131-481: The Calais Jungle (known officially as Camp de la Lande ) was a refugee and immigrant encampment in the vicinity of Calais , France, that existed from January 2015 to October 2016. There had been other camps known as "jungles" in previous years, but this particular shanty town drew global media attention during the peak of the European migrant crisis in 2015, when its population grew rapidly. Migrants stayed at
262-470: A Facebook post which was shared 60,000 times in a few days. They set up a group called CalAid and collected clothing donations in London . They received hundreds of tents from Reading and Leeds Festivals and took the donations to Calais in a fleet of 40 vans. TV presenter Dawn O'Porter and Radio X presenter Lliana Bird , along with mutual friend Josie Naughton, used their social media capital to organise
393-536: A Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) doctor who had worked in the camp for ten days claimed that the conditions were worse than anything she had seen in African slums . Access to water taps and showers was inadequate. Médecins du Monde stated in July 2015 that there was "insufficient drinking water (30 taps), practically no toilets (20 for 3,000 people), insufficient food , inadequate health care ." Roads could be mapped in
524-484: A Natura 2000 protected nature habitat. From 2000 onwards, the name "jungle" has been used by migrants to describe many encampments and shanty towns around Calais. The use of the word to describe encampments is thought to derive from the Pashto word "dzjangal" which means a forest or wood. The moniker "Calais Jungle" is now most associated with this particular camp that existed from January 2015 to October 2016, located on
655-407: A particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. In 1967 the definition
786-566: A pull factor to the area has been contested by academics. Smaller camps continued to be set up and evicted over the following years, and local volunteers provided aid to migrants. After a visit to the city by French interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve in September 2014, Cazeneuve and the mayor of Calais Natacha Bouchart agreed on opening a day centre in Calais for migrants and a night shelter specifically for women and children . It
917-731: A Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes. When the war ended in May 1945, British and United States civilian authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to the Soviet Union millions of former residents of the USSR, including many persons who had left Russia and established different citizenship decades before. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945 to 1947. At
1048-459: A census they had conducted, suggesting there were "at least 3,450 people in the southern part alone, including 300 unaccompanied children". During the night of 29 February, workers under heavy police guard began to demolish shacks in the encampment. There was some resistance during the eviction and police clashed with migrants and No Border activists who threw stones. About 12 structures were set on fire, some by heat from tear gas canisters fired by
1179-450: A court in Lille to demolish the southern part of the camp. The section to be demolished was an area of 7.5 hectares . There had been a delay in the verdict because charities had petitioned the court to stop the demolition. Local authorities estimated the population of the whole camp to be 3,700, with between 800 and 1,000 affected by the eviction. Aid groups put the number higher according to
1310-710: A criminologist at Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond . In 2010, Kraska estimated 60,000–70,000 no-knock or quick-knock raids were conducted by local police annually, the majority of which were looking for marijuana. In Utah, no-knock warrants made up about 40% of warrants served by SWAT teams in 2014 and 2015, usually for drugs and usually done at night. In Maryland, 90% of SWAT deployments were to serve search warrants, with two-thirds through forced entry. From 2010 through 2016, at least 81 civilians and 13 officers died during SWAT raids, including 31 civilians and eight officers during execution of no-knock warrants. Half of
1441-403: A dawn raid on his home which saw his wife and two children (11 and 2) detained , by jumping out of a first floor window as he feared he would be killed if he was returned to Algeria . After public outcry, his wife and children, both of whom require ongoing medical treatment, were released. On 2 October 2006, Caritas Sony and her two children Heaven (2) and Glad (4 months) were dawn raided with
SECTION 10
#17327658349861572-493: A decree banning the distribution of meals to refugees who had returned to the Jungle in order to prevent the reformation of "fixing points" ( points de fixation ) for refugees to regather. Although she claimed the ban to be a "humanly difficult" decision, Bouchart justified this administrative action by citing the harm that had been inflicted upon Calais and its residents as a result of the informal settlements that had long existed on
1703-477: A derelict and unheated makeshift school building in the camp. Liberal Democrat peer Sheehan had travelled to the camp to witness the eviction. The final stages of the eviction took place on Wednesday, 2 November. An estimated 1,500 people including children had been sleeping for a week in the shipping containers. Buses took the migrants to asylum centres at undisclosed locations across the country. Aid groups later reported that many former jungle residents had moved to
1834-461: A donation and fund-raising Twitter campaign in August 2015, using the hashtag #HelpCalais. For the first five weeks, about 7,000 items were purchased a day from the group's Amazon wish list and within weeks they had raised £50,000. The scale of the response drew the women into further logistical and distribution organisation, out of which the charity Help Refugees was formed. Banksy created
1965-547: A few months later. Migrants were pushed towards this site through the dismantling of other encampments around the city and the area around the Jules Ferry Centre became a "tolerated zone" where migrants camped. It is this site that developed into the Calais Jungle. The Calais Jungle was located on a former landfill site in a Seveso zone . The land had been polluted by industrial waste and had been designated
2096-704: A highway where they could stow away on vehicles bound for Britain. Migrants have gathered around Calais since at least the 1990s. A refugee centre opened in 1999 and had been administered by the French Red Cross at Sangatte , but rapidly became overcrowded. After the Sangatte facility was closed in November 2002 by Nicolas Sarkozy (then the French Minister of the Interior ) under pressure from
2227-504: A long history: Ovid was sent to Tomis ; Voltaire was sent to England. By the 1648 Peace of Westphalia , nations recognized each other's sovereignty . However, it was not until the advent of romantic nationalism in late 18th-century Europe that nationalism gained sufficient prevalence for the phrase country of nationality to become practically meaningful, and for border crossing to require that people provide identification. The term "refugee" sometimes applies to people who might fit
2358-762: A metal battering ram. They were taken to Dungavel prior to intended deportation to the Democratic Republic of Congo , where Caritas had been raped and tortured before fleeing to the UK. After a strong campaign, Caritas and her family were eventually released. On 3 October 2006, the Uzun family managed to avoid being detained during a dawn raid, as they were absent at the time. They had gone to demonstrate solidarity with Caritas Sony. On 4 October 2006, Cem and Betsy Coban together with their two children, aged 14 and 3, were dawn raided. Cem Cobain threatened to jump from
2489-529: A mural called The Son of a Migrant from Syria in the camp in December 2015, featuring Steve Jobs as a migrant. Prior to the eviction of the southern section of the camp , playwright Tom Stoppard and actors Jude Law , Tom Odell and Toby Jones performed in the camp at the end of February 2016 to draw attention to the eviction. The performance was organised by Letters Live in the Good Change theatre,
2620-921: A new frontier between the Soviet Union and Poland approximately at the Curzon Line , despite the protestations from the Polish government-in-exile in London and the western Allies at the Teheran Conference and the Yalta Conference of February 1945. After the German surrender on 7 May 1945, the Allies occupied the remainder of Germany, and the Berlin declaration of 5 June 1945 confirmed the unfortunate division of Allied-occupied Germany according to
2751-433: A one-year-old child, had paid €2,500 (£1,825) – and her husband the same – to sail to Italy , but her husband had drowned during the journey . Migrants risk their lives when they try to climb aboard or travel on lorries, occasionally falling off and breaking bones; some fatalities en route are also recorded. In September 2016, workers began building a barrier, dubbed "The Great Wall Of Calais", to block refugees from accessing
SECTION 20
#17327658349862882-472: A person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the UNHCR if they formally make a claim for asylum . Internally Displaced People (IDPs) are often called refugees, but they are distinguished from refugees because they have not crossed an international border, although their reasons for leaving their home may be the same as those of refugees. In English,
3013-482: A person who sought sanctuary in a holy place could not be harmed without inviting divine retribution was familiar to the ancient Greeks and ancient Egyptians . However, the right to seek asylum in a church or other holy place was first codified in law by King Æthelberht of Kent in about AD 600. Similar laws were implemented throughout Europe in the Middle Ages . The related concept of political exile also has
3144-1009: A political stance. Senior Church of England figures such as the Bishop of Leeds , the Dean of Durham and the Archbishop of Canterbury said they fully supported the program. In 2016, a different church and a mosque were demolished by the authorities. A number of NGOs worked to provide refugee relief, including the French associations L'Aubergue des Migrants, Salam, Secours Catholique , and Utopia 56. A number of foreign NGOs were also present, including Help Refugees (working in partnership with L'Auberge des Migrants), Refugee Community Kitchen, Calais Kitchens, Belgium Kitchen, Calais Action , Care4Calais, and Refugee Info Bus. Between them they provided food, material aid, legal information, sanitation and shelter. Educational services were provided by Jungle Books,
3275-653: A refugee at this time was an individual with either a Nansen passport or a " certificate of identity " issued by the International Refugee Organization. The Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 15 December 1946, specified the agency's field of operations. Controversially, this defined "persons of German ethnic origin" who had been expelled, or were to be expelled from their countries of birth into
3406-491: A report in April 2016 called The Long Wait: Filling the data gaps relating to refugees and displaced people in the Calais camp . It stated that 75.9% of the 870 refugees surveyed said they had experienced police violence , a category including physical and sexual violence , verbal abuse and misuse of tear gas . A similar figure (76.7%) reported health issues resulting from living in the Jungle. According to The Long Wait , at
3537-647: A result of deportation policy of Armenia against ethnic Azerbaijanis. During the 1948 Palestine War , some 700,000 Palestinian Arabs or 85% of the Palestinian Arab population of territories that became Israel fled or were expelled from their homes by the Israelis. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) was founded on 20 April 1946, and took over the functions of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration , which
3668-528: A result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . These refugees are assisted by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). UNHCR also provides protection and assistance to other categories of displaced persons: asylum seekers, refugees who returned home voluntarily but still need help rebuilding their lives, local civilian communities directly affected by large refugee movements, stateless people and so-called internally displaced people (IDPs), as well as people in refugee-like and IDP-like situations. The agency
3799-530: A similar loss of contact with nearly 130 children earlier in the year during the March 2016 demolition of the southern part of the Jungle, raising global concerns of exploitation and trafficking. A few months after the demolition of the Jungle's northern zone, migrants began to return to the area, particularly those who had been refused asylum by the British government. According to figures provided by Le Monde , of
3930-593: A sizeable number of migrants are still present. Migrants based in Calais were attempting to enter the United Kingdom via the Port of Calais or the Channel Tunnel by stowing away on lorries, ferries, cars, or trains. Some migrants were attempting to return to the United Kingdom having once lived there, whilst others were attempting to enter the British labour market to find under-the-table work , which
4061-579: A space set up by British volunteers the previous year and included readings by camp residents. Popstar Lily Allen visited in summer 2016 at the instigation of a friend who runs a migrant charity. She apologised to a 13-year-old child migrant , Shamsher, on behalf of the UK; Shamsher later entered the UK in October 2016. Assaults on migrants near the Jungle were reported on several occasions. Seven attackers belonging to anti-migrant movements and armed with iron bars and electric batons were arrested during
Calais Jungle - Misplaced Pages Continue
4192-460: A stabbing). Two hundred police officers, seventy firefighters and eleven ambulances responded to the scene; French authorities opened an investigation. At the time, Deutsche Welle estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people lived in the camp. During the summer, the population of the camp surpassed the highest number of the previous year. According to a July 2016 census by Help Refugees , the camp was populated by 7,307 migrants, of which 761 were minors with
4323-634: Is a refugee. An article in the foreign press describes this: The agency defines Palestinian refugees as “persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict.” In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to include all descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship elsewhere. This classification process
4454-437: Is a type of police raid performed under a no-knock warrant . No-knock warrants are controversial for various reasons, and have seen increased usage from the 1960s on. There have been many cases where armed homeowners, believing that they are being invaded, have shot at officers, resulting in deaths on both sides. The number of no-knock raids has increased from 3,000 in 1981 to more than 50,000 in 2005, according to Peter Kraska,
4585-559: Is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States. Refugee resettlement is defined as "an organized process of selection, transfer and arrival of individuals to another country. This definition is restrictive, as it does not account for
4716-486: Is inconsistent with how all other refugees in the world are classified, including the definition used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the laws concerning refugees in the United States." Police raid A police raid is an unexpected visit by police or other law enforcement officers with the aim of using the element of surprise to seize evidence or arrest suspects believed to be likely to hide evidence , resist arrest , endanger
4847-427: Is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and to resolve refugee problems worldwide. Its primary purpose is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another state or territory and to offer "durable solutions" to refugees and refugee hosting countries. Unlike other refugee groups,
4978-567: Is more difficult in France. Some migrants lived in the camp while seeking asylum in France, a choice they made because the French system did not provide for them while their claim was being processed, leaving them homeless for the duration. One migrant from Egypt , a politics graduate, told The Guardian that he had "paid $ 3,000 (£2,000) to leave Egypt, risked my life on a boat to Italy spending days at sea" and that in one month he had tried 20 times to reach England; another, an Eritrean woman with
5109-438: Is sometimes included in this process, but the focus is generally on short‐term survival needs rather than long‐term career planning." Refugee integration means "a dynamic, long‐term process in which a newcomer becomes a full and equal participant in the receiving society... Compared to the general construct of settlement, refugee integration has a greater focus on social, cultural and structural dimensions. This process includes
5240-471: The 1951 Refugee Convention , is disputed. Additionally, academics have critiqued the lack of a theoretical basis of refugee studies and dominance of policy-oriented research. In response, scholars have attempted to steer the field toward establishing a theoretical groundwork of refugee studies through "situating studies of particular refugee (and other forced migrant) groups in the theories of cognate areas (and major disciplines), [providing] an opportunity to use
5371-644: The Allies of World War II created the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to provide aid to areas liberated from Axis powers of World War II , including parts of Europe and China. By the end of the War, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. UNRRA was involved in returning over seven million refugees, then commonly referred to as displaced persons or DPs, to their country of origin and setting up displaced persons camps for one million refugees who refused to be repatriated. Even two years after
Calais Jungle - Misplaced Pages Continue
5502-696: The League of Nations in 1921 from the Commission for Refugees. Following World War II and in response to the large numbers of people fleeing Eastern Europe , the United Nations passed the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . It defines "refugee" in Article 1.A.2 as any person who: owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of
5633-607: The Reich Citizenship Law of 1935. On 4 July 1936 an agreement was signed under League auspices that defined a refugee coming from Germany as "any person who was settled in that country, who does not possess any nationality other than German nationality, and in respect of whom it is established that in law or in fact he or she does not enjoy the protection of the Government of the Reich" (article 1). The mandate of
5764-622: The UK government , a "jungle" camp was established in the woods around the Port of Calais, along with various other camps that sprung up around the city before being torn down by the authorities. The large camp lasted until April 2009, when the French authorities launched a raid, arresting 190 people and using bulldozers to destroy tents. By July 2009, the camp had been re-established, and the BBC estimated it held around 800 inhabitants. French authorities closed down
5895-663: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) itself, in addition to the 1951 definition, recognizes the following persons as refugees: who are outside their country of nationality or habitual residence and unable to return there owing to serious and indiscriminate threats to life, physical integrity or freedom resulting from generalized violence or events seriously disturbing public order. The European Union passed minimum standards as part of its definition of refugee, underlined by article 2 (c) of Directive No. 2004/83/EC, essentially reproducing
6026-804: The first Edict of Fontainebleau in 1540. The word appeared in the English language when French Huguenots fled to Britain in large numbers after the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau (the revocation of the 1598 Edict of Nantes ) in France and the 1687 Declaration of Indulgence in England and Scotland. The word meant "one seeking asylum", until around 1916, when it evolved to mean "one fleeing home", applied in this instance to civilians in Flanders heading west to escape fighting in World War I . The first modern definition of an international refugee status came with
6157-404: The 1,934 minors who had left Calais in 2016, only 468 had been accepted to the U.K., leaving the vast majority of these underage refugees either stranded or missing. Help Refugees reported that by mid-January 2017 between 500 and 1,000 migrants, mostly unaccompanied minors, were living rough in Calais. In February 2017, the mayor of Calais, Natacha Bouchart , faced global controversy for signing
6288-560: The 1933 Refugee Convention, an early, and relatively modest, attempt at a human rights charter, and in general assisted around one million refugees worldwide. The rise of Nazism led to such a very large increase in the number of refugees from Germany that in 1933 the League created a high commission for refugees coming from Germany. Besides other measures by the Nazis which created fear and flight, Jews were stripped of German citizenship by
6419-486: The 1951 definition, which the Organization of African Unity adopted in 1969: Every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality. The 1984
6550-941: The British authorities closed that destination in 1939. On 31 December 1938 both the Nansen Office and High Commission were dissolved and replaced by the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League. This coincided with the flight of 500,000 Spanish Republicans, soldiers as well as civilians, to France after their defeat by the Nationalists in 1939 in the Spanish Civil War . The conflict and political instability during World War II led to massive numbers of refugees (see World War II evacuation and expulsion ). In 1943,
6681-522: The Communist government. It is estimated that about 800,000 Russian refugees became stateless when Lenin revoked citizenship for all Russian expatriates in 1921. In 1923, the mandate of the commission was expanded to include the more than one million Armenians who left Turkish Asia Minor in 1915 and 1923 due to a series of events now known as the Armenian genocide . Over the next several years,
SECTION 50
#17327658349866812-793: The Dawn Raids at the Auckland Town Hall on 26 June 2021. In January 2007 Ruth Turner was arrested in a dawn raid as part of the investigation into the Cash for Peerages affair. Senior Labour politicians criticised the move; but their concern about this has been contrasted by their lack of concern at other dawn raids. In September 2005, Manuelo Bravo killed himself following a dawn raid. He and his son (13) were detained in Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre where he had been threatened with deportation to Angola , where he feared his life
6943-671: The Ecole Laïque chemins des dunes and by Edlumino . Specialist services for women and children were run by the Unofficial Women's and Children's Centre and the Refugee Youth Service. NGOs also provided recreation: such as a boxing club and the Good Chance Theatre, which ran from a dome doubling as a community space for other activities. In January 2016, French authorities opened a new area in
7074-738: The High Commission was subsequently expanded to include persons from Austria and Sudetenland , which Germany annexed after 1 October 1938 in accordance with the Munich Agreement . According to the Institute for Refugee Assistance, the actual count of refugees from Czechoslovakia on 1 March 1939 stood at almost 150,000. Between 1933 and 1939, about 200,000 Jews fleeing Nazism were able to find refuge in France, while at least 55,000 Jews were able to find refuge in Palestine before
7205-531: The Jungle contained shops, restaurants, hairdressers, schools, places of worship and a boxing club. The Government of France initially tolerated the camp, later opting to rehouse 1,500 migrants in shipping containers to be used as shelters on the north-eastern side of the site. In February 2016, they evicted the southern sector of the Jungle and there were several arrests. The Jungle received local support and international solidarity from activists, artists, intellectuals and grassroots aid organisations . The camp
7336-463: The Jungle. On Monday, 24 October 2016, the Government of France began the final major eviction at dawn. It was planned that 6,400 migrants would be moved from the Jungle to 280 temporary reception centres around France, in 170 buses. Although the days leading up to the closure of the northern zone were marked by violent clashes between the police and refugees, news outlets asserted that the day of
7467-425: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established on 14 December 1950. It protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in providing durable solutions, such as return or resettlement . All refugees in the world are under UNHCR mandate except Palestinian refugees , who fled the current state of Israel between 1947 and 1949, as
7598-819: The Pacific community including the Polynesian Panthers , the Labour Party , and Pacific governments, the raids were abandoned by the National Government. In April 2021, members of the Pasifika community called for an official apology, describing the dawn raids as "government‑sanctioned racism". In mid-June 2021, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern confirmed that the New Zealand Government would formally apologise for
7729-439: The Polish western border as that of 1937, placing one fourth of Germany's territory under the Provisional Polish administration . Article XII ordered that the remaining German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary be transferred west in an "orderly and humane" manner. Although not approved by Allies at Potsdam, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans living in Yugoslavia and Romania were deported to slave labour in
7860-433: The Soviet Union, to Allied-occupied Germany , and subsequently to the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ), Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ). This entailed the largest population transfer in history. In all 15 million Germans were affected, and more than two million perished during the expulsions of the German population . (See Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) .) Between
7991-419: The U.K. Although Parisian authorities initially threatened uncooperative migrants with incarceration in administrative detention centers, upon a reevaluation of capacity, migrants were permitted to leave by themselves from Calais either by foot or by train. Whilst some migrants relocated to a camp in Grande-Synthe , many fled to informal settlements in rural areas across northern France. On Thursday, 27 October,
SECTION 60
#17327658349868122-517: The U.K., particularly impacting unaccompanied minors with decreased access to information about their rights. UNITED for Intercultural Action lists more than 40 migrant deaths in and around Calais during the time of the Jungle. Causes of death include suffocation in the back of a lorry, being hit by a vehicle (including train), beaten to death by people smugglers , killed during a fight between migrants, drowning , suspected heart attack , and suspected murder by right-wing extremists . In 2015,
8253-526: The UK . The authorities stated the fingerprints were taken for security reasons. Local citizens, No Borders activists and thousands of volunteers making up local and foreign grassroots organisations supported migrants in the camp, as did a number of academics, artists and celebrities. Libération published an open letter in support of the migrants on 20 October 2015, signed by 800 film-makers and intellectuals. Jaz O'Hara visited with her boyfriend during summer 2015 and decided to collect donations after writing
8384-429: The UK and French governments were condemned by aid workers from groups such as Help Refugees and Save the Children for not respecting the human rights of children . The 200 unaccompanied children, aged 14 to 17, had been lured out of the camp by promises of transport to an asylum centre but were then abandoned. After Baroness Sheehan had intervened, a number of the children ended up being told by police to return to
8515-446: The UN created a specific entity called the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) in the aftermath of the war in 1948, which led to a serious refugee crisis in the Arab region, and was responsible for the displacement of 700,000 Palestinian refugees. This number has gone up to at least 5 million refugees in the last 70 years. The United Nations defines Palestinian refugees as "persons whose normal place of residence
8646-436: The Yalta Conference, which stipulated the continued existence of the German Reich as a whole, which would include its eastern territories as of 31 December 1937. This did not impact on Poland's eastern border, and Stalin refused to be removed from these eastern Polish territories . In the last months of World War II, about five million German civilians from the German provinces of East Prussia , Pomerania and Silesia fled
8777-570: The acquisition of legal rights, mastering the language and culture, reaching safety and stability, developing social connections and establishing the means and markers of integration, such as employment, housing and health." Refugee workforce integration is understood to be "a process in which refugees engage in economic activities (employment or self‐employment) which are commensurate with individuals' professional goals and previous qualifications and experience, and provide adequate economic security and prospects for career advancement." The idea that
8908-428: The advance of the Red Army from the east and became refugees in Mecklenburg , Brandenburg and Saxony . Since the spring of 1945, the Poles had been forcefully expelling the remaining German population in these provinces. When the Allies met in Potsdam on 17 July 1945 at the Potsdam Conference , a chaotic refugee situation faced the occupying powers. The Potsdam Agreement , Article VIII signed on 2 August 1945, defined
9039-413: The area. A hostile environment is created for the migrants, with migrants and NGOs supporting migrants reporting violence from the police and the local administration occasionally banning the distribution of food and water to migrants. On 11 October 2021, a Jesuit priest and two fellow activists started a hunger strike to ask the authorities to stop mistreatments of migrants. The site of the Calais Jungle
9170-497: The balcony of his 20th storey flat rather than be deported to an uncertain future in Turkey , but after 3 hours of negotiations with Strathclyde Police he was eventually led away by immigration officials. Betsy was taken to hospital with complications related to a heart condition. On 19 March 2007, Max and Onoya Waku and their three children, aged 14, 11 and 4, were dawn raided by immigration officers and taken to Dungavel detention centre. They were later released. A no-knock raid
9301-419: The camp and some lighting was installed through its centre; although most of the camp was unlit, residents reported feeling vulnerable at night. Residents built dwellings and set up amenities, including shops, restaurants, hair dressers and places of worship. Food critic A. A. Gill ate at a nameless restaurant run by Mohammed Ali from Peshawar , rating both food and atmosphere four out of five, commenting that
9432-421: The camp in a September 2009 dawn raid and detained 276 people. Conditions in these camps were poor, typically without proper sanitary or washing facilities and accommodation consisting of tents and improvised shelters. Food was supplied by charity kitchens . The French authorities faced a dilemma of addressing humanitarian needs without attracting additional migrants. The notion of humanitarian aid provision being
9563-516: The camp while they attempted to enter the United Kingdom , or while they waited for their French asylum claims to be processed. The camp was located on a former landfill site to the east of Calais. By July 2015, it had 3,000 inhabitants and continued to grow. Although estimates of the number of migrants differed, a Help Refugees census gave a figure of 8,143 people just before the camp's demolition in October 2016. As well as residences,
9694-480: The camp, slowed traffic entering the port of Calais and demanded the closure of the Jungle. The protesters blockaded the A16 with lorries and agricultural vehicles. Camp residents experienced hostility from the police. While the camp was initially tolerated by the authorities, opposition grew and culminated in the final eviction of the camp in October 2016. On 25 February 2016, the French government received approval from
9825-539: The camp, such as 3,569 who were "welcomed to France". At the end of February 2016, the BBC noted that there were differing figures for the population: "Calais officials say it houses 3,700, while Help Refugees puts it at 5,497". Aid organisations put discrepancies between their and the authorities' figures down to different counting methods and a reluctance from migrants to speak to border police . Refugee Rights Data Project (RRDP, later known as Refugee Rights Europe) released
9956-563: The camp. Aid associations said the overcrowding also resulted in inter-community tensions. In September 2016, the Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve announced that the northern zone of the Calais Jungle would be dismantled and that the entirety of the Jungle would be closed until the end of the year. Refugees were informed of the government's decision through the distribution of thousands of leaflets throughout
10087-548: The city's outskirts. The act was denounced by humanitarian organizations including Utopia 56 and L'Auberge des Migrants, who argued that humanitarian aid to refugees residing in Calais would provide a safer and healthier environment for refugees and permanent residents, particularly by preventing hunger-driven theft and infectious diseases. Human Rights Watch published a report in July 2017 called Like Living in Hell , documenting what it described as continuing human rights abuses by
10218-450: The civilians killed were minorities. Of those subject to SWAT search warrants, 42% are black and 12% are Hispanic. Since 2011, at least seven federal lawsuits against officers executing no-knock warrants have been settled for over $ 1 million. Dawn raids are a tactic often used by law enforcement agencies in the United States. High-profile dawn raids include: During the Nazi occupation of
10349-455: The commission. Its most notable achievement was the Nansen passport , a refugee travel document , for which it was awarded the 1938 Nobel Peace Prize . The Nansen Office was plagued by problems of financing, an increase in refugee numbers, and a lack of co-operation from some member states, which led to mixed success overall. However, the Nansen Office managed to lead fourteen nations to ratify
10480-539: The containers were enclosed by a metal fence and it was necessary to give a fingerprint to gain access . Under the Dublin Regulation an asylum seeker must seek asylum in the EU Member State where they first gave their fingerprints and they may not seek asylum elsewhere, thus some migrants were concerned that if their fingerprints were taken in France they would then not be able to claim asylum in
10611-592: The country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s. Most European refugees (principally Jews and Slavs) fleeing the Nazis and the Soviet Union were barred from going to the United States until after World War II, when Congress enacted the temporary Displaced Persons Act in 1948. In 1930, the Nansen International Office for Refugees (Nansen Office) was established as a successor agency to
10742-607: The definition outlined by the 1951 Convention, were it applied retroactively. There are many candidates. For example, after the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685 outlawed Protestantism in France, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, South Africa , Germany and Prussia . The repeated waves of pogroms that swept Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries prompted mass Jewish emigration (more than 2 million Russian Jews emigrated in
10873-671: The demolition of the Jungle in 2016, there has been a policy of "no fixation points" for migrants to settle in, aiming to stop another large camp from forming. Police, including the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS), and clearance teams regularly evict migrants from their makeshift camps with new encampments later forming in another or the same location. The encampments are dangerous due to exposure and poor living conditions resulting in health difficulties. The United Nations has repeatedly spoken out about what its experts say are unacceptable conditions for migrants in
11004-523: The eastern edge of Calais , under 500 metres (1,600 ft) away from the Port of Calais and next to the N216 bypass , used by vehicles approaching or leaving the ferry terminal. It was tolerated by the French authorities who officially referred to it as the Camp de la Lande (" Lande " meaning " heath " or " moor ", referring to the geography and location of the site, a sandy area of flats and dunes outside
11135-520: The end of War and the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961, more than 563,700 refugees from East Germany traveled to West Germany for asylum from the Soviet occupation . During the same period, millions of former Russian citizens were forcefully repatriated against their will into the USSR. On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the Yalta Conference , the United States and United Kingdom signed
11266-624: The end of War, some 850,000 people still lived in DP camps across Western Europe. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, Israel accepted more than 650,000 Jewish refugees by 1950. By 1953, over 250,000 refugees were still in Europe, most of them old, infirm, crippled, or otherwise disabled. After the Soviet armed forces captured eastern Poland from the Germans in 1944, the Soviets unilaterally declared
11397-662: The end of World War II, there were more than 5 million "displaced persons" from the Soviet Union in Western Europe . About 3 million had been forced laborers ( Ostarbeiters ) in Germany and occupied territories. The Soviet POWs and the Vlasov men were put under the jurisdiction of SMERSH (Death to Spies). Of the 5.7 million Soviet prisoners of war captured by the Germans, 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by
11528-453: The end of the war. The survivors on their return to the USSR were treated as traitors (see Order No. 270 ). Over 1.5 million surviving Red Army soldiers imprisoned by the Nazis were sent to the Gulag . Poland and Soviet Ukraine conducted population exchanges following the imposition of a new Poland-Soviet border at the Curzon Line in 1944. About 2,100,000 Poles were expelled west of
11659-444: The eviction was much calmer than during the southern zone's closure earlier in the spring. The prefect of Pas-de-Calais , Fabienne Buccio, announced on Wednesday, 26 October, that the camp had been cleared, but news reporters stated there were still adults in the camp and unaccompanied children were waiting to be processed, the latter of whose information was forwarded to the British government in order to connect them to relatives in
11790-423: The final eviction. In July 2017, Human Rights Watch (HRW) presented its findings on police violence in Calais based on interviews conducted with more than 60 temporary residents, half of whom were unaccompanied minors. In the international NGO's report, it revealed that there was an unregulated use of pepper spray by Calais police throughout the Jungle, resulting not only in the physical and psychological trauma of
11921-464: The government set up an official day centre , initially consisting of three military tents in the car park of a former children's holiday camp , the Jules Ferry Centre. Located on the eastern outskirts of the city, this was the first permanent site for migrants in the area since the camp at Sangatte. It was run by La Vie Active and was set up as a place from which food could be distributed, with overnight accommodation for up to 500 women and children added
12052-494: The homes and workplaces of overstayers throughout New Zealand, usually at dawn. Overstayers and their families were often prosecuted and then deported back to their countries. The Dawn raids were particularly controversial, because despite the fact that Pacific Islanders only made up one-third of visa over-stayers, they accounted for 86% of those arrested and prosecuted. The majority of over-stayers were from Great Britain , Australia , and South Africa . Due to opposition from
12183-419: The increasing prevalence of unmanaged migration processes." The term refugee relocation refers to "a non‐organized process of individual transfer to another country." Refugee settlement refers to "the process of basic adjustment to life ‒ often in the early stages of transition to the new country ‒ including securing access to housing, education, healthcare, documentation and legal rights [and] employment
12314-859: The issue of asylum, moving away from dawn raiding asylum seekers, to detaining families at reporting centres; however, dawn raids have continued. In 2002, Yurdugal Ay and her children were suddenly removed from their home by immigration officials and taken to Dungavel detention centre in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. They were all put together in one room where they lived for a year. In September 2005, Isen and Nexhi Vucaj were dawn raided together with their three teenage children. They were taken to Yarl's Wood Immigration Removal Centre before being deported to Albania . On 8 February 2006, Lutfu and Gultan Akyol and their two children, aged 10 and 6, were dawn raided after home office officials battered down their door. They were taken to Dungavel following
12445-468: The main course was "a properly, cleverly crafted and wholly unexpected dish, made with finesse". After an appeal by NGOs to the court in Lille that the amenities were vital for feeding residents, a judge blocked authorities from attempting to raze restaurants and shops in August 2016, ruling there was no legal basis for the demolitions. St. Michael's Church (also known as the Ethiopian Church)
12576-593: The mandate was expanded further to cover Assyrians and Turkish refugees. In all of these cases, a refugee was defined as a person in a group for which the League of Nations had approved a mandate, as opposed to a person to whom a general definition applied. The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey involved about two million people (around 1.5 million Anatolian Greeks and 500,000 Muslims in Greece) most of whom were forcibly repatriated and denaturalized from homelands of centuries or millennia (and guaranteed
12707-563: The means and instruments used in the commission of a crime." Dawn raids were a common event in Auckland , New Zealand, during a crackdown on illegal overstayers from the Pacific Islands from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. The raids were first introduced in 1973 by Norman Kirk 's Labour government and were continued by Robert Muldoon 's National government . These operations involved special police squads conducting raids on
12838-422: The migrants in Calais were young men with an average age of 33, with an increase in the number unaccompanied children (517 in 2014, eight times more than in 2011). Many migrants later moved to smaller camps near Calais and Dunkirk . As of November 2015, there were an estimated 6,000 migrants living in Calais, policed by over 1,000 officers. That winter, the number of arrivals decreased while a number of migrants left
12969-622: The narrow definition of refugee offered by the UN 1951 Convention. Nevertheless, by virtue of articles 2 (e) and 15 of the same Directive, persons who have fled a war-caused generalized violence are, at certain conditions, eligible for a complementary form of protection, called subsidiary protection . The same form of protection is foreseen for displaced people who, without being refugees, are nevertheless exposed, if returned to their countries of origin, to death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatments. UNRWA has an alternate definition of what
13100-661: The nationality of the destination country) by a treaty promoted and overseen by the international community as part of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) . The U.S. Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at further restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially Jews , Italians and Slavs , who had begun to enter
13231-592: The new border (see Repatriation of Poles ), while about 450,000 Ukrainians were expelled to the east of the new border. The population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred from September 1944 to May 1946 (see Repatriation of Ukrainians ). A further 200,000 Ukrainians left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily between 1944 and 1945. According to the report of the U.S. Committee for Refugees (1995), 10 to 15 percent of 7.5 million Azerbaijani population were refugees or displaced people. Most of them were 228,840 refugee people of Azerbaijan who fled from Armenia in 1988 as
13362-493: The night of 10 February 2016 at Loon-Plage . On 22 February 2016, four other people were arrested on suspicion of assaults against migrants. On 9 March 2016, five people were arrested, three of whom had already been arrested at Loon-Plage on 10 February. The five men were allegedly involved in at least seven attacks on migrants. On 5 September 2016, truck drivers , local farmers , and trade unionists , protesting against what they saw as "wilful destruction" by migrants residing in
13493-557: The northeastern part of the jungle. They had earlier cleared tents and shacks from this area and erected 125 metal shipping containers in their place, converting them into housing units for up to 1,500 migrants. Shipping containers, rather than more permanent structures, were chosen because the sand dunes are unfit for permanent foundations . The containers were white and furnished with bunk beds , windows, and heaters, but had no running water or sanitary facilities (toilets and showers were made available at an existing nearby facility). At
13624-533: The particular circumstances of refugee situations to illuminate these more general theories and thus participate in the development of social science, rather than leading refugee studies into an intellectual cul-de-sac." Thus, the term refugee in the context of refugee studies can be referred to as "legal or descriptive rubric", encompassing socioeconomic backgrounds, personal histories, psychological analyses, and spiritualities. Headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland,
13755-462: The perimeter of the city). By September 2014, The Guardian estimated that there were 1,300 migrants in Calais, mostly from Eritrea , Somalia and Syria . In 2015, during the peak of the European migrant crisis , the numbers began to grow. Migrants arrived from Afghanistan , Darfur , Iraq and other conflict zones . By July 2015, The Telegraph reported that the "new jungle" had 3,000 inhabitants. Médecins du Monde stated in 2015 that 62% of
13886-758: The period 1881–1920). Between the Crimean War of 1853–56 and World War I, at least 2.5 million Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees, primarily from Russia and the Balkans. The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 caused 800,000 people to leave their homes. Various groups of people were officially designated refugees beginning in World War I. However, when the First World War began, there were no rules in international law specifically dealing with
14017-456: The police against children and adult migrants in the region. It stated that nine months after the eviction, around 500 migrants remained living around Calais. Having interviewed over 60 migrants and more than 20 aid workers, the report noted that police, particularly the CRS (French riot police ), were routinely spraying migrants, their possessions and their food and water with pepper spray . Since
14148-447: The police, others by residents of the structures being demolished. Protests continued into the evening, when migrants blocked the nearby road. Three No Border activists and another person were arrested. According to aid associations, 80% of people whose shelters were demolished in the eviction relocated to the remaining part of the camp, resulting in overcrowding and caused MSF to become increasingly concerned about health conditions within
14279-431: The population growing by 50 people a day on average. By September, the state estimated the population at 6,901, while local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) put it at 9,000 – a figure accepted by Mayor Bouchart . It was estimated that the population reached 10,000 before the camp's demolition. Help Refugees' final count put the population of the camp at 8,143 in October 2016. More than 1,000 police were deployed during
14410-600: The postwar Germany, as individuals who would "not be the concern of the Organization." This excluded from its purview a group that exceeded in number all the other European displaced persons put together. Also, because of disagreements between the Western allies and the Soviet Union, the IRO only worked in areas controlled by Western armies of occupation. With the occurrence of major instances of diaspora and forced migration ,
14541-470: The present. Most notably in 1988, the Journal of Refugee Studies was established as the field's first major interdisciplinary journal. The emergence of refugee studies as a distinct field of study has been criticized by scholars due to terminological difficulty. Since no universally accepted definition for the term "refugee" exists, the academic respectability of the policy-based definition, as outlined in
14672-453: The public or officers if approached through other means, or simply be elsewhere at another time. Various tactics are used by law enforcement in raids that often vary based on available equipment, situational factors, laws, and police powers . The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) defines a police raid as "a sudden appearance by officers for the purpose of arresting suspected law violators and seizing contraband and
14803-680: The raid In June 2006, Sakchai Makao, a 23-year-old man from Thailand, was dawn raided in Lerwick . A third of the Shetland Island population signed a petition to have him released. He was eventually released two weeks later. The campaign to free him later won the Scottish politician of the year award. On 12 July 2006, Servat and Sakine Temel and their three children were dawn raided and taken to England awaiting deportation to Turkey . In September 2006, Azzadine Benai escaped during
14934-492: The refugees, but also the spoilage of their food and water, an act which the interviewed refugees alleged as intentional. In a broader report published earlier in the month, "Nobody Deserves to Live This Way!", the Human Trafficking Foundation (HTF) noted that the hostilities of the French government and police towards Calais refugees were meant to deter them from initiating the process to seek asylum in
15065-401: The regional, non-binding Latin-American Cartagena Declaration on Refugees included the following definition of refugees: persons who have fled their country because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public order. As of 2011
15196-511: The situation of refugees. The first international co-ordination of refugee affairs came with the creation by the League of Nations in 1921 of the High Commission for Refugees and the appointment of Fridtjof Nansen as its head. Nansen and the commission were charged with assisting the approximately 1,500,000 people who fled the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent civil war (1917–1921), most of them aristocrats fleeing
15327-399: The slogan of "No one is illegal". There has been speculation that the practice may be coming to an end for asylum seekers following criticisms from a wide range of people. On 1 February 2007 the deputy First Minister, Nichol Stephen condemned the practise of dawn raids describing them as "unacceptable and unnecessary." Some have speculated that this is part of a wider change in tactics on
15458-418: The streets of Paris . A month after the demolition, the Refugee Youth Service (RYS) reported that while a little over half of the migrant children on its caseload had been relocated into French children's homes, another third—approximately 60 children—could no longer be located by child protection officers since being removed from the camp. The mass disappearance of these children from RYS surveillance echoed
15589-601: The study of their causes and implications has emerged as a legitimate interdisciplinary area of research, and began to rise by mid to late 20th century, after World War II . Although significant contributions had been made before, the latter half of the 20th century saw the establishment of institutions dedicated to the study of refugees, such as the Association for the Study of the World Refugee Problem, which
15720-406: The term refugee derives from the root word refuge , from Old French refuge , meaning "hiding place". It refers to "shelter or protection from danger or distress", from Latin fugere , "to flee", and refugium , "a taking [of] refuge, place to flee back to". In Western history, the term was first applied to French Protestant Huguenots looking for a safe place against Catholic persecution after
15851-465: The time of the report 71.6% of the approximately 5,500 residents had been in the camp for three to six months. About 78 people had been there for more than a year and around 205 women lived in the camp at this time (3.2% of the population). A large fight between 200 and 300 migrants from Afghanistan and Sudan broke out at the camp in late May 2016, resulting in 40 injuries (33 migrants, 5 aid workers and 2 police officers), of which 3 were serious (including
15982-478: The time, Reuters described the entire jungle as "squalid" and "unsanitary" and estimated its total population to be 4,000. Many migrants subsequently moved into the container housing, but some resisted the French government's ultimatum to leave their makeshift housing and live in the container area, citing its spartan setup, lack of communal areas, and their fears that once in the new housing area, they would be blocked from going to Britain. This concern arose because
16113-624: Was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948, and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict." The population of Palestinian refugees continues to grow due to multiple UNRWA reclassifications of what is considered to be a refugee. "In 1965, UNRWA changed the eligibility requirements to be a Palestinian refugee to include third-generation descendants, and in 1982, it extended it again, to include all descendants of Palestine refugee males, including legally adopted children, regardless of whether they had been granted citizenship elsewhere. This classification process
16244-657: Was basically confirmed by the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees . People fleeing from war , natural disasters , or poverty are generally not encompassed by the international right of asylum . However, many countries have implemented laws to protect also those Displaced Persons . Accordingly, the Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa expanded
16375-551: Was closely followed by the founding of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . In particular, the 1981 volume of the International Migration Review defined refugee studies as "a comprehensive, historical, interdisciplinary and comparative perspective which focuses on the consistencies and patterns in the refugee experience." Following its publishing, the field saw a rapid increase in academic interest and scholarly inquiry, which has continued to
16506-416: Was completely cleared and demolished in October 2016. According to Government plans, 6,400 migrants would be moved to 280 temporary reception centres around France. There were concerns over the fate of 200 unaccompanied children and Human Rights Watch published a report in 2017 stating that up to 1,000 migrants were still living in the Calais region. While there is no longer a camp like the Jungle in Calais,
16637-603: Was first erected in November 2014. It had to be moved in April 2015 and subsequently burnt down after a candle was dropped; it was reconstructed out of waste materials and completed in July 2015. The church was featured on the BBC Television 's Songs of Praise in August 2015. This was a controversial action since the BBC was accused by the Daily Express and the Sun of wasting its licence payers' fees and of taking
16768-758: Was in danger as other family members had been killed there. Dawn raids have become a regular feature in the arrest of asylum seekers in Scotland. These have caused a great deal of controversy and pressure has been brought to bear on the Scottish Executive to end the practise. Several support groups have been set up to oppose the practice of dawn raids, including the Glasgow Girls , the UNITY centre in Ibrox and No Border Network which campaigns under
16899-516: Was shut down in 1947. While the handover was originally planned to take place at the beginning of 1947, it did not occur until July 1947. The International Refugee Organization was a temporary organization of the United Nations (UN), which itself had been founded in 1945, with a mandate to largely finish the UNRRA's work of repatriating or resettling European refugees. It was dissolved in 1952 after resettling about one million refugees. The definition of
17030-489: Was this decision that led to the opening of the Jules Ferry Centre in January of the following year, around which the camp expanded. In December 2014, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said the conditions in Calais were "totally unacceptable". In partnership with local associations, the UNHCR also reported that 15 people, including young women and teenagers, had died at the border during 2014. In January 2015,
17161-455: Was turned into a nature reserve . Books Reports Refugee A refugee , according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), is a person "forced to flee their own country and seek safety in another country. They are unable to return to their own country because of feared persecution as a result of who they are, what they believe in or say, or because of armed conflict, violence or serious public disorder." Such
#985014