I. Many models of Leon exist around

390-581: A few fishing boats, are ketch-rigged (two masts)). The sail area for the yachts is in the range 100-125% of waterline length squared. On almost all boats, Archer spaced grown pine frames 2 feet c-c with a thin steam-bent oak rib between. This, together with thin, canvassed decks, made the yachts fairly light. The yachts have large ballast keels and normally no inside ballast, except a little for trim. Archer spent much time calculating how an efficient hull should be designed. He started with Chapman's displacement parabola curve, but with Scott Russell's positioning of

455-411: A finer stern. All versions have the midship section approx. 53% from the forward perpendicular. Mk. III’s lines are more symmetrically shaped than Archer normally used. The Mk. III rescue boat was considered the best boat in strong winds and most towing abilities. Framing is kept relatively light with frame spacing 60–66 cm c-c with a thin stem bent oak rib in between. Planking was 38 mm oak and

520-666: A new interior, ketch rig and three boats were built and launched in 1925. Atkin received more orders and more Archer-type yachts were designed. The INGRID in 1934 is 37.5 feet and a stretched version (beam 30%) with well-undercut forefoot and hollow waterlines. The lines resemble Archer’s yachts except Archer had greatest beam further aft. Archer, on his later yachts, used fuller lines, especially aft. The Eric went on to become very influential in ocean sailing, with boats such as Vito Dumas 's Lehg II and Robin Knox-Johnston 's Suhaili making notable circumnavigations. The latter

585-503: A pilot race with 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th, and 7th place of 12 participants. After that, he was made a Knight of the Order of St. Olav . After an off shore gale in 1892 when several of Archer's pilot boats rescued fishermen, it was thought that pilots should do the rescue operations. Three cutter-rigged Archer pilot boats were built; 38-, 41- and 42-foot length, fitted out as rescue boats and put into service in 1893 manned by pilots. To try

650-414: A professional naval architect. He titled himself as yard owner . Some years later he had another shed set up. Having the good income from abroad, this allowed him to build boats without a customer and he introduced the latest international knowledge to his designs. The Norwegian pilot boats at the time, was of the old type «cods head-mackerel» type, lightly ballasted and not very seaworthy; hardly any pilot

715-495: A relatively short mast and very small mizzen. In a strong wind, they normally sailed with main and staysail only, often reefed . With boats in tow, the mizzen was used to point higher to the wind and help to tack. The rig was basically the same for all boats, but the spars became heavier for each upgrade. The last sailing rescue boat was built in 1924. Next generation boats, the Bjarne Aas design with an engine but also full rig

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780-791: A reputation for durable and safe ships. After the pilot boat had shown its seaworthiness, all other boat builders started to copy Archer's lines and building method. The boats became referred to as a Colin Archer or Colin Archer-type no matter who designed or built them. In a career that lasted until he ended his business at the age of 78, Archer built about 200 boats, 120 with ballast keels. His designs were also built at other yards, totaling about 50 during his lifetime. Archer built about 120 double-enders, but thousands have since been built worldwide. Boats are still (2017) being built and labelled Colin Archer-type . 35 of his boats are still sailing. Archer also became famous for his ships, especially

845-605: A sailing ship POMONA and with his wife and their eight children, sailed to Larvik in 1824 and founded an export company for timber and lobster. In 1826 they bought the Customs/shipowner house which property still included the whole west part of Tollerodden with shoreline from the town side and all around to the southeast. William Archer's wife, with maiden surname Walker, had an uncle in Australia and when business did not go too well in Norway too, their sons were sent to

910-716: A sister was also still living at home. Colin was no. 2 and arrived home in 1861. He was then well off with income from his part ownership in the farm and had also invested in other companies. When Colin arrived Tollerodden, the parents' house, where also two of Colin's sisters still lived, desperately needed repair. Colin estimated this to cost 2-3.000 dollars and the brothers agreed to split the costs between them. Colin took up sailing and started building small boats in his spare time. Boatbuilding interested him so much that he started to study all available literature on Naval Architecture. Being well off, he could afford expensive books like Chapman 's and Scott Russel 's books. After meeting

975-500: A tall rig and was catching up on Suhaili , but instead of passing the finishing line, Moitessier continued around the world to Tahiti, thus sailing 1.5 times around the globe, non-stop, single-handed. During the 1970s, Atkin's ERIC design was adapted to glass-reinforced plastic by William Crealock , and became the Westsail 32 and has inspired many imitations, so that the "Archer double-ender" style of boat continues to be popular to

1040-525: A trace off Greenland in September. SHANGHAI also had problems as their sails parted, they blew ashore on an island on Nova Scotia, but one crew managed to swim ashore in the breakers and pull the others ashore with lines. He thereafter managed to swim to the mainland so a boat could rescue the others. William Atkins plans for ERIC, published in MotorBoat arose immediate interest. Plans were modified with

1105-410: A woman that interested him, he decided to stay and build boats. They married and in 1869 and had a new house built, just 25 meters from the parents' house. The house also served as his office and design office. At first, the larger boats were built outdoor, but in 1872 he had a shed set up at the town side of Tollerodden. After he had built his first small boats, he employed boatbuilders work and became

1170-408: Is 22-30% of the length over the deck. (As opposed to 33-36% for the pilot-boats and the rescue boats). All yachts, except the Asgard , and all pilot-boats, are cutter rigged (one mast). The yachts have their main boom extending the stern for several feet that with a relatively tall mast enhanced performance. (The pilot-boats' boom normally extends the sternpost by one foot. Only the rescue boats and

1235-404: Is no evidence of that, and it is more likely that the Customs house gave name to the peninsula. In the 1660s the Customs revenue grew significantly as Larvik town was expanding and the Customs officer was a wealthy man. The Customs account 1670-71 shows that a building was built, and it became so expensive that it was sold to the officer for a reduced price. It is not documented that this building

1300-401: Is still there. Tollerodden became a popular public area, especially the pond on the south side suited for kids to learn to swim. The Larvik municipality used Customs/Archer house for many different purposes, kindergarten, schools, etc. It ended up as social lodgings with poor maintenance and vandalism and in the early 1990s the municipality wanted to demolish the house. Enthusiast argued against

1365-598: Is today it is a part of the Larvik Museum and is only open in the summer time. The Maritime museum has some of Archers drawings, but most of them are at the museum in Oslo. Larvik does not have a permanent Archer exhibition, but there are plans for a new building for a Colin Archer-center to house both the rescue boat STAVANGER and the pilot boat STRAAHOLMEN. In 1750 a wooden pier was built inside Tollerodden. This

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1430-536: The Larvik citizens all year. 59°02′49″N 10°02′06″E  /  59.047°N 10.035°E  / 59.047; 10.035 Royal Museums Greenwich Royal Museums Greenwich is an organisation comprising four museums in Greenwich , east London , illustrated below. The Royal Museums Greenwich Foundation is a Private Limited Company by guarantee without share capital use of 'Limited' exemption, company number 08002287, incorporated on 22 March 2012. It

1495-515: The Norwegian double-ended pilot-boats from his first boat. The next and biggest pilot-boat improvement came in 1882, when he introduced the ballast keel and carvel building as before used on his yachts. With the improved stability generated by the ballast keel, Archer reduced the beam to 33% as opposed to the traditional 38-40%. The 36-foot boats were outstanding in performance and resisted capsizing. In 1886 his pilot-boats outclassed all others in

1560-408: The Norwegian pilot boats. He gradually became famous for his fast and seaworthy pilot boats with ballast keels and especially for his rescue boats , a larger and heavy weather version of the pilot boats. In 1892 he built the polar ship FRAM that became world famous for its voyages close to both north and south pole. Colin ran his business until 1909, aged 77. His young foreman would have continued

1625-534: The brothers started exploiting areas further north to find better farming land. One place they stopped at was 700 kilometers further north, and northwest of Brisbane. They called the place Eidsvold (spelt the old way with «ld») named after the town where the Norwegian Constitution was formed and signed in 1814. Their settlement is now known as Eidsvold Homestead . They also named an area Tolderodden, now known as Tolderodden Conservation Park. Colin

1690-400: The business in another location if he had not died suddenly that same year. The Tollerodden yard was thereafter used for laying up boats for winter and for boat maintenance. The street that goes in a half circle past the Customs house, was called Tolbodgaten (Customs street) but was later changed to today's name Kirkestredet (Church path). The street leading up to the church from the town side,

1755-400: The demolition and in 1992 a foundation was formed and was given the building. The building is now immaculately restored, and this work revealed hidden building details from the 1790s, totally unknown at the time. Tollerodden has not changed much since the Archer time. The Archer property also have a large garden and park still with the pond, all restored to the Archer time, and popular area for

1820-407: The forefoot was well undercut, Archer's bow lines also became too sharp with a tendency to make the boats "pitchy" and wet. With more undercut forefoot and the displacement curve extending the designed waterline, the lines became fuller and Archer's boats became the seaworthy boats he is known for. We know now that none of these theories are correct, but they did away with the excessively blunt bow of

1885-466: The frames, were made watertight and thus the boat would float and be maneuverable in case of a leak or damage. The boat was rigged as ketch and launched July 1893 as the RS 1 COLIN ARCHER. In service, it was soon realized, that the rescue boats had to sail out with fishing fleets every day. As there were no weather forecasts and no distress signals, the rescue boats had to be at the scene if a storm arrived. As

1950-400: The inside of the frames was also planked (ceiling) with 50 mm pine. This was caulked watertight to the watertight cabin sole (floor) and thus, and floated when the planking got a leak. To minimize pitching to give the boats an easier motion and keep the deck dry, the ballast was concentrated midships, and anchor windlass and chain placed aft of the mast. The rig was ketch (two mast) with

2015-476: The midship section well aft of amidships and thus with sharp bow waterlines. In 1876 he changed Chapman's parabola for the displacement curve, with Scott Russell's wave curves; the sine curve forward and the trochoid curve aft. The change gave designers more freedom in shaping the hull than Scott Russell's theory. Archer's theory did not change Colin Archer's early lines much, more confirmed them. Archer's theory gave fuller bow lines than Scott Russell's, but unless

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2080-454: The nearby surroundings. As the town of Larvik grew, the commercial harbour was moved further out the fjord to the south and Tollerodden is preserved to look like it was in the town's early years. Tollerodden has become world known by the naval architect Colin Archer who was born here and had his boatyard here. He became world famous for his seaworthy pilot and rescue boats and the polar ship FRAM . Tollerodden means «The Customs peninsula» as

2145-400: The new place and Colin thus became part owner of the new farm. The new place was located near to what is now known as Rockhampton and they called their farm Gracemere after one of the brothers' wife. The buildings still exist and is now known as Gracemere Homestead . When the parents were getting old, the brothers in Australia, decided to return home in 18 months shifts to look after them and

2210-460: The old Cod's Head-Mackerel Tail -type. Colin Archer sold several boats to Sweden during the early 1880s and Swedish designers soon adapted the Archer type for pilot-boats and yachts. Norwegian pilot- and fishing boat builders converted to the Archer type after the rescue boat had shown its seaworthiness in 1894. Archer also had customers in Denmark, Germany, Holland and England. In 1904, he built

2275-494: The order. In Norway he bought a 40 feet second-hand double ender. Although built as yacht, the lines were basically of a fishing boat design with a great beam (by 14,5 feet – 36%) and without a ballast keel. It had high bulwarks and the large cockpit that was not self-draining to give access to the engine beneath. Nutting wanted to sail the northerly route to America, and in the boat LEIV ERIKSSON, left Norway at same time as SHANGHAI. Unfortunately, Nutting and his crew were lost without

2340-467: The pilot boat design in 1872. In 1892 several of his pilot-boats rescued fishing boats in a severe off shore gale on the southeast coast of Norway, and after a design competition, he received an order to design a rescue boat for the Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue (Norsk Selskab til Skibbrudnes Redning). This 47-foot boat proved so seaworthy that 33 were built, giving Archer and his shipyard

2405-408: The polar ship Fram . In 1872 Archer wanted to share his knowledge of ship and boat design. He published a 29-page design lecture that included Fredrik Henrik af Chapman 's and John Scott Russell 's theories. This was also good advertising for him that soon gave him orders. Based on his belief in 1873 that shipbuilding is more lucrative than building boats, in 1874, Archer and investors founded

2470-619: The present day. Tollerodden Tollerodden (spelled Tolderodden until 1917) is a peninsula located in the bottom of the Larviksfjorden and a part of the town of Larvik in Larvik Municipality in Vestfold county, along the southeast coast of Norway . The Larviksfjorden is open in the southeast, so Tollerodden was the safest place in Larvik harbour , and thus the town originally started at Tollerodden and

2535-671: The ship was certified by Norwegian authorities for a three-year expedition in the Arctic. Archer's first pilot-boat, 33 feet in length, was built in 1872. Influenced by Scott Russell's theories, it had the midship section 58% from the forward perpendicular as opposed to the traditional position of 44%. The traditional boats were thus of the old blunt Cod's Head-Mackerel Tail -type. They were also beamy and shallow with poor windward abilities. Archer also made his boats deeper with more ballast, built strongly with oak and they soon became known for seaworthiness and speed. Thus he started revolutionizing

2600-772: The shipyard "Laurvig Strandværft" in Rekkevik in the Larvik fjord. At its start, Archer was a 30% owner of the shipyard. Rekkevik lies 3 km from the inner harbour of Larvik where his boatyard was situated at Tollerodden . One of the part owners of the shipyard was a ship owner and ordered the first ship. In 1886 Archer became sole owner of the shipyard. Laurvig Strandværft built four ships to Archer's designs: Archer also designed several three-masted barques 135–155 feet that were used for building seven sailing ships in Arendal 1875-1886 and one in Grimstad in 1887, both towns on

2665-463: The shipyard and the last ship built, was the three masted bark PRIMA, built to himself in 1813. William Archer was a timber and lobster merchant in Scotland. He traded with Norway and in 1819 he visited Norway and Larvik and lived there for long periods as agent for the Scotland business. The business did not go too well, so he decided to emigrate to Larvik and rather be an exporter there. He bought

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2730-456: The south coast. Archer's shipyard also performed repair work and especially conversion and outfitting for polar expeditions. Leon was built 1878–1880 for Herlofson brothers in Arendal. The Herlofsons were a sailing and ship owning family, and Leon remained in the family's ownership until 1894. Leon then changed hands several times among various Norwegian owners. Leon was always rigged as

2795-524: The uncle in New South Wales, a bit inland from Sydney, where they started sheep farming. Eight of the Archer brothers emigrated, the first in 1834. The older Archer brothers , although born in Scotland and some teenagers when emigrated, loved Tollerodden, Larvik and Norway. They therefore named several places they acquired of new land in Australia with Norwegian names. After some years near Sidney,

2860-493: The wind increased, the smallest boats were towed to safety and returned to tow larger boats. The pilots could not be with the fishermen all day so the design chosen for new boats was the large ketch. 33 ketch-rigged rescue boats were built from 1893 to 1924. 28 of the ketches were Archer’s design and 13 were built by Archer. From 1909 – 1924 the last 13 ketches were built in the Risør area (35 n.m. SW of Larvik). Only one rescue boat

2925-408: The work of Fredrik Henrik af Chapman and especially his displacement curve. He also studied John Scott Russell 's theories. His first boats were designed with a combination of Chapman's displacement parabola curve and Scott Russell's positioning of midship section (defined as section with widest beam) that was well aft of amidships and with sharp bow waterlines. Based on this, Archer started to reform

2990-648: The world, including one at Royal Museums Greenwich . The most notable single ship built by Colin Archer was the Fram , used by Fridtjof Nansen in his expedition attempt to the North Pole 1893-96 and by Roald Amundsen 's 1911 historic expedition as the first to the South Pole . Fram is now preserved in the Fram Museum on Bygdøy , Oslo , Norway. In 1886 the 3-masted bark Pollux seal and whaling ship

3055-439: Was at Tollerodden, but timber from today's building, has been dated to have been cut 1667–1668. The location is very central in the harbour, so it was a sensible place to have The Customs office. From 1686 to 1789, four known Customs officers lived there and the house served as the Customs office. In 1794, the building and large property owned by the Customs, was bought by a wealthy ship owner and merchant Hans Falkenberg. The house

3120-585: Was born at Tollerodden in 1832 as the twelfth child. He loved sailing as most youngsters brought up in fjords and the skerries. After school he was apprentice at a shipyard for 18 months. In 1851 Colin's father found a ship bound for America and sent him off to join his elder brothers in Australia. After meeting a brother in California and one in Hawaii, he ended up in Australia after two years travel and adventure. When Colin arrived, they had decided to move to

3185-490: Was built in 1714 as a brick building by a merchant. In 1728 it was severely damaged by fire and extensive repair and changes was done. The house had different uses during the years, but is still in the 1730 rebuild shape. In 1850 the house became the Customs Office. Later, the building was used as a theatre, mineral water factory, knitwear factory and warehouse. In 1962 it became the maritime museum. The Maritime Museum

3250-424: Was built in 1932. A dozen of Archer's design served without an engine until 1940. With engine installed, they served until 1960. Colin Archer built about 60 yachts, each to a unique drawing, half being double-enders and the other half with counter sterns. Many of both double-enders and the counter stern yachts have plum stems. All yachts have more undercut forefoot than the workboats, especially after 1897. The beam

3315-490: Was built to Colin Archer's design in Arendal. In 1897 it was bought by Carsten Borchgrevink , taken to Archer's yard, and fitted out for polar expeditions. Renamed Southern Cross it was sailed to Antarctica during 1898-1900 (the Southern Cross Expedition ), where Borchgrevink made important discoveries and was the first man to step on land on the mainland of Antarctica. Information from this expedition

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3380-414: Was buried ashore. Colin might have thought it would be an easy match to get into the pilot boat marked, but conservatism in the workboats industry was hard to persuade. So, already in 1873, he decided to go for larger ships and bought a part in a yard further out in the Larvik fjord at Rekkevik, called «Laurvig Strandværft» . However, he kept getting orders on pilot boats, so the boatbuilding at Tollerodden

3445-461: Was called Kirkegaten (Church street) but was renamed to Colin Archers gate (street), in 1917, three years before he died. In 1939, the Archer family sold to Larvik municipality. The yard was still used for laying up boats, but the boatsheds and sailmaker's house were pulled down on after one, the latest in the 1970s and the area made into a park area. However, the yards launching slopes were kept and

3510-678: Was contacted by W.W. Nutting, editor of the American magazine MotorBoat and earlier Atkin customer. He wanted a yacht based on Colin Archer’s rescue boats. Atkin designed a 32 feet yacht with lines basically a scaled-down version of Colin Archer’s Mk. III rescue boat, slightly sharper bow lines and with a cutter rig. The design was called ERIC and was published in the Motorboat . Nutting, however, heard that boats were cheaper in Norway and cancelled

3575-553: Was continued as well. In 1877 he published his «Wave-form Theory» for boat and ship design in The Field and had it read for the English Institution of Naval Architects . His theory was a variation of John Scott Russell's world famous «Wave-line Theory» . By questioning this with what many regarded more logic and adopted, Colin Archer became world famous long before he had taken the most important steps in improving

3640-479: Was contracted to produce a map of the Fitzroy River . Their settlement is now known as Gracemere Homestead . In 1861, Archer returned to Larvik and undertook the study of practical and theoretical shipbuilding. He married Karen Sophie Wiborg in 1869 with whom he had five children. Archer designed his vessels in the workroom of his residence at Tollerodden . Before he started building sailboats, he studied

3705-558: Was destroyed many times by storms, so it was early decided to make a solid breakwater of stones. This was first started in 1770 but stopped many times and was not finished until 1805. The breakwater was again damaged several times and several extensive repairs was done. In 1835 it had the shape it has today. Now the harbour give wooden boats priority. There were a small shipyard on town side of Tollerodden, just west of where Colin Archer later had his yard. The ship ovner Falkenberg, owner of Tollerodden (previously Customs house) from 1794, ran

3770-399: Was extensively rebuilt and extended. The roof was angled more by lowering the edge so only ground floor had windows on the sides. At the east end an extension was added as a T-building. This is basically as the building is today. In 1820 it was sold to three ship owners. Larvik Church is located at Tollerodden next to the Customs property. The church was given permission to build in 1668 and

3835-412: Was finished in 1677, the tower been added in 1762. In 1736 Laurvig Hospital, a wooden building, was built next to the church. In 1760 it was replaced with a brick building which is today in its original shape. In the early 18-hundreds, it served as a school and today it is run by a foundation as social lodgings. «Laurvig» is the old way of spelling Larvik and spelling kept for this building. The building

3900-578: Was later used by Roald Amundsen for his expedition to the South Pole. In 1898 the Italian prince and explorer Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi wanted to do polar expeditions. He travelled to Norway and consulted the famous polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen . In 1899 Amedo bought the former whaling vessel Jason , renamed it Stella Polare and took it to Colin Archer's shipyard. The interior

3965-399: Was lost at sea without a trace. Archer made two new plans for rescue boats. The Mk II was built in 1897 has more overhang in the bow profile and thus more flare in the bow sections and a slightly fuller waterline in the bow. Length over deck became 47 feet and the boat had more stability for towing. Mk. III was built in 1908 with 20 cm more beam (34.4%) and a considerably fuller bow, but

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4030-602: Was published. During the early 1920s, a 47 feet yacht was built in China. The lines were based on Colin Archer’s 1908 Mk. III rescue boat plans. The boat was named SHANGHAI and sailed to Denmark in 1923/24 by the Danish owners and sold to an American judge F. DeWitt Wells to undertake a voyage similar to the Vikings to America. In June 1923, plans for SHANGHAI were published in the American magazine MotorBoat . In 1924 William Atkin

4095-548: Was stripped out and new beams, diagonals and knees heavily strengthened the ship. Amedo set off in June 1899 and Stella Polare had a difficult time but survived thanks to Archer's work. In 1899, Archer also fitted Zarya for the Russian polar expedition of 1900–02 . Zarya was strengthened with internal frames and beams, and deckhouses were added. The rig was changed to barkentine (square sail on foremast only). In October 1899

4160-585: Was the English sailor Haig that had already sailed in north Norway and wanted to have a more seaworthy boat to go to Spitsbergen. The lines were narrower version (32% beam) of the Mk. III rescue boat. The rig, however, was cutter with large sail area. The boat was sold to Ralph Stock in 1919 who undertook a cruise around the world with her. In 1921 the popular book The Cruise of the Dream Ship based on Stock's voyage

4225-542: Was the first boat to sail single-handed and non-stop around the world in 1968 Golden Globe Race . Suhaili was very under canvassed and definitely the slowest boat in the race, but as the only one of nine boats to complete the race, she took both first prizes; the first and fastest boat! Another Colin Archer type boat to become very famous in the 1968 Golden Globe Race, was the French sailor and author Bernard Moitessier in his custom-built 39-foot steel ketch Joshua. She had

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