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68-493: There are multiple theories about the origin of the name "Casco Bay". Aucocisco , an Anglicisation of the Abenaki name for the bay, means "place of herons", "marshy place", or "place of slimy mud". The explorer Estêvão Gomes mapped Maine's coast in 1525 and named the bay "Bahía de Cascos", translated as "Bay of Helmets", based on its shape. Colonel Wolfgang William Römer , an English military engineer , reported in 1700 that

136-640: A 2011 survey, and 14 more nests that were deemed potentially active. After 30 years of monitoring produced no evidence of bald eagles in Casco Bay, a nesting pair was spotted in Freeport in 1992, followed by bald eagle pairs in Brunswick and Harpswell in 1994 and 1995. As of 2018, fifteen bald eagle pairs were observed in Casco Bay communities, nine of them in Harpswell. At the time of European contact in

204-620: A Wabanaki attack. Louis de Buade de Frontenac , the Governor General of New France , launched a campaign to drive the English from the settlements east of Falmouth. On May 16, 1690, the fortified settlement on Casco Bay was attacked by a war party of 50 French-Canadian soldiers led by Castin, about 50 Abenaki warriors from Canada, a contingent of French militia led by Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière , and 300 to 400 additional natives from Maine, including some Penobscots under

272-499: A contingent of about 300 volunteer militia and indigenous warriors, launching attacks up the Androscoggin River and overseeing the brutal killings of Native Americans who had been left behind in a village, then pulling back to Cape Elizabeth. There, Church's force beat off a Wabanaki attack in what was the last significant clash of King William's War on Casco Bay. Anglicisation Anglicisation or Anglicization

340-504: A divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to

408-579: A farm, trading post, and fish salting operation on the Androscoggin River north of Casco Bay. William Royall and his wife, Phoebe, moved in 1636 from Salem, Massachusetts , to present-day Yarmouth, building a homestead and farm along what came to be known as the Royal River . That year, George Jewell purchased the Casco Bay island that became known as Jewell Island . In 1640, John Sears moved from Boston to live on Long Island. Little

476-680: A land patent to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason for coastal lands and interiors extending from the Merrimack River to the Kennebec. Gorges and Mason eventually split the patent, with Gorges getting land patent rights north of the Piscataqua River . The first colonial settlement in Casco Bay was that of Christopher Levett , an English explorer and agent of Gorges, who built a house on House Island in 1623–24. His initial settlement, called Machigonne and made up of veterans of

544-595: A large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created

612-619: A northwest passage to India, Hudson landed in Casco Bay for repairs. In 1616, John Smith published a map of New England that included a depiction of Casco Bay based on his exploration of the region two years earlier. Contact with Europeans exposed Wabanaki peoples to new diseases, with epidemics striking starting in 1616 that produced high mortality rates. By one estimate, just 5,500 of the 20,000 Wabanaki in Maine and part of present-day New Brunswick survived epidemics that broke out through 1619. On August 10, 1622, King James I of England awarded

680-476: A number of smaller bays and tidal embayments, including Harpswell Sound, Maquoit Bay , Middle Bay, Quahog Bay and New Meadows River , where depths exceed 150 feet in a narrow channel just south of Cundy's Harbor. Casco Bay's topography produces a tidal range of about nine feet on average. Seawater circulates counterclockwise into Casco Bay via the Gulf of Maine Gyre, which is formed from cold water that passes over

748-988: A number of whale sightings in Casco Bay over the years, including the North Atlantic right whale and the humpback whale . The number of water birds in Casco Bay varies by season and migratory cycles, with studies having shown anywhere from less than 5,000 to 32,000 or more across as many as 150 species, and significant nesting areas on 17 islands. Surveys of seabird populations in 1979 and 1980 identified nearly 5,400 nesting pairs of herring gulls across 56 colonies; close to 4,000 pairs of double-crested cormorants in 15 colonies; almost 3,000 pairs of eider ducks in 45 colonies; more than 2,100 pairs of great black-backed gulls in 37 colonies; and about 560 nesting pairs of common terns in nine colonies. Smaller numbers of horned grebes , common loons , ring-billed gulls , Bonaparte's gulls and laughing gulls have been observed. A 1975 survey determined that Upper Goose Island had

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816-508: A patent from the Council for New England on Richmond Island, and established a homestead there alongside his business partner Richard Tucker. After other British investors challenged the patent, Cleeve and Tucker relocated in 1633 to the mainland and began farming land on Casco Neck. Within four years, Cleeve and Tucker had obtained 1,500 acres of land on Casco Neck and established a fur-trading business. In 1632, Gorges awarded Arthur Mackworth

884-520: Is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or the United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to

952-684: Is believed that Martin Pring made landfall in Casco Bay as part of a 1603 expedition, with Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua de Mons exploring it in 1605 from a base in Nova Scotia. In establishing the Popham Colony settlement near the mouth of the Kennebec River , George Popham landed in Casco Bay in 1607 while exploring the wider region. After Henry Hudson 's ship Half Moon was damaged in 1608 while attempting to discover

1020-464: Is between the Royal River drainage basin to the east, and the Saco River and Stroudwater River drainage basins to the west and south, respectively. Little Sebago Lake originally drained westerly into Sebago Lake through Boody Meadow and Outlet Brook. An artificial outlet was constructed through a moraine at the south end of Little Sebago Lake as an early 19th-century water power diversion to

1088-474: Is known about Sears. In 1642, Cleeve, Tucker, Mackworth, Royall and Smith were among 30 signers of a petition to the British House of Commons asking for relief from administrators assigned by Gorges to the region who were exercising "unlawful and arbitrary power and jurisdiction over the persons and estate of your petitioners and the said other planters to their great oppression utter impoverishment and

1156-471: Is the main outlet of Sebago Lake . The river provided an early transportation corridor with reliable water power for industrial development of the city of Westbrook and the village of South Windham . The river flows through the communities of Standish , Windham , Gorham , Westbrook, Portland , and Falmouth before emptying into Casco Bay at Falmouth. The river is bridged by Maine State Route 35 between Standish and Windham, near North Windham , by

1224-636: The 16th century , Abenaki peoples inhabited the region of present-day Casco Bay, including members of the Almouchiquois or Aucocisco group in the vicinity of the Presumpscot River. Some Casco Bay islands have archaeological evidence of Native American visits and camps extending back 4,000 years, including shell middens and harpoon points. It is uncertain whether early European explorers Giovanni da Verrazzano , John Cabot , Estêvão Gomes , or Bartholomew Gosnold entered Casco Bay. It

1292-519: The Cousins River . Cousins Island and Littlejohn Island are also named for him. Walter Bagnall settled in 1628 on Richmond Island , south of Cape Elizabeth and Casco Bay, and initiated trade with the Wabanaki. Bagnall was deemed an unscrupulous trader, and in 1631 Scitterygusset led a small band to the island to kill him and torch the island homestead. In 1630, George Cleeve obtained

1360-723: The Cumberland and Oxford Canal . The canal operated until replaced by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway in 1870. The canal lock system provided elevation control of the 45-square-mile (117 km ) surface area of Sebago Lake as a reservoir for water-powered mills along the river. The S. D. Warren Paper Mill in Westbrook vied with the Oriental Powder Company in Gorham and Windham to control water flow after

1428-899: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across

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1496-616: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During

1564-799: The Maine Central Railroad , Interstate 295 , the Grand Trunk Railway , and U.S. Route 1 . The Sebago Lake drainage basin includes the Crooked River draining Songo Pond south of Bethel , and the Bear River from Waterford through Long Lake . The basin is between the Saco River drainage basin to the west and the Androscoggin River drainage basin to the north and east. In addition to Sebago Lake's being its primary source, four significant tributaries of

1632-544: The Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia , then in and out of the Bay of Fundy . In Casco Bay, tidal currents are stronger between island channels and weaker in smaller bays in the eastern section. The Presumpscot River is the largest single source of non-saline water emptying directly into Casco Bay, flowing south from its headwaters at Sebago Lake , Maine's second-largest lake. In addition to freshwater entering Casco Bay from

1700-656: The Treaty of Casco at Fort Loyal , in present-day Portland, on April 12, 1678, binding the Wabanaki Confederacy to ending King Philip's War. After the Treaty of Casco, settlers began returning to Maine, in some instances setting up farms and homesteads near protective stockades as a fallback option in case of any renewed tensions. In 1700, a stockade that also served as a trading post was built in Falmouth east of

1768-462: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that

1836-598: The Wessagusset Colony on Massachusetts Bay, failed. At the time, the sachem of the Almouchiquois along the Presumscot was Scitterygusset, also known as Skitterygusset and other alternate spellings in historic records. Scitterygusset's sister Warrabitta also had a leadership role. In 1626, John Cousins established a homestead in Casco. In 1635, he moved several miles east to a waterway that became known as

1904-564: The British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from the identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through

1972-632: The Casco Bay area occurred on September 10, 1675, at a farm north of Falmouth. Native American warriors killed six people and three more went missing. After another attack at Falmouth in October, heavy snow discouraged further action by either side for the rest of the year. Despite concurrent peace talks by tribes to the east, in August 1676 Wabanaki Confederacy warriors raided several farms in Falmouth, killing or capturing 34 people. Settler Thaddeus Clark reported that survivors fled to Cushing Island, known at

2040-601: The Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to the Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation

2108-488: The Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation was supported by the British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between

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2176-550: The Eel Weir Hydroelectric Project at 138 Middle Jam Rd, approximately 1.5 miles after the Headgates Dam at the source of the river, which empties Eel Weir Hydroelectric Project water into the river, but in no way impedes the river), 2) North Gorham Dam, 3) Dundee Dam, 4) Gambo Dam, 5) Little Falls Dam, 6) Mallison Dam, and 7) Cumberland Mills Dam. The Saccarappa Dam removal commenced in 2019. Since

2244-580: The New England coast and inland areas beginning in June 1675, including in the Casco Bay region. If prodded into action by Metacom's militant contemporaries drumming up support in northern New England, many local tribes followed their own counsel in planning attacks in the regional conflict that some historians dub the First Abenaki War , or chose not to initiate hostilities. The first attack in

2312-830: The North Gorham to Windham Center road between Gorham and Windham, by the Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division between North Windham and South Windham, and by U.S. Route 202 in South Windham. The river is bridged again by the Maine Central Mountain Division in Westbrook and by U.S. Route 302 at Riverton between Westbrook and Portland. In Falmouth the river is bridged by the former Interstate 495 , (now route 295); concurrent Maine State Routes 26 and 100 , Interstate 95 , Maine State Route 9 ,

2380-594: The Pleasant River via Ditch Brook. On 4 June 1814, the diversion became enlarged by erosion as the lake level dropped 50 feet (15 m) within a few hours, draining great quantities of water into the Pleasant River. The resulting flood swept away two mills and six bridges along the Pleasant and Presumpscot rivers as far downstream as South Windham. The erosion scar is bridged today by Maine State Route 115 east of North Windham. The level of Little Sebago Lake

2448-506: The Presumpscot River and called New Casco, with two cairns built to commemorate friendship between the Abenaki people and settlers. The Brothers islands just off present-day Falmouth are thought to have been named for the cairns. The 1678 treaty did little to address simmering disagreements and discord throughout the region between local tribes and settlers, laying the foundation for a renewal of hostilities in 1688. Historians came to consider

2516-521: The Presumpscot River and smaller streams along its length, lower-salinity seawater outside the mouth of the Kennebec River circulates west into Casco Bay. Scientists have defined a distinct Casco Bay Coast Biophysical Region as part of the larger Northeastern Mixed Forest Province. The 2015 Maine Forest Inventory & Analysis determined that the Casco Bay Coast Biophysical Region was 73 percent forested, with red maple

2584-689: The bay had "as many islands as there are days in the year", leading to the bay's islands being called the Calendar Islands, based on the popular myth there are 365 of them. The United States Coast Pilot lists 136 islands; former Maine state historian Robert M. York said there are "little more than two hundred". Casco Bay spans about 229 square miles, with its shore stretching 578 miles. In addition to Portland, Cape Elizabeth, and Phippsburg, municipalities with shorelines fronting Casco Bay include Brunswick , Cumberland , Falmouth , Freeport , Harpswell , South Portland , West Bath , Yarmouth , and

2652-513: The canal ceased operation of the locks. The paper mill exercised control for more than half a century after the gunpowder factory closed in 1905. There are seven dams impeding the flow of water as it makes its way from Sebago Lake to the ocean, some of which produce hydroelectric power 1) Eel Weir Dam (National Inventory of Dams ID number 00070, (also called the Headgates Dam) controls outflow from Sebago Lake (not to be confused with

2720-720: The coastline, including a portion of the northern shore of Casco Bay. The Flying Point Fault in Casco Bay is considered part of the Norumbega Fault system, dividing bedrock formations that have distinct geological characteristics. Around 14,000 BCE during the Wisconsin glaciation period at the end of the last glacial cycle , the Laurentide ice sheet covering the Casco Bay region began to recede, according to radiocarbon dating on marine shells and other materials. The glacier's retreat stripped bare underlying bedrock to form

2788-584: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into

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2856-529: The cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in the British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of the king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England

2924-554: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement

2992-588: The guise of parley. In 1677, Gorges's grandson sold his land rights in Maine to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. As Wabanaki peoples got word of colonial authorities reaching out to leaders of the Mohawk people for assistance in Maine, they became more amenable to a truce, though significant attacks continued on Maine coastal settlements west of Casco Bay. Leaders of the Penobscot people signed

3060-549: The highest elevation of any Casco Bay island at 201 feet on a hill called Long Reach Mountain, followed by Chebeague Island at 176 feet. In Casco Bay's western reaches, a line of islands extends west from Chebeague to Cushing Island to create protected anchorages for vessels, as do the narrow peninsulas that jut into the bay's eastern section. A number of deep-water channels lead into the bay's inner sections, including Cushing Island Reach, Hussey Sound, Luckse Sound , Broad Sound , and Merriconeag Sound Casco Bay's shoreline creates

3128-429: The hindrance of the plantation in these parts". As settlers built out farms in the Casco Bay region, more commercial fishermen who were familiar with Casco Bay began making it their home port in the second half of the 1630s. Artisan craftsmen also moved to Casco and other towns on Casco Bay in the following decade, as a growing population supported commerce along with existing trade opportunities with indigenous peoples in

3196-559: The island municipalities of Chebeague Island and Long Island . Researchers with the U.S. Geological Survey have dated volcanic material embedded in exposed bedrock in Casco Bay to the Ordovician period roughly 470 million years ago, predating the formation of the Atlantic Ocean by some 320 million years. The Norumbega Fault developed just inland from the Maine coast, with the geologic fault running roughly parallel to

3264-494: The island that became known as Mackworth Island , just off the mouth of the Presumpscot River, in what came to be called Casco, renamed Falmouth in 1658 under the governance of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Historic Falmouth was split into two municipalities in 1786, creating Portland. In 1632, Thomas Purchase and George Way received a grant for Harpswell Neck , a few years after Purchase had established

3332-528: The land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from the native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales

3400-646: The largest number of nesting great blue herons in Maine. Other wading birds in Casco Bay include snowy egrets , black-crowned night herons and the glossy ibis . In addition to eider, other waterfowl in Casco Bay depending on seasons include Canada geese , snow geese , black ducks , goldeneyes , buffleheads , greater scaup , scoters , long-tailed ducks and harlequin ducks . Migratory shorebirds that pass through Casco Bay include sandpipers , plovers , turnstones , dowitchers and greater yellowlegs . Raptor populations on Casco Bay islands and shorelines include osprey , with 86 nesting pairs observed in

3468-458: The leadership of Madockawando . Fort Loyal was attacked at the same time. About 75 men in the Casco settlement fought for four days before surrendering on May 20 on condition of safe passage. Instead, most of the men, including John Swarton, were killed, and the survivors, including Hannah Swarton and her children, were captured. Swarton was ransomed in 1695. Cotton Mather published her story. Church returned to Casco Bay in September 1690 with

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3536-525: The most widespread tree species in the region, followed by eastern white pine , eastern hemlock , northern red oak , red spruce and paper birch . Water temperatures in Casco Bay rose by 3 degrees Fahrenheit over a three-decade period through 2022, with some scientists linking the change to shifting mixes of organisms and wildlife in the bay. In a 2019 study of invasive species threatening Casco Bay eelgrass and kelp beds that other organisms and wildlife depend on, researchers found abundant evidence of

3604-535: The mouths of the Harraseeket and Royal Rivers, while James Lane acquired nearby Lanes Island. By 1660, John Bustion had obtained a deed on today's Bustins Island . Will Black Jr. relocated his family from Berwick in 1718 to the island that would become known as Will's Island, and later Bailey Island after its acquisition by Timothy Bailey of Massachusetts. Spurred by the Wampanoag chief Metacom in what came to be known as King Philip's War , Native American warriors attacked colonial farms and settlements along

3672-627: The new conflict in Maine part of the larger King William's War , which in turn marked the first installment of an extended proxy war between England and France that came to be known as the French and Indian Wars , with sporadic raids and atrocities on both sides. In August 1688, in response to an English colonial raid of Penobscot Bay settlements, French officer Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin led counter-raids by Acadian militia and Wabanaki Confederacy warriors, including at Yarmouth. In September 1689, English colonial officer Benjamin Church arrived in Falmouth to defend settlers there, fending off

3740-627: The power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of the Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring

3808-759: The presence of several types of tunicates , bryozoa , Japanese skeleton shrimp and at one location European green crabs . Casco Bay has an estimated 16,655 acres of intertidal habitats to include mudflats , marshes, beaches and rock formations according to the National Wetlands Inventory, supporting a range of biota and wildlife. Among more than three dozen species of fish found commonly in Casco Bay are bluefin tuna , bluefish , cod , herring , mackerel , menhaden , sharks , smelt , striped bass , and winter flounder . Shellfish include lobsters , crabs , mussels , clams , oysters , scallops and periwinkles . Harbor seal populations have been observed to number between 400 and 500 seals in Casco Bay. There have been

3876-420: The region. In 1659, George Munjoy moved to Casco and built a fortified house on today's Munjoy Hill , which overlooks Casco Bay. In 1666, Munjoy acquired additional land along the Presumpscot River via a deed co-signed by Warrabitta. Islands continued to come under individual settler ownership during the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1658, Hugh Moshier purchased what became Moshier and Little Moshier Islands near

3944-490: The removal of the Smelt Hill Dam in Falmouth in 2002, the last 7 miles (11 km) of the river after the Cumberland Mills Dam now flow unimpeded to the ocean. The Presumpscot River Preserve , a 48-acre nature preserve, is located in North Deering alongside the Presumpscot River. It was purchased and preserved in 2001 by the Land for Maine's Future program as well as the City Land Bank Commission and Portland Trails. In August 2014, Portland Trails preserved 20 acres of land in

4012-419: The river are the Pleasant River from Gray through Windham, the Little River from Buxton through Gorham, Mill Brook in Westbrook (which is an outlet of Highland Lake in Windham), and the Piscataqua River in Falmouth (which is an outlet of Forest Lake in Cumberland ). An East Branch Piscataqua River flows separately into the Presumpscot main stem. The Presumpscot River drainage basin south of Sebago Lake

4080-409: The rocky coast of Casco Bay's shore and islands. According to NOAA's soundings, the bay's deepest point is about 204 feet, southwest of Halfway Rock . A Phippsburg hill called Fuller Mountain has the bay's highest elevation along the immediate shoreline, estimated at 269 feet above sea level by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1980, and 277 feet on more recent topographical maps. Sebascodegan Island has

4148-457: The settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during the conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of

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4216-539: The time as Andrews Island for settler James Andrews. On Peaks Island that year, seven were killed in a Wabanaki attack after coming over from Cushing Island in search of food. After colonial militia leader Richard Waldron laid a trap under the guise of peace talks to capture several Wabanaki warriors who were then executed or enslaved, tribes intensified attacks on settlements throughout Maine, causing most settlers to flee south. After talks failed at Maquoit Bay in February 1677, Waldron again ambushed Native Americans under

4284-458: The time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from Europe to the United States and United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice. Presumpscot River The Presumpscot River ( / p r ɪ ˈ z ʌ m p s k ə t / ) is a 25.8-mile-long (41.5 km) river located in Cumberland County , Maine , United States. It

4352-418: Was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland , the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300,

4420-469: Was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about the anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting

4488-650: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include

4556-404: Was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century the Scots language was the dominant national language among the Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by

4624-444: Was partially restored by construction of a dam which failed with similar downstream damage on 7 May 1861, and has been subsequently rebuilt. Sawmills were built on the river during the 1660s. The first Maine paper mill was built on the river at Falmouth in 1731 by General Samuel Waldo . The river was an early transportation corridor between Casco Bay and Sebago Lake . A series of dams and locks were completed in 1830 to form

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