Singhasari Temple or Candi Singhasari is a 13th-century syncretic Hindu - Buddhist temple located in Singosari district, Malang Regency , East Java in Indonesia .
120-482: The temple is located on Jalan Kertanegara, Candirenggo village, Singosari district, about 10 kilometres north from Malang city, on the valley between two mountain ranges, the Tengger- Bromo in the east and Arjuno-Welirang in the west, with elevation 512 metres above sea level. The temple orientation is facing northwest towards Mount Arjuno . It is linked to the historical Singhasari kingdom of East Java, as
240-589: A deeper philosophical meanings. Several philosophical idioms sprung from Javanese classical literature, Javanese historical texts and oral traditions, and have spread into several media and promoted as popular mottos . For example, " Bhinneka Tunggal Ika " , used as the national motto of the Republic of Indonesia , "Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi, Toto Tentrem Kerto Raharjo" , "Jer Basuki Mawa Bea" , "Rawe-Rawe rantas, Malang-Malang putung" and " Tut Wuri Handayani " . American anthropologist Clifford Geertz divided in
360-512: A functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network , further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated gemeente (city). During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia , Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. Malang, which
480-507: A legendary temple called Malangkuçeçwara , supposedly located near the city Malang. The word Malangkuçeçwara was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency . In the copper inscription, one part
600-606: A majority of Malang residents are Muslims. There are minorities of Protestants, Catholics, Hindus, Buddhists and Confucians. Javanese people The Javanese ( / dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / , jah-və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v -/ jav- , /- ˈ n iː s / - NEESS ; Indonesian : Orang Jawa ; Javanese : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ , Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register ) ; ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register ) ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to
720-588: A popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period . The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen Cathedral which employ Gothic architecture . Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of which
840-571: A prince who had lived at the Sailendra court in Java, brought Javanese art and culture, including the concept of the devaraja , to Cambodia, laying the foundations for Khmer civilization. The centre of Javanese culture and politics was moved towards the eastern part of the island when Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947) moved the capital of the kingdoms eastward to the valleys of the Brantas River in
960-530: A significant genetic admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent . Hindu and Buddhist — traders and visitors, arrived in the 5th century. The Hindu, Buddhist and Javanese faiths blended into a unique local philosophy. The cradle of Javanese culture is commonly described as being in Kedu and Kewu Plain in
1080-573: A small minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . With a large global population, the Javanese are considered significant as they are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Far East and the fourth largest in the world after the Arabs , Bengalis , and Punjabis . Javanese civilisation has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and
1200-669: A solar system based on the Hindu calendar . Unlike many other calendars, the Javanese calendar uses a 5-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and is superimposed with 7-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan cycle . Throughout their long history, the Javanese have produced many important buildings, ranging from Hindu monuments, Buddhist stupa , mortuary temples, palace complexes, and mosques. Before
1320-533: A traditional Javanese name. Religion of Javanese Today, most Javanese officially follow Sunni Islam as their religion, first recorded instance of Islamic contact in Java is dated from 475 Hijri (1082 AD), as attested in the grave of Fatimah binti Maimun. However Islamic development only became more intensive during the Majapahit period, when they traded or made tributary relations with various states like Perlak and Samudra Pasai in modern-day Aceh . In
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#17327722642341440-447: Is tempeh , a meat substitute made from soybean fermented with mould . It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular around the world as a meat substitute for vegetarians . Javanese do not usually have family names or surnames, with only a single name. Javanese names may come from traditional Javanese languages, many of which are derived from Sanskrit . Names with the prefix Su- , which means good , are very popular. After
1560-562: Is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh. According to Babad ing Gresik (Chronicles of Gresik),
1680-495: Is July with average 22.6 °C. The city of Malang was previously led by Mayor Sutiaji from 2018 until 2023. The city's legislative body, the DPRD Kota Malang has 45 seats, in which dominated by PDI-P (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at
1800-470: Is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There is also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ( Alun-alun Bundar ). Additionally, Malang is well-known because of its label as an educational city. Two of the best universities in Indonesia are in Malang, namely Brawijaya University and Malang State University . Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and
1920-427: Is a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano , usually with rice coloured yellow using turmeric . It is an important part of many ceremonies in Java. Tumpeng is served at landmark events such as birthdays, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, Tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek . A notable food in Java
2040-707: Is also reinforced through adherence to Javanese adat (traditional rules) in ceremonies, such as Slametan , Satu Suro , Javanese weddings and Naloni Mitoni . However, the culture of pesisiran of Javanese north coast and in Eastern Java demonstrates some slightly different traits. They tend to be more open to new and foreign ideas, more egalitarian, and less conscious of one's social stature. Some of these northern settlements — such as Demak , Kudus, Tuban, Gresik and Ampel in Surabaya — have become more overtly Islamic, traditionally because these port towns are among
2160-542: Is an inland city in the Indonesian province of East Java . It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari Kingdom . It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 847,182 (comprising 421,340 males and 425,842 females). The Malang Metropolitan area ( Greater Malang )
2280-630: Is considered a traditional food in Surabaya in East Java . Gudeg is a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young Nangka ( jack fruit ) boiled for several hours with palm sugar , and coconut milk . Pecel , a type of peanut sauce with chili is a common ingredient in Javanese cuisine. It is used in various types of Rujak and Gado-gado . It can also be used as stand-alone sauce with rice, prawns, eggs and vegetables as Nasi Pecel (Pecel rice). Tumpeng ,
2400-543: Is due to the long history of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Java. Many Javanese in Indonesia are bilingual , being fluent in Indonesian (the standardized variant of the Malay language ) and Javanese. The Javanese language was formerly written with a script descended from the Brahmi script , natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan . In addition, Javanese language can also written with right-to-left script descended from
2520-543: Is located at a plateau . The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area. The city of Malang, together with the surrounding districts of Malang Regency , is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges . The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in
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#17327722642342640-511: Is seen as a symbol of development and prosperity, whereas tuber vegetables like cassava are associated with poverty. Javanese cuisine varies by region. Eastern Java has a preference for hot and salty foods, while the Central Javanese tend to prefer sweeter foods. A famous food in Javanese cuisine is Rujak Cingur , marinated cow lips and noses served with vegetable, shrimp prawn and peanut sauce with chili . Rujak Cingur
2760-479: Is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu . Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first
2880-523: Is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII , Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI ) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region
3000-477: Is the official calendar of Indonesia, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays . The Javanese calendar is presently used mostly for cultural events (such as Siji Suro ). The Javanese calendar system is currently a lunar calendar adopted by Sultan Agung in 1633, based on the Islamic calendar. Previously, Javanese people used
3120-569: Is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto,
3240-476: Is used instead of the more typically Muslim dome . These roofs are often multi-tiered and tiled. In addition to not using domes, traditional Javanese mosques also often lack minarets . The split gate from earlier Hindu-Buddhist period is still used in many mosques and public buildings in Java. Some notable examples of mosques using traditional Javanese architecture include the Agung Demak Mosque ,
3360-403: Is written (with the following translation) as follows. ...taning sakrid Malang-akalihan wacid lawan macu pasabhanira dyah Limpa Makanagran I... ... in the east where hunting around Malang with wacid and the mancu , Dyah Limpa rice fields namely ... Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi . Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since
3480-775: The Arabic script called Pegon . Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of the Latin alphabet . While Javanese was not made an official language of Indonesia, it has the status of regional language for communication in the Javanese-majority regions. The language also can be viewed as an ethnic language because it is one of the defining characteristics of the Javanese ethnic identity. Javanese intellectuals, writers, poets and men of letters are known for their ability to formulate ideas and creating idioms for high cultural purpose, through stringing words to express
3600-507: The Homo sapiens . The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to
3720-755: The Majapahit Kingdom (14th to 16th century AD) in Trowulan , East Java . The complex covers an area of 11 km x 9 km. It consists of various brick buildings, a canal ranging from 20 to 40 meters wide, purification pools, temples and iconic split gates. The capital complex is currently being considered as a candidate for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Traditional Javanese buildings can be identified by their trapezoid shaped roofs supported by wooden pillars. Another common feature in Javanese buildings are pendopo , pavilions with open-sides and four large pillars. The pillars and other parts of
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3840-626: The Menara Kudus Mosque and the Great Mosque of Banten . The Kudus Mosque is also of note because it incorporates Hindu-style stone architecture. Rice is the staple crop of Javanese cuisine; a meal in Java is not considered a meal without it. It is also an important part of the Javanese cultural identity, differentiating them from residents of other Indonesian islands who eat sago (for example Moluccans ) and expatriates from western countries who tend more towards bread . Rice
3960-476: The Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups (based on native Javanese community on the island of Java) that can be distinguished based on their characteristics, customs, traditions, dialects, or even their respective ways of life. These include Banyumasan , Cirebonese , Mataram , Osing , and Tenggerese . The majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Sunni Muslims , with
4080-540: The Tengger Mountains Complex in the east. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes, leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp . The swamps spread to create ancient lakes . When
4200-648: The Yogyakarta Special Region . The Sri sultan became Governor of Yogyakarta, and the Prince of Pakualaman became vice-governor; both were responsible to the President of Indonesia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta was created after the war of independence ended and formalized on 3 August 1950. Surakarta was later absorbed as part of the Central Java province. The Javanese culture is one of
4320-589: The king ). Watak Kanuruhan which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with Watak Hujung (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency ) and Watak Tugaran (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several wanua ( village level ). When the capital Mataram was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh ( Jombang ) areas during
4440-511: The 10th century CE. The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya . At the end of the 13th century, The major spread of Javanese influence occurred under King Kertanegara of Singhasari . The expansionist king launched several major expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and most importantly to Sumatra in 1275. He also extended Javanese involvement in
4560-559: The 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory. The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara ( pronounced [malaŋkuʃeʃworo] ). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram , namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement on where
4680-479: The 1960s the Javanese community into three aliran or "streams": santri , abangan and priyayi . According to him, the Santri followed an orthodox interpretation Islam , the abangan followed a syncretic form of Islam that mixed Hindu and animist elements (often termed Kejawen ), and the priyayi were the nobility. The Geertz opinion is often opposed today because he mixed the social groups with belief groups. It
4800-495: The 2020 Census. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their postal codes. The names of the kelurahan are as follows: Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley , making it the province's second most populous city. However,
4920-599: The Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River . With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan . In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition,
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5040-529: The Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (" Panjalu Menang "), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency ) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under
5160-515: The Indian Hindu — Buddhist culture, and this influence is still visible in Javanese history, culture, traditions, and art forms. The ancient Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and Majapahit were among the most powerful maritime empires in the region, whose boundaries included most of Maritime Southeast Asia and parts of Indochina . Javanese heritage has created magnificent religious monuments such as Borobudur and Prambanan which are among
5280-657: The Javanese cultural heartland; those of highly polished aristocratic culture of the keratons in Yogyakarta and Surakarta — demonstrates some specific traits, such as particular concern with elegance and refinement (Javanese: alus ), subtlety, politeness, courtesy, indirectness, emotional restraint and consciousness to one's social stature. Javanese culture values harmony and social order highly, and abhors direct conflicts and disagreements. These Javanese values are often promoted through Javanese cultural expressions, such as Javanese dance , gamelan , wayang and batik . It
5400-567: The Javanese diaspora live there. Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java , the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan , and migrated through the Philippines to reach Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. However, according to recent genetic study, Javanese together with Sundanese and Balinese has
5520-469: The Javanese realm was marked by the establishment of the Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman princedom. Although the real political power in those days actually lay with the colonial Dutch, the Javanese kings, in their keratons , still held prestige as the supposed power centre of the Javanese realm, especially in and around Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in
5640-671: The Majapahit region. During the War of Regreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit . However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho
5760-590: The Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency . The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to
5880-521: The Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang . This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency ). It
6000-551: The Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies . The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution . Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along
6120-467: The advent of Islam, many Javanese began to use Arabic names, especially coast populations, where Islamic influences are stronger. Commoners usually only have one-word names, while nobilities use two-or-more-word names, but rarely a surname. Some people use a patronymic . Due to the influence of other cultures, many people started using names from other languages, mainly European languages . Christian Javanese usually use Latin baptism names followed by
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#17327722642346240-766: The allied forces of the Portuguese and the Sunda Kingdom , establishing in the process the Sultanate of Banten . Demak was succeeded by the Kingdom of Pajang and finally the Sultanate of Mataram . The centre of power moved from coastal Demak, to Pajang in Blora, and later further inland to Mataram lands in Kotagede , near present-day Yogyakarta . The Mataram Sultanate reached its peak of power and influence during
6360-497: The ancestors ( Wangsa Rajasa ). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati ), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple
6480-408: The ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food . The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on
6600-561: The art of Wayang kulit shadow play. The migration of Javanese people westward has created a coastal Javanese culture in West Java distinct from the inland Sundanese culture . Javanese is a member of the Austronesian family of languages and is closely related to, but distinct from, other languages of Indonesia . It is notable for its great number of nearly ubiquitous Sanskrit loans, found especially in literary Javanese. This
6720-615: The authority of Panjalu. The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there
6840-449: The birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription , it is noted that the inscription used the " Candra Sengkala " or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760. Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of Mataram ( Ancient Mataram Kingdom ) during
6960-449: The building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang, where one of its peaks named "Malang". Others, on the other hand, suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which, according to historians, comes from
7080-412: The buildings can be richly carved . This architecture style can be found at kraton , or palaces, of the Sultanates of Yogyakarta (palaces of Hamengkubuwono and Pakualaman ) and Surakarta (palaces of Pakubuwono and Mangkunegaran ). Traditional mosques in Java maintain a distinctive Javanese style. The pendopo model is used as the main feature of mosques as prayer halls. A trapezoidal roof
7200-411: The central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java . With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indonesia and in Southeast Asia as a whole. Their native language is Javanese , it is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers and also the largest regional language in Southeast Asia. As the largest ethnic group in
7320-548: The earliest places that Islamic teachings gained foothold in Java. Javanese culture is traditionally centered in the Central Java , Yogyakarta and East Java . Due to various migrations, it can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Suriname (where 15% of the population are of Javanese descent), the broader Indonesian archipelago region, Cape Malay , Malaysia , Singapore , Netherlands and other countries. The migrants bring with them various aspect of Javanese cultures such as Gamelan music, traditional dances and
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#17327722642347440-423: The early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur . Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro . Like the rest of the Dutch East Indies , Java was captured by the Empire of Japan during World War II . With Japan's defeat, independence
7560-727: The establishment of Majapahit rule. The temple's unfinished state can be seen in the incomplete kala head over its lower entrance. The temple faces northwest. Its lower level is Shaiva , but the temple has a second cella on the upper level, that was a Buddhist dedication. Alternate spellings: Kertanagara for Kertanegara, and Singosari for Singhasari. Significant features of the temple include: 7°53′16″S 112°39′50″E / 7.88778°S 112.66389°E / -7.88778; 112.66389 Malang Malang ( / m ɒ ˈ l ɒ ŋ / ; Javanese : ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ , romanized: Kutha Malang , Indonesian : Kota Malang "Sorrowful City"), historically known as Tumapel ,
7680-404: The fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan . Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha ( Kadiri ) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region
7800-452: The fertile slopes of Mount Merapi as the heart of the Mataram Kingdom . The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power base there. Between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . The most notable of the temples constructed are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Java valley
7920-399: The form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house , where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and
8040-412: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian and Southeast Asian history. Various kingdoms of Java were actively involved in the spice trade in the sea route of the Silk Road . Although not major spice producers, these kingdoms were able to stockpile spice by trading for it with rice , of which Java was a major producer. Majapahit is usually regarded as
8160-649: The greatest of these kingdoms. It was both an agrarian and a maritime power, combining wet-rice cultivation and foreign trade. The ruin of their capital can be found in Trowulan . Islam gained its foothold in port towns on Java's northern coast such as Gresik , Ampel Denta ( Surabaya ), Tuban, Demak and Kudus . The spread and proselytising of Islam among the Javanese was traditionally credited to Wali Songo . Java underwent major changes as Islam spread. Following succession disputes and civil wars, Majapahit power collapsed. After this collapse, its various dependencies and vassals broke free. The Sultanate of Demak became
8280-423: The halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of the conquest as Malang. The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the south, Kawi , Butak , and Kelud in the west, Anjasmoro and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the northeast and north, and
8400-414: The help of invading Mongol troops in March 1293. Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto , East Java . Kertanegara policies were later continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk and his minister Gajah Mada , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This expansion marked
8520-452: The kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made
8640-516: The last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition . Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri . Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang , Raden Wijaya , and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol . After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held
8760-478: The leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as Rakryan Kanuruhan (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a watak (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of
8880-546: The light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari. During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun ). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara,
9000-569: The list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala . Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself
9120-597: The location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya. The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined
9240-588: The lucrative spice trade with the Maluku Islands . Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom in eastern Sumatra, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca . Singhasari dominance was cut short in 1292 by Kediri's rebellion under Jayakatwang , killing Kertanegara. However, Jayakatwang's reign as king of Java soon ended as he was defeated by Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya with
9360-471: The major port of Surabaya , made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes
9480-508: The massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. Two important religious monuments are the Hindu temple of Prambanan and the Buddhist temple of Borobudur . Both of them are 9th century temples and UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Both are located near Yogyakarta in the slope of Mount Merapi. Meanwhile, examples of secular buildings can be seen in the ruins of the former capital city of
9600-470: The new strongest power, gaining supremacy among city-states on the northern coast of Java. Aside from its power over Javanese city-states, it also gained overlordship of the ports of Jambi and Palembang in eastern Sumatra. Demak played a major role in opposing the newly arrived colonial power, the Portuguese . Demak twice attacked the Portuguese following their capture of Malacca . They also attacked
9720-471: The north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption. The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) as the climate precipitation throughout
9840-477: The objects of political conflict when the Regreg war erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because Regreg war
9960-402: The oldest civilizations and has flourished in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It has gradually absorbed various elements and influences from other cultures, including native reverence for ancestral and natural spirits, Buddhist and Hindu dharmic values, Islamic civilization, and to a lesser extent, Christianity, Western philosophy and modern ideas. Nevertheless, Javanese culture — especially in
10080-619: The political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok . He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency ) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which
10200-467: The population growth is low, at about 0.12 percent a year, and the mid-2022 official estimate was just 846,126. The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese , with small percentages of Madurese , Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character. Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu - Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now
10320-644: The recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons . The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency. For the context of pilgrimage , King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma
10440-425: The region, the Javanese have historically dominated the social, political, and cultural landscape of both Indonesia and Southeast Asia. There are significant numbers of Javanese diaspora outside of central and eastern Java regions, including the other provinces of Indonesia , as well as other countries such as Suriname , Singapore , Malaysia , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Yemen and
10560-458: The reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for sima (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples . There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to
10680-642: The reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo between 1613 and 1645. In 1619 the Dutch established their trading headquarter in Batavia . Java slowly fell to the Dutch East India Company , which would also eventually control most of Maritime Southeast Asia . The internal intrigue and war of succession, in addition to Dutch interference, caused the Mataram Sultanate to break up into Surakarta and Yogyakarta . The further separation of
10800-477: The rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago , especially in Java . As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as Candi , were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in
10920-445: The rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 111.08 square kilometres (42.89 sq mi). The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on
11040-602: The site around the temple is believed to be the center of Javanese court of Singhasari. The temple was mentioned in the Javanese poem Nagarakretagama canto 37:7 and 38:3 and also in Gajah Mada inscription dated 1351 and discovered in the temple's yard. According to these sources, the temple is the funerary temple of King Kertanagara (ruled 1268 — 1292), the last king of the Singhasari dynasty, whose assassination in 1292 by Jayakatwang of Gelang-gelang finally led to
11160-608: The slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains. Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period , early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in
11280-433: The south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency . The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry , the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture , the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and
11400-594: The strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati
11520-514: The title of Kertarajasa Jayawardhana moved the center of power to the area he had built in the Tarik Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo ). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency ). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this
11640-497: The vanity". The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces in Malang in 1614, led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked
11760-610: The war. He was responsible for gathering much financial support from the community to aid China in the war. I fled to Malang and went hidden until the war is over. In 1943, while he was in Java, Tan began writing his memoirs, The Memoirs of an Overseas Chinese of the Southern Ocean (南僑回憶錄; 南侨回忆录; Nánqiáo Huíyìlù), which later became an important document of the history of the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of
11880-550: The western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area. Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo , the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict. The city of Malang
12000-583: The word Malangkuça ( pronounced [malankuʃoː] ) which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang, such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple, which are in the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari . The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala, which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( pronounced [aŋkuʃo] which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara ( pronounced [iʃworo] ) which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed
12120-765: The world's largest temples. Javanese culture has a strong influence in most of the Southeast Asian countries. In Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, the influence of Javanese culture can be seen in many aspects of modern Malay culture . Javanese culture has greatly influenced their traditional cuisine with many dishes such as satay , sambal , ketupat , nasi kuning ( pulut kuning ), and rojak . Kris weaponry, batik and ronggeng dance art, gamelan musical instruments, and wayang kulit puppetry were introduced to them through Javanese contact . Javanese culture has also spread widely beyond Southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka , South Africa , and Suriname , where many of
12240-546: The world. The population of Malang comprised 847,192 people in mid-2023, with a majority of Javanese , followed by the Madurese , and Chinese or Peranakan . Malang extended urban area, notable known as Malang Raya , is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From the perspective of Javanese culture, the majority of Malang people belong to Arekan Javanese culture. Malang
12360-413: The year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 400 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October with average 24.8 °C, while the coolest month
12480-571: Was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both
12600-474: Was also difficult to apply this social categorization in classing outsiders, for example other non- indigenous Indonesians such as persons of Arab , Chinese and Indian descent. Social stratification is much less rigid in northern coast area. The Javanese calendar is used by the Javanese people concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar . The Gregorian calendar
12720-419: Was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ( Bhre ) of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel. Sengguruh
12840-478: Was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang. The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of
12960-550: Was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called Dusun Biru , Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency . It is called kedung (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to
13080-553: Was home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities (Malang itself and Batu ) and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency ). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri , with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp . 44.30 trillion. The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization , it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as
13200-574: Was home to thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. At its peak, the Javanese kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java island, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and the Khmer in Cambodia . Jayavarman II ,
13320-507: Was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala. Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala . In
13440-578: Was proclaimed in the new Republic of Indonesia . When the Indonesian independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sovereign Javanese monarchies, represented by the Sri Sultan of Yogyakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta , Prince of Mangkunegara and Prince of Pakualaman declared that they would become part of the Republic of Indonesia. Yogyakarta and Pakualaman were later united to form
13560-460: Was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong , which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of
13680-459: Was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis , and since that time, it has been marked by steady economic and population growth. The etymology of the name Malang is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words Malangkuçeçwara which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words were taken from an ancient term which mentions
13800-566: Was then led by Raden Adipati Ario Sam (R.A.A. Sam), surrendered to the Japanese who were then in power in Malang. Taking over the Government in principle continues the old system (Gemeente), only the designations in positions are replaced with Japanese . During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of local buildings. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to Japanese use. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru (which
13920-618: Was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops,) was converted into a Kempetai building and a Shinto shrine was also built in the city. The Kentapetai building became one of the historical buildings in Malang, which is now a private vocational school building and witnesses the disarmament of the Japanese by the People's Security Agency (BKR) in order to strengthen the defence of Malang. Chinese businessman, investor, and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee who's based in Singapore before
14040-717: Was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya. In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the Bhumi or the capital of empire. He is a nagara (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a rajya (governor) or natha (master) or bhre (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes . Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in
14160-484: Was won by King Wikramawardhana , Tumapel returned to Majapahit power. When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China ( Ming dynasty ) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in
14280-424: Was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja. During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of
14400-677: Was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple . Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw
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