126-422: A CanSat is a type of sounding rocket payload used to teach space technology . It is similar to the technology used in miniaturized satellites . CanSats do not go into space, but instead are released at an altitude of about 1 kilometer, using a rocket or a balloon. In CanSat competitions, the payload is required to fit inside the volume of a typical soda can (66 mm diameter and 115 mm height) and have
252-481: A research rocket or a suborbital rocket , is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are used to launch instruments from 48 to 145 km (30 to 90 miles) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites ; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 miles) and
378-410: A steering system that allows it to maneuver, to orient and to move towards the target. Normally such a mechanism is actuated by one or more actuators controlled by the microprocessor so that the servomotor rotates to one side or the other and so rotating CanSat. There are two main types depending on whether CanSat incorporates a parachute or glider or a rotor and wings. These devices generally have
504-452: A 120 roll, and twice that number of a 220 film. These correspond to 6x9, 6x7, 6x6, and 6x4.5 respectively (all dimensions in cm). Notable manufacturers of large format and roll film SLR cameras include Bronica , Graflex , Hasselblad , Seagull , Mamiya and Pentax . However, the most common format of SLR cameras has been 35 mm and subsequently the migration to digital SLR cameras, using almost identical sized bodies and sometimes using
630-536: A Sounding Rocket such as the Nike-Apache may deposit sodium clouds to observe very high altitude winds. Larger, higher altitude rockets have multiple stages to increase altitude and/or payload capability. The freefall part of the flight is an elliptic trajectory with vertical major axis allowing the payload to appear to hover near its apogee . The average flight time is less than 30 minutes; usually between five and 20 minutes. The rocket consumes its fuel on
756-417: A certain range, providing the convenience of adjusting the scene capture without moving the camera or changing the lens. A prime lens, in contrast, has a fixed focal length. While less flexible, prime lenses often provide superior image quality, are typically lighter, and perform better in low light. Focus involves adjusting the lens elements to sharpen the image of the subject at various distances. The focus
882-419: A challenge to obtain practical experience in the life cycle (about a year) of a space project. Each team designs and builds one or more satellites, and they move to the launch site at Black Rock, Nevada, to oversee the preparation, launch, operation and safe recovery of their experiments. ARLISS provides the rockets, each able to carry three CanSats parachute at an altitude of 3,500 meters, which allows each CanSat
1008-454: A commonplace activity. The century also marked the rise of computational photography , using algorithms and AI to enhance image quality. Features like low-light and HDR photography , optical image stabilization, and depth-sensing became common in smartphone cameras. Most cameras capture light from the visible spectrum , while specialized cameras capture other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum , such as infrared . All cameras use
1134-521: A critical role as it determines how much of the scene the camera can capture and how large the objects appear. Wide-angle lenses provide a broad view of the scene, while telephoto lenses capture a narrower view but magnify the objects. The focal length also influences the ease of taking clear pictures handheld, with longer lengths making it more challenging to avoid blur from small camera movements. Two primary types of lenses include zoom and prime lenses. A zoom lens allows for changing its focal length within
1260-590: A flight time of about 15 minutes to the experiments, which simulates a horizon to horizon orbit low orbit pass. The European Cansat Competition is promoted by the European Space Agency and it's focused on high school students. It is a competition in which each CanSat must meet the traditional requirements of volume and not exceed 350 grams of mass along with others related to the flight time and to budget. In addition to measuring pressure and temperature and transmit this data in real time. Apart from this,
1386-400: A magnifier loupe, view finder, angle finder, and focusing rail/truck. Some professional SLRs can be provided with interchangeable finders for eye-level or waist-level focusing, focusing screens , eyecup, data backs, motor-drives for film transportation or external battery packs. In photography, the single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is provided with a mirror to redirect light from the lens to
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#17327982142981512-591: A mass below 350 g. Antennas can be mounted externally, but the diameter can't increase until the CanSat has left the launch vehicle. The CanSats are deployed from small rocket at height which varies depending on the competition. CanSats are equipped with a recovery system, usually a parachute, to limit damage upon recovery and to allow the CanSat to be reused. CanSats are used to teach space technology , because of their inexpensive price and small volume. In 1998, about 50 students and faculties from 12 universities from
1638-399: A mechanical or electronic shutter, the latter of which is common in smartphone cameras. Electronic shutters either record data from the entire sensor simultaneously (a global shutter) or record the data line by line across the sensor (a rolling shutter). In movie cameras, a rotary shutter opens and closes in sync with the advancement of each frame of film. The duration for which the shutter
1764-424: A project that began in 1999 called ARLISS, involving mostly American and Japanese Universities, carrying out the first launch on September, 11th of that year and continuing each year without interruption. The initial idea, still prevalent today, was to launch 3 satellites of 350 milliliters, or a satellite of greater volume. The means would be a rocket capable of moving 1.8 kilos and of ascending to 4000 meters, opening
1890-409: A short burst of bright light during exposure and is a commonly used artificial light source in photography. Most modern flash systems use a battery-powered high-voltage discharge through a gas-filled tube to generate bright light for a very short time (1/1,000 of a second or less). Many flash units measure the light reflected from the flash to help determine the appropriate duration of the flash. When
2016-638: A small Liquid-propellant rocket to provide the GALCIT team necessary experience to aid in developing the Corporal missile. Malina with Tsien Hsue-shen ( Qian Xuesen in Pinyin transliteration), wrote "Flight analysis of a Sounding Rocket with Special Reference to Propulsion by Successive Impulses." As the Signal Corps rocket was being developed for the Corporal project, and lacked any guidance mechanism, it
2142-429: A small display, offering a wider range of information such as live exposure previews and histograms, albeit at the cost of potential lag and higher battery consumption. Specialized viewfinder systems exist for specific applications, like subminiature cameras for spying or underwater photography . Parallax error , resulting from misalignment between the viewfinder and lens axes, can cause inaccurate representations of
2268-511: A sounding rocket also makes launching from temporary sites possible, allowing field studies at remote locations, and even in the middle of the ocean, if fired from a ship. Weather observations, up to an altitude of 75 km, are done with rocketsondes , a kind of sounding rocket for atmospheric observations that consists of a rocket and radiosonde . The sonde records data on temperature , moisture , wind speed and direction, wind shear , atmospheric pressure , and air density during
2394-405: A specialized trade in the 1850s, designs and sizes were standardized. The latter half of the century witnessed the advent of dry plates and roll-film , prompting a shift towards smaller and more cost-effective cameras, epitomized by the original Kodak camera, first produced in 1888. This period also saw significant advancements in lens technology and the emergence of color photography, leading to
2520-637: A steering system consisting of threads that move asymmetrically so as to generate a difference in lift of the longitudinal axis so the CanSat rotates in one way or another. It uses fairly simple mechanics. These devices are difficult to govern due to the generally low rate of descent and the large surface area lifts it. Mechanically more complex and less vulnerable to weather conditions that CanSats with parachute or gliders. This kind of gadgets are much more harsh to govern and require an electronic system able to perform many more corrections per second due to its higher rate of descent. In this category, any robot that
2646-563: A surge in camera ownership. The first half of the 20th century saw continued miniaturization and the integration of new manufacturing materials. After World War I, Germany took the lead in camera development, spearheading industry consolidation and producing precision-made cameras. The industry saw significant product launches such as the Leica camera and the Contax , which were enabled by advancements in film and lens designs. Additionally, there
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#17327982142982772-556: A survey or a poll". Sounding in the rocket context is equivalent to "taking a measurement". The basic elements of a modern sounding rocket are a solid-fuel rocket motor and a science payload . In certain Sounding Rockets the payload may even be nothing more than a smoke trail as in the Nike Smoke which is used to determine wind directions and strengths more accurately than may be determined by weather balloons . Or
2898-405: A third category is usually added for those machines that do not fit in the two first: This is the one whose primary purpose is to collect and transmit data from the flight and weather conditions in real time to be processed by a ground station. CanSats in this category do not use a steering system since its objective is not to fall at a particular point but to collect data while the descent (which
3024-432: A traditional compass measures the angle between its direction and the north. This angle is transmitted to the microprocessor via a potential difference. The microprocessor interprets the incoming signal and acts accordingly. Thus, if the CanSat was intended to arrive to a target without using a GPS receiver, this sensor would play a crucial role. Some models of compasses used are: There are mainly two types of CanSats, though
3150-475: Is adjusted through the focus ring on the lens, which moves the lens elements closer or further from the sensor. Autofocus is a feature included in many lenses, which uses a motor within the lens to adjust the focus quickly and precisely based on the lens's detection of contrast or phase differences. This feature can be enabled or disabled using switches on the lens body. Advanced lenses may include mechanical image stabilization systems that move lens elements or
3276-416: Is adjusted, the opening expands and contracts in increments called f-stops . The smaller the f-stop, the more light is allowed to enter the lens, increasing the exposure. Typically, f-stops range from f / 1.4 to f / 32 in standard increments: 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, and 32. The light entering the camera is halved with each increasing increment. The wider opening at lower f-stops narrows
3402-462: Is an assembly of multiple optical elements, typically made from high-quality glass. Its primary function is to focus light onto a camera's film or digital sensor, thereby producing an image. This process significantly influences image quality, the overall appearance of the photo, and which parts of the scene are brought into focus. A camera lens is constructed from a series of lens elements, small pieces of glass arranged to form an image accurately on
3528-408: Is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor , or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film . As a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography, cameras have played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, media, entertainment, surveillance, and scientific research. The invention of
3654-433: Is correctly placed. The photographer then winds the film, either manually or automatically depending on the camera, to position a blank portion of the film in the path of the light. Each time a photo is taken, the film advance mechanism moves the exposed film out of the way, bringing a new, unexposed section of film into position for the next shot. The film must be advanced after each shot to prevent double exposure — where
3780-464: Is dictated by the sensor's size and properties, necessitating storage media such as Compact Flash , Memory Sticks , and SD (Secure Digital) cards . Modern digital cameras typically feature a built-in monitor for immediate image review and adjustments. Digital images are also more readily handled and manipulated by computers, offering a significant advantage in terms of flexibility and post-processing potential over traditional film. A flash provides
3906-684: Is maintained by SaTReC (Satellite Technology Research Center), a national satellite research center which is responsible for multiple successful Korean satellites, and is part of KAIST – one of the most prestigious science-oriented schools. All fees for developing CanSats are subsidized by the Korean government on need, as part of government's masterplan to develop space technology. High school students and undergraduate students can make team of 3 students to participate in this competition. High school students (grades 10~12) participate in Seulgi sector (슬기부), and
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4032-487: Is measured using a built-in light meter or exposure meter. Taken through the lens (called TTL metering ), these readings are taken using a panel of light-sensitive semiconductors . They are used to calculate optimal exposure settings. These settings are typically determined automatically as the reading is used by the camera's microprocessor . The reading from the light meter is incorporated with aperture settings, exposure times, and film or sensor sensitivity to calculate
4158-472: Is not included in any of the previous two categories can be submitted. Most CanSat presented in this category are robots testing new systems or new designs that have not yet been tested (technology demonstrators). The low cost of implementation, short preparation time and simplicity of design compared to other space projects make of this concept an excellent practical opportunity for students to take their first steps in space. Students are responsible for choosing
4284-411: Is not usually controlled). Of the systems mentioned in the previous sections the most used are: barometer, thermometer, GPS and camera. The main task of these is to land in a controlled manner as close as possible to a target marked by GPS coordinates. These devices can be guided by GPS or by and Inertial Navigation System INS . This position is sent to the microprocessor which compares the position of
4410-687: Is one of the most typical methods used in education because it provides a wide range of attractive themes. CanSat competitions are conducted in Europe, the United States and Asia, etc. In the United States, one of the CanSat design-build-launch competitions is organized by the American Astronautical Society and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Other sponsors of the competition include
4536-400: Is open is called the shutter speed or exposure time . Typical exposure times can range from one second to 1/1,000 of a second, though longer and shorter durations are not uncommon. In the early stages of photography, exposures were often several minutes long. These long exposure times often resulted in blurry images, as a single object is recorded in multiple places across a single image for
4662-764: Is organized annually by ACEMA (Association of Experimental Rocketry and Space Modeling of Argentina). The program was presented in September 2003 at an educative conference, and the first Argentine CanSat was launched in November 2004, prepared by students of Colegio San Felipe Neri. Iran Cansat Competition (ICC) is another competition held for design and manufacturing of Cansat, sponsored by Iran Astronautics Research Institute (ARI). The competition has been held every year since 2011 and contains two categories named Classical and Professional, The Classical category includes Atmospheric Sounding and Photo/Video Capturing missions, while
4788-465: Is pulled across the film plane during exposure. The focal-plane shutter is typically used in single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras, since covering the film (rather than blocking the light passing through the lens) allows the photographer to view the image through the lens at all times, except during the exposure itself. Covering the film also facilitates removing the lens from a loaded camera, as many SLRs have interchangeable lenses. A digital camera may use
4914-547: Is replaced by the film to make the exposure; they are suitable for static subjects only and are slow to use. The earliest cameras produced in significant numbers were plate cameras , using sensitized glass plates. Light entered a lens mounted on a lens board which was separated from the plate by extendible bellows. There were simple box cameras for glass plates but also single-lens reflex cameras with interchangeable lenses and even for color photography ( Autochrome Lumière ). Many of these cameras had controls to raise, lower, and tilt
5040-497: Is required to go through additional creative tasks using the basic CanSat platform. Examples of these tasks include ' Python -based base system', 'Modular Structure for CanSats'. Every May, all participating teams should submit their plan on developing CanSat, and performing team-specific tasks. Then, 20 teams that are chosen according to the viability of their task and basic knowledge on CanSat. These teams go through online-based education and get time to implement their tasks according to
5166-399: Is that whereas high school students receive base station programs to help students who are not used to programming, undergraduate students should program their base station programs for themselves. The basic schedule is same to those of high school students. Middle school and some primary school students (Grades 5–9) take part in what is called 'Korean CanSat Camp', maintained and sponsored by
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5292-405: Is the heart of the satellite, as it is responsible for receiving signals from external sensors (such as the altimeter, accelerometer or the transmitter) and also processes them to act as programmed. CanSats generally use microcontrollers (MCU) and MCU boards which include an internal memory for data storage alongside the microprocessor, useful for storing information from various sensors during
5418-526: The Canon Pellix and others with a small periscope such as in the Corfield Periflex series. The large-format camera, taking sheet film, is a direct successor of the early plate cameras and remained in use for high-quality photography and technical, architectural, and industrial photography. There are three common types: the view camera, with its monorail and field camera variants, and
5544-662: The Kurdistan Space Research Agency (KSRA) was founded by Zhiro Mustafa . The agency has recently begun its operations, focusing on advancing space science and technology in the Kurdistan region. Currently, KSRA is working on developing a CanSat satellite, marking its first major project. The agency has not yet started any competitions, as it is concentrating its efforts on successfully creating and launching this satellite. Sounding rocket A sounding rocket or rocketsonde , sometimes called
5670-501: The Naval Research Laboratory , NASA , AGI, Orbital Sciences Corporation , Praxis Incorporated, and SolidWorks . ARLISS Project is a collaborative effort between students and faculty Development Program Space Systems at Stanford University and other educational institutions to build, launch, test and recover prototype miniaturized satellites in preparation for launch into Earth orbit or Mars space. ARLISS proposes
5796-584: The Veronique (rocket) was began in 1949, it was not until 1952 that the first full scale Veronique was launched. Veronique variants were flown until 1974. The Monica (rocket) family, an all solid fueled which was pursued in a number of versions and later replaced by the ONERA. series of rockets. Japan was another early user with the Kappa (rocket) . Japan also pursued Rockoons. The People's Republic of China
5922-844: The WAC Corporal , Aerobee , and Viking . The German V-2 served both the US and the USSR's R-1 missile as sounding rockets during the immediate Post World War II periods. During the 1950s and later the inexpensive availability of surplus military boosters such as those used by the Nike , Talos , Terrier , and Sparrow . Since the 1960s designed for the purpose rockets such as the Black Brant series have dominated sounding rockets, though often having additional stages, many from military surplus. The earliest attempts at developing Sounding Rockets were in
6048-473: The exoatmospheric region between 97 and 201 km (60 and 125 miles). The origin of the term comes from nautical vocabulary to sound , which is to throw a weighted line from a ship into the water to measure the water's depth. The term itself has its etymological roots in the Romance languages word for probe , of which there are nouns sonda and sonde and verbs like sondear which means "to do
6174-443: The first stage of the rising part of the flight, then often separates and falls away, leaving the payload to complete the arc, sometimes descending under a drag source such as a small balloon or a parachute . Sounding rockets have utilized balloons, airplanes and artillery as "first stages." Project Farside utilized a Rockoon composed of a 106,188-m3 (3,750-ft3) balloon, lifting a four stage rocket composed of 4 Recrute rockets as
6300-412: The press camera . They have extensible bellows with the lens and shutter mounted on a lens plate at the front. Backs taking roll film and later digital backs are available in addition to the standard dark slide back. These cameras have a wide range of movements allowing very close control of focus and perspective. Composition and focusing are done on view cameras by viewing a ground-glass screen which
6426-785: The Aerobee ultimately powered the second stage of the Vanguard (rocket) , the first designed for the purpose Satellite Launch Vehicle , Vanguard. The AJ10 engine used by many Aerobees eventually evolved into the AJ10-190 which formed the Orbital Maneuvering System of the Space Shuttle. The Viking (rocket) was intended from the start by the Navy not only to be a sounding rocket capable of replacing, even exceeding
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#17327982142986552-470: The CanSat Program is a study methodology conducted through experimentation using self-built reusable launchers. This program is released for free and provides students satisfaction, involving them in the entire life cycle of a complex engineering project, ranging from conceptual design, integration, testing, and actual system operations, concluding with a meeting of post-mission summary. CanSat Program
6678-421: The CanSat should play a secondary mission of free choice. Proposals for this mission are used to select the teams that will launch their CanSats on board a rocket that ascends to 1000 meters, where it opens and drops the two CanSats which are inside. The University CanSat Challenge by Antariksha Labs-ARDL – CanSat comes to India is a design-build-fly competition that provides teams with an opportunity to experience
6804-455: The CanSats are launched by a rocket, here it is a balloon that ascends to a certain height, after which the CanSat is dropped. This competition is all about reaching a certain position, either through modification of the flight path, or by the addition of wheels to allow the CanSat arrive to the required place. In Argentina, there is a CanSat meeting, but it is not competitive; instead of this,
6930-435: The Earth which continuously send their position and transmission time. From these data, the receiver triangulates its position with all the available satellites to get a higher accuracy. This position is sent to the microprocessor by a serial port as a data line. At design level, GPS receivers should be located in a place where satellites vision line is as direct as possible in order not to be out of range with these ones during
7056-585: The First International CanSat Competition that took place in 2008. There are three categories in accordance with the types of CanSat detailed on the top of this page. There is another open category in which the size limitations are not so strict and the gadget can have a larger mass, of up to about 1 kilo. Just as in the European competition, some data should be sent by telemetry in real time and there are budget limitations for
7182-486: The Professional one includes Bio-Payload Recovery and Comeback missions. Teams shall prepare PDR and CDR before the operation and PFR after the cansats were tested in the field. Students are expected to not only improve their knowledge on technical issues, but also gain the systematic view needed for a multidisciplinary project and get the experience of being involved in a project in the whole life cycle from scratch to
7308-757: The Second title. The first South African CanSat was carried to height of 1650m, as payload aboard a High Power Rocket, on 6 November 1999. Dubbed, ZACan-1, the Cansat was designed and built by Stéfan Stoltz and launched in the Roodewal FAR76 airspace (Limpopo Province) as part of a Technology Exhibition by the University of the North (now the University of Limpopo). In 2011/12, the University of Cape Town (UCT)) launched its first CanSat competition in association with
7434-765: The South African Astronomical Observatory. As of 2013, a number of South African universities have started evaluating and integrating CanSat projects into their curricula. It is anticipated that the South African National Space Agency will play a leading role in the future promotion of CanSat competitions within South Africa. A CanSat program in Kurdistan, known as the Computer Rocket Association of Iraqi Kurdistan (now defunct)
7560-635: The Soviet Union. While all of the early rocket developers were concerned largely with developing the ability to launch rockets some had the objective of investigating the stratosphere and beyond. The All-Union Conference on the Study of Stratosphere was held in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) in 1936. While the conference primarily dealt with balloon Radiosondes , there was a small group of rocket developers who sought to develop "recording rockets" to explore
7686-619: The U.S.S.R in Moscow designed the R-06 which eventually flew but not in the meteorological role. The early Soviet efforts to develop a sounding rocket were the earliest efforts to develop a sounding rocket and ultimately failed before WWII. P. I. Ivanov built a three-stage which flew in March 1946. At the end of summer 1946 development ended because it lacked sufficient thrust to loft a sufficient research payload. The first successful sounding rocket
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#17327982142987812-551: The United States and Japan met at a symposium held in Hawaii. It was the first "University Space Systems Symposium". Here, Bob Twiggs , professor emeritus at the Stanford University , proposed the initial idea of what later would become the nanosatellite projects. That idea was to launch a structure of the size of a soda can into space. Its volume should be around 350 milliliters and the mass, about 500 grams. This led to
7938-559: The United States by 2003. In contrast, the film camera industry in the UK, Western Europe, and the USA declined during this period, while manufacturing continued in the USSR, German Democratic Republic, and China, often mimicking Western designs. The 21st century witnessed the mass adoption of digital cameras and significant improvements in sensor technology. A major revolution came with the incorporation of cameras into smartphones, making photography
8064-770: The V-2, but also to advance guided missile technology. The Viking was controlled by a multi-axis guidance system with gimbled Reaction Motors XLR10-RM-2 engine. The Viking was developed through two major versions. After the United States announced it intended to launch a satellite in the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958) the Viking was chosen as the first stage of the Vanguard Satellite Launch Vehicle. The last two Vikings were fired as Vanguard Test Vehicle 1 and 2. During
8190-427: The altitude. Example of barometer used in devices of this type: The thermometer carries out operations similar to the barometer but the voltage signal sent to the microprocessor depends on the temperature measured. The microprocessor interprets this signal by assigning a temperature value. These are examples of thermometers used: The GPS is a land positioning system consisting on a satellite network orbiting around
8316-556: The base system they have built. Completeness of their tasks and base system is once again evaluated, to choose 10 teams that can finally launch their CanSat. After education session by Korean space researchers, these Cansat are launched in Goheung, which also the area Naro Space Center is located. Undergraduate students participate in Changjo sector (창조부), and goes through similar process like high school students do. The main difference
8442-413: The camera dates back to the 19th century and has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a vast array of types and models in the 21st century. Cameras function through a combination of multiple mechanical components and principles. These include exposure control, which regulates the amount of light reaching the sensor or film; the lens, which focuses the light; the viewfinder, which allows
8568-410: The camera through an aperture, an opening adjusted by overlapping plates called the aperture ring. Typically located in the lens, this opening can be widened or narrowed to alter the amount of light that strikes the film or sensor. The size of the aperture can be set manually, by rotating the lens or adjusting a dial or automatically based on readings from an internal light meter. As the aperture
8694-597: The camera to take a picture. This is an example of a camera for CanSat: Cansats can also be used for 3d mapping. An example of such is on the link: https://cansat.unisec.info/ This system is made of one or more accelerometers in different axes. All the accelerometers aside allow to measure accelerations in coordinated axes. Accelerometers can be used to collect data or to determine position (by integration). The best accelerometers made to determine positions are called Inertial Navigation System INS . These are used on some CanSat models. The uncertainty of this system depends on
8820-533: The composition, lighting, and exposure of their shots, enhancing the accuracy of the final image. Viewfinders fall into two primary categories: optical and electronic. Optical viewfinders, commonly found in Single-Lens Reflex (SLR) cameras, use a system of mirrors or prisms to reflect light from the lens to the viewfinder, providing a clear, real-time view of the scene. Electronic viewfinders, typical in mirrorless cameras, project an electronic image onto
8946-635: The course of investigations by the German peace movement , this cooperation was revealed by a group of physicists in 1983. The international discussion that was thus set in motion led to the development of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) at the level of G7 states. Since then, lists of technological equipment whose export is subject to strict controls have been drawn up within the MTCR framework. Camera A camera
9072-422: The degree of magnification expected of the final image. The shutter, along with the aperture, is one of two ways to control the amount of light entering the camera. The shutter determines the duration that the light-sensitive surface is exposed to light. The shutter opens, light enters the camera and exposes the film or sensor to light, and then the shutter closes. There are two types of mechanical shutters:
9198-464: The design life-cycle of an aerospace system. The University CanSat Challenge is designed to reflect a typical aerospace program on a small scale. The mission and its requirements are designed to reflect various aspects of real world missions including telemetry requirements, communications, and autonomous operations. Each team is scored throughout the challenge on real world deliverables such as schedules, design reviews, and demonstration flights. The event
9324-467: The door to low cost space flights -about $ 400. In 2000, the missions were very different: for instance, calculating the opening of a landing system using data provided by the barometer or making use of a differential GPS system. The project came to a more complex situation in 2001 when the ComeBack category was added, according to which the satellite should be directed to a particular target. This mission
9450-410: The duration of the exposure. To prevent this, shorter exposure times can be used. Very short exposure times can capture fast-moving action and eliminate motion blur. However, shorter exposure times require more light to produce a properly exposed image, so shortening the exposure time is not always possible. Like aperture settings, exposure times increment in powers of two. The two settings determine
9576-422: The error when calibrating sensors. The pros of this system go from the fact that GPS is not needed, to immunity to magnetic interference. This allows multiple locations inside the CanSat. Some of the most used accelerometers are: Sometimes, it is necessary to know the direction the CanSat is following (for instance, to perform a controlled descent), in which case a compass sensor is a very small sensor which like
9702-528: The evolution of the technology in the 19th century was driven by pioneers like Thomas Wedgwood , Nicéphore Niépce , and Henry Fox Talbot . First using the camera obscura for chemical experiments, they ultimately created cameras specifically for chemical photography, and later reduced the camera's size and optimized lens configurations. The introduction of the daguerreotype process in 1839 facilitated commercial camera manufacturing, with various producers contributing diverse designs. As camera manufacturing became
9828-408: The exposure value (EV), a measure of how much light is recorded during the exposure. There is a direct relationship between the exposure times and aperture settings so that if the exposure time is lengthened one step, but the aperture opening is also narrowed one step, then the amount of light that contacts the film or sensor is the same. In most modern cameras, the amount of light entering the camera
9954-543: The finger pressure was released. The Asahiflex II , released by Japanese company Asahi (Pentax) in 1954, was the world's first SLR camera with an instant return mirror. In the single-lens reflex camera, the photographer sees the scene through the camera lens. This avoids the problem of parallax which occurs when the viewfinder or viewing lens is separated from the taking lens. Single-lens reflex cameras have been made in several formats including sheet film 5x7" and 4x5", roll film 220/120 taking 8,10, 12, or 16 photographs on
10080-493: The first stage with 1 Recruit as the second stage, with 4 Arrow II motors composing the third stage and finally a single Arrow II as the fourth stage. Sparoair , air launched from Navy F4D and F-4 fighters were examples of air launched sounding rockets. There were also examples of artillery launched sounding rockets including Project HARP 's 5", 7", and 15" guns, sometimes having additional Martlet rocket stages. The earliest Sounding Rockets were liquid propellant rockets such as
10206-574: The first successful Sounding Rocket the WAC Corporal . By the early 1960s the Sounding Rocket was established technology. Sounding rockets are advantageous for some research because of their low cost, relatively short lead time (sometimes less than six months) and their ability to conduct research in areas inaccessible to either balloons or satellites. They are also used as test beds for equipment that will be used in more expensive and risky orbital spaceflight missions. The smaller size of
10332-556: The flash is attached directly to the camera—typically in a slot at the top of the camera (the flash shoe or hot shoe) or through a cable—activating the shutter on the camera triggers the flash, and the camera's internal light meter can help determine the duration of the flash. Additional flash equipment can include a light diffuser , mount and stand, reflector, soft box , trigger and cord. Accessories for cameras are mainly used for care, protection, special effects, and functions. Large format cameras use special equipment that includes
10458-521: The flight. Position data ( altitude and latitude / longitude ) may also be recorded. Common meteorological rockets are the Loki and Super Loki , typically 3.7 m tall and powered by a 10 cm diameter solid fuel rocket motor . The rocket motor separates at an altitude of 1500 m and the rest of the rocketsonde coasts to apogee (highest point). This can be set to an altitude of 20 km to 113 km. Sounding rockets are commonly used for: Due to
10584-412: The flight. In a metallic structure CanSat, the receivers should be always located where the structure does not affect this vision line. A mini camera can be included in the CanSat to photograph anything during the time the CanSat is descending in the air. Bearing in mind that the CanSat can not receive orders to operate the camera when the robot is in air so the microprocessor must be the one that orders
10710-405: The flight. Some of the most common MCU choices are: Apart from the above-mentioned elements, others may be added in keeping with the mission it is entrusted with. The barometer consists of a pressure measuring cell which is connected to the microprocessor and sends a signal with a voltage value according to the pressure it feels. The microprocessor uses the standard atmospheric conditions to get
10836-664: The high military relevance of ballistic missile technology, there has always been a close relationship between sounding rockets and military missiles. It is a typical dual-use technology , which can be used for both civil and military purposes. During the Cold War , the Federal Republic of Germany cooperated on this topic with countries that had not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty on Nuclear Weapons at that time, such as Brazil, Argentina and India. In
10962-438: The image sensor itself to counteract camera shake, especially beneficial in low-light conditions or at slow shutter speeds. Lens hoods, filters, and caps are accessories used alongside a lens to enhance image quality, protect the lens, or achieve specific effects. The camera's viewfinder provides a real-time approximation of what will be captured by the sensor or film. It assists photographers in aligning, focusing, and adjusting
11088-498: The introduction of the affordable Ricohflex III TLR in 1952 to the first 35mm SLR with automatic exposure, the Olympus AutoEye in 1960, new designs and features continuously emerged. Electronics became integral to camera design in the 1970s, evident in models like Polaroid's SX-70 and Canon's AE-1 . Transition to digital photography marked the late 20th century, culminating in digital camera sales surpassing film cameras in
11214-426: The late 20th and early 21st century, use electronic sensors to capture and store images. The rapid development of smartphone camera technology in the 21st century has blurred the lines between dedicated cameras and multifunctional devices, profoundly influencing how society creates, shares, and consumes visual content. Beginning with the use of the camera obscura and transitioning to complex photographic cameras,
11340-467: The leaf-type shutter and the focal-plane shutter. The leaf-type uses a circular iris diaphragm maintained under spring tension inside or just behind the lens that rapidly opens and closes when the shutter is released. More commonly, a focal-plane shutter is used. This shutter operates close to the film plane and employs metal plates or cloth curtains with an opening that passes across the light-sensitive surface. The curtains or plates have an opening that
11466-437: The light-sensitive surface. Each element is designed to reduce optical aberrations , or distortions, such as chromatic aberration (a failure of the lens to focus all colors at the same point), vignetting (darkening of image corners), and distortion (bending or warping of the image). The degree of these distortions can vary depending on the subject of the photo. The focal length of the lens, measured in millimeters, plays
11592-536: The magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere and mesosphere. Sounding rockets have been used for the examination of atmospheric nuclear tests by revealing the passage of the shock wave through the atmosphere. In more recent times Sounding Rockets have been used for other nuclear weapons research. Sounding rockets often use military surplus rocket motors. NASA routinely flies the Terrier Mk 70 boosted Improved Orion , lifting 270–450-kg (600–1,000-pound) payloads into
11718-421: The minimum for satellites is approximately 121 km (75 miles). Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (620 and 930 miles), such as the Black Brant X and XII , which is the maximum apogee of their class. For certain purposes Sounding Rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as 3,000 kilometers to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of
11844-429: The optimal exposure. Light meters typically average the light in a scene to 18% middle gray. More advanced cameras are more nuanced in their metering—weighing the center of the frame more heavily (center-weighted metering), considering the differences in light across the image (matrix metering), or allowing the photographer to take a light reading at a specific point within the image (spot metering). A camera lens
11970-533: The participant teams. Organized by CNES (the French Space Agency) and the association Planète Sciences, the French competition takes place during the C'Space campaign, an outreach program of space-related technology for youngsters. In this competition CanSats are dropped from a static dirigible airship at an altitude around 200 m. Two categories are available : "international" and "open" in which
12096-554: The participants is, along with the construction of the satellite itself, mostly on an effective presentation of the project to the jury as well as the public as the presence on social networks and overall public representation of the project makes up for a significant portion of the final evaluation. The Laboratory for Space and Microgravity Research (LEEM) along with the help of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM) organize an International CanSat Competition since
12222-558: The post WWII era the USSR also pursued V-2 base sounding rockets. The last two R-1As were flown in 1949 as sounding rockets. They were followed between July 1951 and June 1956 by 4 R-1B, 2 R-1V, 3 R-1D and 5 R-1Es, and 1 R-1E (A-1). The improved V-2 descendant the R-2A could reach 120 miles and were flown between April 1957 and May 1962. Fifteen R-5Vs were flown from June 1965 to October 1983. Two R-5 VAOs were flown in September 1964 and October 1965. The first solid-fueled Soviet sounding rocket
12348-410: The potential of a rocket program in the United States. Soon after, funding for a student-centered rocket association enabled 26 American schools to have the program. Ever since, multiple countries have adopted the student rocket programs and expanded funding into technology-based STEM associations, modeled after the success of the initial Computer Rocket Association of Iraqi Kurdistan. In late July 2024,
12474-556: The product. The fourth Iran International Cansat Competition (ICC2014) was scheduled to be held in October 2014. Eight competitions have been held.(2019-2020) In the eighth round of the competition (2019-2020),the two teams AUTSPACE and AUTSPACE-Pluse from Amirkabir University of Technology won the First and Third places under the supervision of Ahmadreza Karami and the advice of Dr.Kamran Raisi. A team from Yazd University of Iran can also win
12600-407: The range of focus so the background is blurry while the foreground is in focus. This depth of field increases as the aperture closes. A narrow aperture results in a high depth of field, meaning that objects at many different distances from the camera will appear to be in focus. What is acceptably in focus is determined by the circle of confusion , the photographic technique, the equipment in use and
12726-748: The results. After the start of WWII the CIT rocketry enthusiast found themselves involved in a number of defense programs, one of which, deemed Corporal, was intended to produce a bombardment guided missile the Corporal. Eventually known as the MGM-5 Corporal it became the first guided missile deployed by the US Army. During WWII the Signal Corps created a requirement for a sounding rocket to carry 25 pounds (11 kg) of instruments to 100,000 feet (30 km) or higher. To meet that goal Malina proposed
12852-525: The same authorities. Based upon their interest and knowledge on CanSat, 30 teams, which are consisted of 2 student members, are chosen to participate in the CanSat camp. For 2 days, these students are educated by Korean space researchers. They develop their basic CanSat (with GPS, luminance sensor, inertial mass unit, etc.) during the camp. In Japan, this contest is organized by the UNISEC (University Space Engineering Consortium) and unlike other editions in which
12978-408: The same basic design: light enters an enclosed box through a converging or convex lens and an image is recorded on a light-sensitive medium. A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light enters the camera. Most cameras also have a viewfinder, which shows the scene to be recorded, along with means to adjust various combinations of focus , aperture and shutter speed . Light enters
13104-465: The same concept proposed by Prof. Bob Twiggs and reflected in ARLISS both national and internationally. Some elements are shared by every CanSat: The battery supplies power for operation of all systems of the robot and they are essential to any robot or electronic system, the most commonly used due to its performance and current-weight ratio are lithium polymer batteries (LiPo). The microprocessor
13230-429: The same lens systems. Almost all SLR cameras use a front-surfaced mirror in the optical path to direct the light from the lens via a viewing screen and pentaprism to the eyepiece. At the time of exposure, the mirror is flipped up out of the light path before the shutter opens. Some early cameras experimented with other methods of providing through-the-lens viewing, including the use of a semi-transparent pellicle as in
13356-873: The same section of film is exposed to light twice, resulting in overlapped images. Once all frames on the film roll have been exposed, the film is rewound back into the cartridge, ready to be removed from the camera for developing. In digital cameras, sensors typically comprise Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) or Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) chips, both of which convert incoming light into electrical charges to form digital images. CCD sensors, though power-intensive, are recognized for their excellent light sensitivity and image quality. Conversely, CMOS sensors offer individual pixel readouts, leading to less power consumption and faster frame rates, with their image quality having improved significantly over time. Digital cameras convert light into electronic data that can be directly processed and stored. The volume of data generated
13482-404: The shutter is briefly opened to allow light to pass during the exposure. Loading film into a film camera is a manual process. The film, typically housed in a cartridge, is loaded into a designated slot in the camera. One end of the film strip, the film leader, is manually threaded onto a take-up spool. Once the back of the camera is closed, the film advance lever or knob is used to ensure the film
13608-643: The stratosphere and beyond. Amongst the speakers at the conference was Sergey Korolev who later became the leading figure of the Soviet space program. Specifically interested in sounding rocket design were V. V. Razumov, of the Leningrad Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion. A. I. Polyarny working in a special group within the Society for Assistance to the Defense, Aviation and Chemical Construction of
13734-460: The student is the main character and the one who must solve the problems. The main characteristic of this type of project is being carried out by teams facing open problems driven by successive challenges. The support given by teachers is declining in keeping with the experience the group is reaching to recognize that systems engineering also has to deal with the complexity of development and research of their own abilities. Space engineering discipline
13860-402: The subject's position. While negligible with distant subjects, this error becomes prominent with closer ones. Some viewfinders incorporate parallax-compensating devices to mitigate that issue. Image capture in a camera occurs when light strikes a light-sensitive surface: photographic film or a digital sensor . Housed within the camera body, the film or sensor records the light's pattern when
13986-422: The target from the analysis of these data to calculate the angle at which it should turn to address the target and gives appropriate instructions to the steering system. This process is repeated continuously to make corrections. Such devices also store data on the flight but since the number of sensors that accompany them is less, information is more scarce than in the previous type. A ComeBack CanSat always carries
14112-703: The upper stage of the first two staged rocket the RTV-G-4 Bumper . Captured V-2s dominated American sounding rockets and other rocketry developments during the late 1940s. To meet the need for replacement a new sounding rocket was developed by the Aerojet Corporation to meet a requirement of the Applied Physics Laboratory and the Naval Research Laboratory . Over 1,000 Aerobees of various versions for varied customers were flow between 1947 and 1985. One engine produced for
14238-734: The user to preview the scene; and the film or sensor, which captures the image. Several types of cameras exist, each suited to specific uses and offering unique capabilities. Single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras provide real-time, exact imaging through the lens. Large-format and medium-format cameras offer higher image resolution and are often used in professional and artistic photography. Compact cameras, known for their portability and simplicity, are popular in consumer photography. Rangefinder cameras , with separate viewing and imaging systems, were historically widely used in photojournalism. Motion picture cameras are specialized for filming cinematic content, while digital cameras , which became prevalent in
14364-428: The viewfinder prior to releasing the shutter for composing and focusing an image. When the shutter is released, the mirror swings up and away, allowing the exposure of the photographic medium , and instantly returns after the exposure is finished. No SLR camera before 1954 had this feature, although the mirror on some early SLR cameras was entirely operated by the force exerted on the shutter release and only returned when
14490-550: The volume requirements are extended to allow a volume of up to 1 liter compared to the 330 milliliters of a traditional CanSat. From 2012, Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning has been sponsoring Korean CanSat competition / camp to popularize CanSat culture in Korea and enhance student's knowledge on satellite management. This competition, along with Korean CubeSat Competition, constitute two main satellite competitions that are offered by Korean government. The competition
14616-416: The way the mission is fulfilled, the CanSat design, components integration, correct operation verification, launch preparation, data analysis and team organisation by distributing the workload. It is basically a scale replica of the design, creation and launch of a real satellite. The process required to develop a CanSat entails a learning process known as problem-based learning , a new teaching method in which
14742-627: Was Without Attitude Control. Thus it was named the WAC Corporal . The WAC Corporal served as the foundation of Sounding Rocketry in the USA. WAC Corporal was developed in two versions the second of which was much improved. After the war the WAC Corporal was in competition for sounding mission funding with the much larger captured V-2 rocket being tested by the U.S. Army. WAC Corporal was overshadowed at its job of cost-effectively lifting pounds of experiments to altitude, thus it effectively became obsolescent. WAC Corporals were later modified to become
14868-455: Was a marked increase in accessibility to cinematography for amateurs with Eastman Kodak's production of the first 16-mm and 8-mm reversal safety films. The World War II era saw a focus on the development of specialized aerial reconnaissance and instrument-recording equipment, even as the overall pace of non-military camera innovation slowed. In the second half of the century, Japanese manufacturers in particular advanced camera technology. From
14994-548: Was created at the California Institute of Technology , where before World War II there was a group of rocket enthusiasts led by Frank Malina , under the aegis of Theodore von Kármán , known amidst the people of the CIT as the "Suicide Squad." The immediate goal of the Suicide Squad was exploring the upper atmosphere which required developing the means of lofting instruments to high altitude and recovering
15120-633: Was known as "subversive activity in the Rocketry Association to divert funds to the enemy". The justification was unfounded and the Association barely lasted until the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. In 2003 during the US-Coalition invasion of Iraq, the Association's funding was completely cut due to severe wartime strains on the government. The Association was disbanded after the invasion ended in late 2003, but American military figures saw
15246-579: Was on mid of August 2015 to the launch on 17 January 2016 at Hoskote, it was organised by Antariksha Labs and hosted by Indian Institute Science, Bangalore. The panelists who judged the event were eminent scientists of ISRO. Team NIT Surat Emerged Victorious after the Post Flight briefings. Organized by ESERO Czech Republic it is a small sized competition serving as a qualification turn for the European CanSat Competition. Focus of
15372-478: Was originally established in 1992 by Falah Mustafa Bakir. The Kurdistani government, at this time developing its short-range missile program, created the Association to encourage young students to join the military technology field. The program was a success and saw funding nearly triple towards the beginning of 2000. During Hussein's final years in power from 2000 until 2003, the Association received much more limited funding due to, according to Hussein's secretary, what
15498-655: Was the M-100. Some 6640 M-100 sounding rockets were flown from 1957 to 1990. Other early users of Sounding Rockets were Britain, France and Japan. Great Britain developed the Skylark (rocket) series and the later Skua for the International Geophysical Year . France had begun the design of a Super V-2 but that program had been abandoned in the late 1940s due to the inability of France to manufacture all components necessary. Though development of
15624-541: Was the last nation to launch a new liquid fueled sounding rocket, the T-7. It was first fired from a very primitive launch site, where the "command center" and borrowed power generator were in a grass hut separated from the launcher by a small river. There was no communications equipment- not even a telephone between the command post and the rocket launcher. The T-7 led to the T-7M, T-7A, T-7A-S, T-7A-S2 and T-7/GF-01A. The T-7/ GF-01A
15750-772: Was used in 1969 to launch the FSW satellite technology development missions. Thus the I-7 led to the first Chinese satellite, the Dong Fang Hong 1 (The East is Red 1), launched by a DF-1. Vital to the development of Chinese rocketry and the Dong Feng-1 was Qian Xuesen (Tsien Hsue-shen in Wade Guiles transliteration) who with Theodore von Kármán and the California Institute of Technology "Suicide Squad" created
15876-586: Was very successful and, in 2002, students of Space Robotics Lab of the Tohoku University went up to 45 meters from the target and, in 2006, this figure dropped to 6 meters. Interest in this type of satellite has been growing and spreading. In 2003, the University of Tokyo placed into orbit two satellites CubeSat , satellites of a size slightly larger than the CanSats, and cube shaped. In recent years, several competitions have been developed following
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