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125-750: Cao was born to a poor family in Tianjin . During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, he went with the army to fight in Joseon . After the war was over he joined Yuan Shikai to participate in the training of the New Army (known as the Beiyang Army ). Admired by Yuan, Cao managed to rise very quickly. By the time of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution he commanded the Beiyang 3rd Division. He

250-520: A semi-arid climate (using the Köppen system, the city has a BSk climate bordering on Dwa ). As in other areas of East Asia, the city has a four-season, monsoon -influenced climate; it also has cold, windy, and dry winters due to the Siberian anticyclone and hot, humid summers due to the monsoon season. Spring in the city is dry and windy; the season sometimes consists of sandstorms blowing in from

375-566: A 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports. The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment. The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, supplies Chongqing with power and allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port. These infrastructure improvements have led to

500-567: A Large-Port Megacity, due to its large urban population and port traffic volume. Tianjin is currently a dual-core city, with its main urban area (including the older part of the city) located along the Hai River , which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal ; and Binhai , an adjacent New Area urban core located east of the older part of the city on the coast of

625-560: A battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated its provincial capital to Baoding, and the CCP Central Committee decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so. In April 1970, since the central government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project using the name of

750-603: A city. As one of China's National Central Cities , Chongqing serves as a center for finance in the Sichuan Basin and the upstream Yangtze , as well as for manufacturing and transportation. It is a connection in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and a base for the country's Belt and Road Initiative . Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport is the second-busiest airport in China, and is one of

875-515: A combination of more than 290 million population. Chongqing is one of the top 40 cities in the world by scientific research outputs as tracked by the Nature Index . Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China. As of October 2014 ,

1000-525: A lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference ( zhengxie ) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy. Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during

1125-660: A major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the Third Front campaign. There has been a massive government push to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial center and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development. Chongqing is facing rapid urbanization . For instance, statistics suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 m (1,470,000 sq ft) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. Thus, Chongqing

1250-534: A mere 5% in January to 43% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 11 January 1955 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.7 °C (111 °F) on 18 and 19 August 2022 (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933). Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year, is known as the "Fog City" ( 雾都 ); this

1375-546: A modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council. Western nations were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments;

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1500-399: A native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang , Wang Yang , Bo Xilai , Zhang Dejiang , and Sun Zhengcai , the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee , the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee

1625-607: A relay station ( 駐 地 ) under the command of the Viceroy of Zhili . In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded The Arrow , a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy, smuggling, and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour to capture

1750-846: Is Secretary of the Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , which since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party , the country's second highest governing council. Under the USSR-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the CCP and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never

1875-608: Is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China . Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the Central People's Government , along with Beijing , Shanghai , and Tianjin . It is the only directly administrated municipality located deep inland. The municipality covers a large geographical area roughly the size of Austria , which includes several disjunct urban areas in addition to Chongqing proper. Due to its classification,

2000-476: Is a heavy and chemical industry base and harbor, a part of the"dual-city, dual-harbor" space development strategy of Tianjin, and a zone with a circular economy . The total planned area of Nangang Industrial Zone is 200 km (77 sq mi), of which the terrestrial area is 162 km (63 sq mi). Farmland takes up about 40% of Tianjin Municipality's total area. Wheat, rice, and maize are

2125-679: Is because in the spring and fall, a thick layer of fog enshrouds it for 68 days per year. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army . Since 1997 Chongqing has been a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's leader

2250-566: Is built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers. With its special topography , Chongqing's topography includes mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. The Tang dynasty poet Li Bai was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram . The Zhongliang ( 中梁山 ) and Tongluo ( 铜锣山 ) mountains roughly form the eastern and western boundaries of Chongqing's urban area. Several high mountains are situated outside central Chongqing, including

2375-485: Is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Longshuixia Gap ( 龙水峡地缝 ), with its Three Natural Bridges , has made the region a popular tourist attraction. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming

2500-634: Is divided into 16 county-level divisions , which are all districts . The Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA) is not a formal level of administration, but has rights similar to those of a regular district. At the end of 2017, the total population of Tianjin was 15.57 million. [3] As of December 31, 2004, these districts and counties have been further subdivided into 240 township-level divisions , including 120 towns , 18 townships , 2 ethnic townships and 100 subdistricts . As in all other governing institutions in mainland China ,

2625-447: Is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with

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2750-493: Is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit. The municipality also has a Municipal People's Congress , theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions,

2875-829: Is governed as one of the four municipalities (alongside Beijing , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) under the direct administration of the State Council of China . The city borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality , bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea . Part of the Bohai Economic Rim , it is the largest coastal city in Northern China and part of the Jing-Jin-Ji megapolis. In terms of urban population, Tianjin

3000-673: Is jointly invested by the Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone and Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It is located inside the airfreight area of Tianjin Binhai International Airport. It has domestic and foreign airfreight logistics enterprises engaged in sorting, warehousing, distribution, processing, and exhibition. It is in the process of constructing the largest airfreight base in northern China. The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone

3125-553: Is located in central-western China, would complement the other National Central Cities, all of which are located along China's eastern coastline. The same year on June 18, the Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which was the third state-level new area at the time of its establishment. Chongqing is located in the subtropics , situated in the transitional area between the Tibetan Plateau and

3250-706: Is now held every two years. In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin. In 2012, the Tianjin Metro Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked. In October 2013, Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the East Asian Games . In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei

3375-791: Is one of the 20 cities in the world with the highest scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is also home to multiple institutes of higher education in Northern China, including Tianjin University , Nankai University , Tianjin Normal University , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin Foreign Studies University , Tiangong University , Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin University of Technology , and Hebei University of Technology . Tianjin

3500-435: Is one of the nine national central cities , with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the 2020 Chinese census . Its metropolitan area , which is made up of 12 central districts (other than Baodi , Jizhou , Jinghai and Ninghe ), was home to 11,165,706 inhabitants and is also the world's 29th-largest agglomeration (between Chengdu and Rio de Janeiro ) and 11th- most populous city proper . Tianjin

3625-536: Is one of the manufacturers in the city, and has opened an assembly plant for its Airbus A320 series airliners; the plant has been operational since 2009. As of 2010, the fastest supercomputer in the world, Tianhe-1A , has been located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin . The city's GDP in 2009 was ¥750.1 billion, with a GDP per capita of RMB ¥62,403. As one of the first state-level economic and technological development zones,

3750-584: Is one of the top 40 cities globally by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index ; the municipality is home to several notable universities , including Chongqing University , Southwest University , and Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications . Chongqing's location is historically associated with the State of Ba . Its capital was first called Jiangzhou ( 江州 ). Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang 's rule during

3875-621: Is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone , along with Chengdu and Xi'an . As of 2022 , Chongqing hosts 70 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), making it the fourth city with the most higher education institutions nationwide and the first city in Western China , which comprises Chongqing, six provinces ( Sichuan , Guizhou , Yunnan , Shaanxi , Gansu , and Qinghai ), and three autonomous regions ( Tibet , Ningxia , and Xinjiang ), with

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4000-607: Is small due to its relatively disadvantageous inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery, sports equipment and electronics are common. Chongqing is China's third largest motor vehicle production center and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles. Leading makers of cars and motorbikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise , as well as Ford Motor Company , with

4125-460: Is the Bohai Sea . With a latitude ranging from 38° 34' to 40° 15' N and a longitude ranging from 116° 43' to 118° 04' E, the total area of the city is 11,860.63 square kilometers (4,579.41 sq mi). The city has 153 km (95 mi) of coastline and 1,137.48 kilometers (706.80 mi) of land border. It is located at the northern end of the Grand Canal of China , which connects with

4250-559: Is the pinyin spelling of the Chinese characters 天津 . The name literally means 'the port of the emperor'. The origin of the name is disputed. One traditional theory says that it was an homage to the Chu poet Qu Yuan , whose " Li Sao " includes the verse "... departing from the Ford of Heaven at dawn ..." ( 朝發軔於天津兮 ; zhāo fārèn yú Tiānjīn xī ). Another says that it honors the former name of

4375-500: Is the only free trade zone in northern China. The zone was approved for establishment in 1991 by State Council. It is 30 km (19 mi) from Tianjin city proper, less than 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the wharf, and 38 km (24 mi) away from Tianjin Binhai International Airport. The Tianjin Tanggu Marine High-Tech Development Area was established in 1992 and was upgraded to

4500-670: Is the seventh largest city in China. In terms of administrative area population, Tianjin ranks fifth in mainland China. The walled city of Tianjin was built in 1404. As a treaty port since 1860, Tianjin has been a seaport and gateway to Beijing. During the Boxer Rebellion , the city was the seat of the Tianjin Provisional Government . Under the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, Tianjin became one of

4625-410: Is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative. The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor , who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor

4750-624: The Beijing coup . Feng occupied Beijing and forced Cao to resign. His brother, Cao Rui, committed suicide while he was under house arrest. In 1926, Cao Kun was released from captivity as a goodwill gesture by Feng to Wu Peifu. Cao died in his home at Tianjin in May 1938. Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea . It

4875-681: The Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei , Anshan , Maanshan , Pingdingshan and Shenyang ), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. Traditionally, due to its geographic inaccessibility, Chongqing and Sichuan have both been important military bases in weapons research and development. Even though Chongqing's industries are diversified, unlike eastern China, its export sector

5000-594: The Eight-Nation Alliance recaptured Tianjin . This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, America, Austro-Hungary, and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902, when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General Yuan Shikai led efforts to transform Tianjin into

5125-599: The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee convened; its meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening of the Binhai New Area into its Eleventh Five-Year Plan and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an ecological city." Since then,

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5250-888: The Girl , a Chinese constellation recorded under the name Tianjin in the Astronomical Record section of the Book of Sui . A third says that it derives from a place name noted in the River Record of the History of Jin . The most common theory says that it was bestowed by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming , who crossed Tianjin's Gu River on his way south to overthrow his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor . Prior to

5375-634: The Gobi Desert , which are capable of lasting for several days. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −2.8 °C (27.0 °F) in January to 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from −22.9 °C (−9 °F) to 40.6 °C (105 °F). With the monthly percentage of the possible amount of sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 61% in March and April,

5500-549: The Imperial Japanese Navy and Army Air Forces ; battles of which were fought entirely by the Chinese Air Force squadrons and anti-aircraft artillery units. Many lives were saved by the air-raid shelters which took advantage of the mountainous terrain. Chongqing was acclaimed to be the "City of Heroes" due to the indomitable spirits of its people as well as their contributions and sacrifices during

5625-879: The North China Executive Committee , a puppet state based in Beijing. On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941, the American Marine unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before it left, the Japanese attacked the United States . The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to Vichy ) were allowed by

5750-424: The Pingjin Campaign of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949. From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, Tanggu New Port officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to

5875-434: The Qin dynasty , the successor of the Qin State, as well as the rule of Han dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Northern and Southern dynasties to Chu Prefecture ( 楚州 ), then again in 581 AD ( Sui dynasty ) to Yu Prefecture ( 渝州 ), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture ( 恭州 ). The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, as well as for

6000-464: The Second Sino-Japanese War (i.e., World War II), and from 1937 to 1945, the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan . After the eventual defeat at the Battle of Wuhan General Chiang-Kai Shek and the army were forced to use it as base of resistance from 1938 onwards. It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun . Chongqing used to be

6125-855: The Taku forts near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the Second Opium War in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the Treaty of Tientsin was signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the Xianfeng Emperor in 1860, so Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and Russia , and some countries without Chinese concessions , such as Austria-Hungary , Italy and Belgium , in establishing self-contained concessions in Tianjin , each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals. These nations left architectural reminders of their rule, which include churches and thousands of villas. The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin

6250-421: The Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central Cities , along with Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. According to Zhou Liqun, a consultant for National Development and Reform Commission of China, Chongqing's status as a National Central City would encourage the development of Western China . Chongqing, which

6375-489: The Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) was founded on December 6, 1984, with the approval of the State Council. It is given state preferential policies with the task of attracting domestic and foreign investment to develop new technology-oriented modern industries. As an affiliated organization of the Tianjin Municipal Government, the Administrative Commission of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area exercises unified administration of TEDA on behalf of

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6500-419: The War of Resistance-World War II . Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China and ultimately to Chongqing during years of setbacks in the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. After World War II ended, Chongqing became one of the last refuges of the Nationalist Kuomintang government on the Chinese mainland during the Chinese Civil War . Following

6625-496: The Yangtze River Crossing campaign , the KMT capital of Nanjing was occupied by the Communists in 23 April. The KMT decamped first to Guangzhou , then Chongqing. Chongqing served as the KMT capital until late November 1949, when the Nationalist KMT government withdrew from the city by air. On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the sub-provincial city with adjacent Fuling , Wanxian , and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of

6750-422: The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers . The municipality is generally flat and is swampy near the coast; however, it has hills in the north, where the Yan Mountains enter Tianjin. Tidal flats occur on the coastal plain adjacent to the city. The highest point in the municipality is Jiuding Peak ( 九顶山 ) in Ji County on the northern border with Hebei; the mountain has an altitude of 1,078.5 m (3,538 ft). In

6875-406: The most populous city proper in the world . As of 2010 , the metropolitan area encompassing the central urban area was estimated by the OECD to have, a population of 17 million. The Census also lists the male percentage as 50.55% and the female percentage as 49.55%. In terms of age distribution, of the total population, 15.91% were age 0–14, 62.22% were 15–64, and 21.87% were 65 and over. Of

7000-538: The "Great Leap Forward" and the city's industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into Hebei Province , the capital of which was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, hindering Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to preparation and concerns that Tianjin would become

7125-425: The 1,709.4 m (5,608 ft)-high Wugong Ling Mountain in Jiangjin. Chongqing has a monsoonal humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ) and for most of the year experiences very high relative humidity, with all months above 75%. Known as one of the " Three Furnaces " of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing , its summers are long and among

7250-458: The Bohai. As of the end of 2010, approximately 285 Fortune 500 companies have operated in buildings located in Binhai. Since 2010, Tianjin's Yujiapu Financial District has become known as China's Manhattan and the city is considered to be one of the world's top 100 cities, including in the Global Financial Centres Index . Tianjin is ranked as a Beta (global second tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Tianjin

7375-410: The British concession, to be under Japan's authority. For a time, the events of 1939 appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the Japanese Army mistreating British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in British newspapers. The situation ended when British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was advised by the Royal Navy and the Foreign Office that

7500-443: The General and remaining army had lived there for a time following their retreat in 1938 from the previous capital of Wuhan , it was formally declared the second capital city ( 陪都 ; péidū ; p'ei -tu ) on 6 September 1940. After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell ,

7625-434: The Japanese generally respected foreign concessions until 1941, when American and British concessions were occupied. In the summer of 1939, the Tientsin Incident damaged Anglo-Japanese relations. On June 14, 1939, the Imperial Japanese Army surrounded and blockaded a British concession due to the refusal of British authorities to transfer six Chinese people, who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge in

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7750-419: The Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession, following a battle with its garrison, and the Italian Social Republic formally ceded the concession to Wang Jingwei 's Japan-controlled puppet state . Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II. In

7875-408: The Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ). Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create

8000-426: The Philippines. Because of the development of industry, commerce and finance in the city, Tianjin was established as a municipality of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of Hebei ; afterwards, it was reestablished as an independent municipality. Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General George C. Marshall , the "architect of victory" in World War II, during which he

8125-499: The Republic of China (in Beijing ) on 10 October 1923, serving to 2 November 1924. In March 1922, Cao attempted to launch an airline, "Beijing-Han Airlines", with a Handley Page aircraft (likely a modified HP O/400 ). Unfortunately, the airline's 3-day trial tour ended in disaster: the plane crashed on approach to Beijing , killing all 14 onboard. Cao had a family connection to the Chinese Muslim military commander Ma Fuxing , who resided in Xinjiang . Cao Kun infamously acquired

8250-409: The Tianjin Binhai New Area." In August 2008, China's first high-speed railway , the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway , which has a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, was opened. In August 2008, Tianjin was the co-host city of the 29th Olympic Games . In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of World Economic Forum (also called Summer Davos ) began to be established in Tianjin; it

8375-411: The Tianjin Military Academy ( 天津武備學堂 ) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms. The academy's founding was supported by the Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan. The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the Green Standard Army officers. The instructors were German officers. In 1887, the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers;

8500-439: The Tianjin Municipal Government and has provincial-level administrative and economic management rights. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council, having been approved on April 27, 2000. This area is a special enclosed zone. where Customs officials conduct constant administration for commodities transported into and out of the zone. The central government granted

8625-420: The Tianjin Municipality, the Hai River forms at the confluence of the Ziya River ( 子牙河 ), Daqing River ( 大清河 ), Yongding River , North Grand Canal , and South Grand Canal ; it enters the Pacific Ocean within the municipality as well as in Tanggu District . Reservoirs include the Beidagang Reservoir in the south (in Dagang District ) and the Yuqiao Reservoir in the north in Ji County . Tianjin has

8750-466: The Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27, Jincheng Bank , the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors. On August 12, 2015, a fire and explosion occurred in a chemical warehouse in Tianjin Port , causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses. The first two explosions at

8875-413: The US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of China's nine largest iron and steel producers in China as well as one of its three major aluminum producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company (重庆钢铁股份有限公司) and Southwest Aluminum (西南鋁業), which is Asia's largest aluminum plant. Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are

9000-628: The United States did not initially participate. During World War I , the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as prisoners of war by Allied Forces ; meanwhile, in 1918, the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the 15th Infantry Regiment , minus one battalion, to Tianjin from

9125-637: The Zhili clique, but they stayed together to fight against the Fengtian clique . One of his first acts as president was to promulgate the 1923 Constitution of China . Hastily drafted by the guilt-ridden assembly, it was deemed the most democratic and progressive charter yet, but like previous charters, it was ignored completely. During a war against Zhang Zuolin in October 1924, Cao was betrayed and imprisoned by one of his own officers, General Feng Yuxiang , in

9250-473: The area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese . Coal reserves total approximately 4,800,000,000 metric tons (4.7 × 10 long tons; 5.3 × 10 short tons). Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has

9375-417: The arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford , Mazda , HSBC , Standard Chartered Bank , Citibank , Deutsche Bank , ANZ Bank , Scotiabank , Wal-Mart , Metro AG and Carrefour , among other multinational corporations. The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones: Chongqing itself

9500-558: The canal ran from Hangzhou to the Beijing and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin began to be increasingly mentioned in records during the Song dynasty and gained importance during the Yuan dynasty . Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a location for

9625-414: The channel and by build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties, including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe, were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin. On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude Tangshan Earthquake , Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of

9750-517: The church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate, killing eighteen foreigners, including ten French nuns, the French consul, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident. In 1885, Li Hongzhang founded

9875-459: The city open on the same terms as other ports, although it was not until 1907 that a steamship made the journey without the help of manual haulers. From 1896 to 1904, the American, German, French, and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing. During and after the Second Sino-Japanese War , from November 1937 to May 1946, it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek 's provisional capital. After

10000-456: The city receives 2,460 hours of sunshine annually. Having an annual total precipitation of 521 millimeters (20.5 in), with nearly three-fifths of it occurring in July and August alone, the city lies within the semi-arid climate zone, although parts of the municipality are humid continental ( Köppen BSk / Dwa , respectively). See or edit raw graph data . In May 2014, the city's administration enacted new laws in an attempt to lower

10125-537: The city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River; it is now used to supply water for Beijing; however;

10250-446: The city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin ), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 km (30,900 sq mi), is rural. At the end of year 2018, the total population is 31.02 million. As of 2022, Chongqing is the largest Chinese city by urban population, with a population of 22.80 million. Indicates with which district

10375-483: The city's historic center, where the old town once stood; its name is Yuzhong ( 渝中 , Central Yu). It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" ( simplified Chinese : 双重喜庆 ; traditional Chinese : 雙重喜慶 ; pinyin : shuāngchóng xǐqìng , or chóngqìng in short). To mark

10500-551: The city's pollution levels. These measures included several methods to restrict pollution on days when is severe, such as by halving the number of vehicles allowed on roads, halting construction and manufacturing activity, closing schools, and halting large-scale outdoor activities. In the past, flights have also been grounded and highways have been closed. Foreign-born professional sportsmen have made statements regarding Tianjin's air quality, citing it as an impediment to athletic activity and being thick enough to "taste". Tianjin

10625-407: The country's GDP and ranked 16th among province-level administrative units ; the municipality's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were worth CN¥201.21 billion (US$ 29.92 billion), CN¥1.169 trillion (US$ 173.86 billion) and CN¥1.542 trillion (US$ 229.3 billion) respectively. Its nominal GDP per capita was US$ 13,479 (CN¥90,663) and ranked 10th in the country. Chongqing has been identified by

10750-789: The dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area were announced; they stated the following: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede

10875-429: The division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997. The main urban area of Chongqing city ( 重庆主城区 ) spans approximately 5,473 km (2,113 sq mi), and includes the following nine districts: According to the 2020 national census , Chongqing has a population of 32,054,159, accounting for around 2.27% of the national total. This makes it

11000-674: The east, Sichuan and Shaanxi to the north, and Guizhou to the south. Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Gorge in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The area slopes downward from north to south towards the Yangtze valley, and features a large massif of mountains and hills, with steep sloping areas at different heights. Karst landscape

11125-428: The explosion was estimated to be $ 9 billion, making it the most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015. Tianjin is located on the west coast of the Bohai Gulf ; the provinces of Shandong and Liaoning are located across those waters. The city is bordered by Beijing , which is 120 kilometers (75 mi) to the northwest. Tianjin is surrounded on all sides by Hebei , with the exception of its eastern border, which

11250-516: The facility, which is located in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, happened within 30 seconds of each other; the second explosion was larger and involved the detonation of approximately 800 tons of ammonium nitrate (equivalent to about 256 tons of TNT ). Fires caused by the initial explosions continued to burn uncontrollably throughout the weekend, resulting in eight additional explosions on August 15. The buildings of seven more surrounding logistics companies were destroyed. The cost to businesses caused by

11375-519: The fall of the Ming dynasty to a rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan , was captured by Zhang Xianzhong , who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province, in part by causing many people to flee to safety elsewhere. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing dynasty , immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with

11500-819: The headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of the two group armies that formerly comprised the Chengdu Military Region , which was reorganized into the Western Theater Command in 2016. Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011 ), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into

11625-411: The hottest and most humid in China, with highs of 34 °C (93 °F) in July and August in the urban area. Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 983 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from

11750-464: The introduction of pinyin, the city's name was historically romanized as Tientsin in the Chinese postal romanization . The current English spelling of Tianjin was adopted in 1958, after pinyin was introduced by the PRC government. Several countries, international organizations and media outlets have adopted the pinyin name since in 1979. The Government of the Republic of China (ROC) has continued to use

11875-424: The largest cities in the region. At that time, European-style buildings and mansions were constructed in concessions, some of which are preserved today. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin suffered a depression due to the policy of the central government and the 1976 Tangshan earthquake ; however, it has been recovering since the 1990s. Tianjin is classified as the largest type of port city,

12000-463: The most economically important crops. Tianjin Municipality has deposits of about 1 billion tonnes of petroleum, with Dagang District containing oilfields . Salt production is also one of the city's industries, with Changlu Yanqu being one of China's salt production areas. Geothermal energy is another resource of Tianjin. Deposits of manganese and boron under Tianjin were the first to be found in China. Chongqing Chongqing

12125-481: The municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core. Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995. Public transport in Chongqing consists of metro , intercity railway, a ubiquitous bus system and the world's largest monorail network. According to

12250-564: The municipality of Chongqing is the largest city proper in the world by population, though Chongqing is not the most populous urban area. The municipality of Chongqing is the only Chinese municipality with a resident population of over 30 million; however, this number includes its large rural population. In 2020, Chongqing surpassed Shanghai as China's largest municipality by urban population; as of 2022 , it has an urban population of 22.8 million. The municipality contains 26 districts, 8 counties , and 4 autonomous counties . The city served as

12375-496: The national-level high-tech development area by the State Council in 1995. It is the only national-level high-tech development area specializing in developing the marine technology industry. By the end of 2008, the zone had 2,068 corporations and 5 industries there, including those for new materials, oil manufacturing, modern machinery manufacturing, and electronic information. The Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone

12500-476: The occasion of his enthronement, Yu Prefecture was therefore converted to Chongqing Fu . In 1362 (during the Yuan dynasty ), Ming Yuzhen , a peasant rebel leader, established the Daxia Kingdom ( 大夏 ) at Chongqing for a short time. In 1621 (during the Ming dynasty ), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang ( 大梁 ) was established by She Chongming ( 奢崇明 ) with Chongqing as its capital. In 1644, after

12625-452: The only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the situation in Europe, it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese people, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by

12750-680: The plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze . Its climate features frequent monsoon conditions, often raining at night in late spring and early summer. The city's "night rain in the Ba Mountains", features in poems throughout Chinese history, including "Written on a Rainy Night—A Letter to the North" by Li Shangyin . Its territory is 470 km (290 mi) from east to west at its longest, and 450 km (280 mi) from north to south at its widest. It borders Hubei and Hunan to

12875-836: The politics of Tianjin is structured in a dual party-government system. The mayor of Tianjin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Tianjin. Since Tianjin is a municipality, the CCP Municipal Committee Secretary is colloquially known as the "Tianjin CCP Party chief ". Tianjin's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 1.572 trillion yuan in 2014, an increase of 10.0 percent over its GDP in 2013. The city of Tianjin had China's highest per-capita GDP of $ 17,126, followed by Beijing with $ 16,278 and Shanghai with $ 15,847. Industries include petrochemical industries, textiles, car manufacturing, mechanical industries, and metalworking . EADS Airbus

13000-401: The population practices Chinese ancestral religion , while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian . The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, or folk religious sects . In 2010, there were 9,056 Muslims in Chongqing. Chongqing was

13125-505: The population's highest education level achieved, 15.41% were college, 15.96% were high school, 30.58% were middle school, and 29.89% were elementary school. As of 2021 , 70.4% of Chongqing's population is estimated to be urban, and 29.6%. Religion in Chongqing The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of

13250-583: The postal and Wade–Giles spelling since the adoption of pinyin by the ROC government in 2009. The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the Bohai Gulf , including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in the area at one time. The construction of the Grand Canal under the Sui dynasty helped the future development of Tianjin, as

13375-551: The presidential office by openly bribing assembly members with 5,000 silver dollars each. That episode brought disrepute to the Beiyang government and the National Assembly, which lacked a quorum even to hold elections. It also turned all the rival factions against him, and his own clique began suffering from dissension. Relations with his chief protégé, Wu Peifu , soured and there were rumors of an impending split within

13500-558: The program continued for five years. Practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese literature, mathematics, and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools. A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which

13625-399: The province since September 1996, and grant it independence from Sichuan. The resulting single entity became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties without intermediate political levels. The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of

13750-419: The reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result, during 1976, the State Council of the People's Republic of China decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers. In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin

13875-664: The special economic zone preferential policies to attract enterprises in the business of processing and trade to invest in the zone. The Tianjin Export Processing Zone is located to the northeast of TEDA and has a planned area of 2.54 km (0.98 sq mi). The area developed in the first phase is 1 square meter (11 sq ft) wide. A permanent wall is built to separate the export processing and non-export processing zones. The Tianjin Airport International Logistics Zone

14000-534: The storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the Ming dynasty ; it was a center of commerce by the 17th century. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Tianjin Prefecture , or Zhou ( 州 ), was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later, it became an urban prefecture or Fu ( 府 ), before becoming

14125-547: The support of the Qing emperor. In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing. The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners, with the proviso that foreign ships should not be at liberty to trade there until Chinese-owned steamers had succeeded in ascending the river. This restriction was abolished by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, which declared

14250-539: The top 50 busiest airports in the world. The city's monorail system is the world's longest and busiest , as well as having the greatest number of stations, with 70. Chongqing is ranked as a Beta (global second-tier) city. It is the headquarters of the Changan Automobile , one of the " Big Four " car manufacturers of China. As of 2023 , the city hosts 12 foreign representations, the fifth-most in China behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu. It

14375-420: The wartime capital for the Republic of China (ROC) during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). On 14 March 1997, the current municipality was separated from the surrounding province of Sichuan , with the goal of furthering development in the central and western parts of the country. University of Washington professor Kam Wing Chan argued that Chongqing's status is more akin to that of a province rather than

14500-765: The well-known Three Gorges : the Qutang, Wuxia and Xiling gorges. Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing. Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud, I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day. With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud, My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away. The central urban area of Chongqing, called Chongqing proper,

14625-810: The world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. Although the mining sector has been denounced as heavily polluting and unsafe. Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina ) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Myanmar pipelines . The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar,

14750-571: Was based in the city. This made it a city of world importance in the fight against Axis powers, together with London , Moscow and Washington, D.C. The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten , the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell. From 1938 to 1943, the city suffered from continuous massive bombing campaigns of

14875-569: Was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the Tianjin Development Zone 's economy began to develop. However, the overall speed of development in Tianjin is still slower than that of special economic zones and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its industrial shift towards the east and developed the Binhai New Area , with the Tianjin Port as its core. In October 2005,

15000-761: Was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy. In 1886, the Tianjin Military Academy adopted Romance of the Three Kingdoms as part of its curriculum. Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui ; its staff included Yinchang . In June 1900, the Boxers were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby Langfang ; they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks. In July 1900,

15125-530: Was made a general in the Beiyang Army and led the Zhili clique after the death of Feng Guozhang . During the 1918 election he was promised the vice-presidency by Duan Qirui but the office remained vacant after most of the National Assembly left, depriving it of a quorum . He felt betrayed by Duan and defeated him in battle in 1920. After forcing the resignations of both Xu Shichang and Li Yuanhong , and engaging in bribery, he became president of

15250-586: Was not always peaceful; one violent incident was that of the Tianjin Church Massacre . In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (translated as Church Our Lady's Victories ) in Tianjin, which built by French Roman Catholic missionaries , was accused of kidnapping and brainwashing Chinese children. On June 21, the magistrate of Tianjin County initiated a conflict at the church that developed into violent clashes between

15375-618: Was officially incorporated into the national strategy; Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&;D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year, the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed, so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26, 2015,

15500-420: Was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right on 14 March 1997 in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy). By the 2000s the city had become an important industrial area in western China. As of 2022 , Chongqing's nominal GDP was US$ 433 billion ( CN¥ 2.91 trilion), about 2.41% of

15625-663: Was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , served in Tianjin in the 1920s as the Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew the infantry unit in 1938, but the nation's presence was maintained by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing. On July 30, 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War , Tianjin fell to Japan, but was not entirely occupied, as

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