Misplaced Pages

#589410

65-654: The Jianwen Emperor (5 December 1377 – ?), personal name Zhu Yunwen , also known by his temple name as the Emperor Huizong of Ming and by his posthumous name as the Emperor Hui of Ming , was the second emperor of the Ming dynasty , reigned from 1398 to 1402. Zhu Yunwen's father was Zhu Biao , the eldest son and crown prince of the Hongwu Emperor , the founder of the Ming dynasty. Zhu Biao died at

130-600: A certain amount to be distributed to the needy. However, it seems that the government did not have enough time to fully implement these changes before its fall. Despite this, there was still a noticeable shift towards supporting the Yongle Emperor among the Buddhist community. The Jianwen government aimed to reduce the influence of the emperor's uncles, the sons of the Hongwu Emperor. These uncles were granted

195-560: A decrease in their power. Additionally, there was a partial revival of the position of "Chancellor" ( 丞相 ; chengxiang ), the head of the civil administration. This came after the Central Secretariat was abolished in 1380, leaving no central office in the Ming administration to coordinate the work of ministries and other civil offices. Instead, all of these offices were directly under the emperor's control. The Jianwen Emperor relied on Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, and Fang Xiaoru to lead

260-479: A few days.) The followers of the deceased emperor were punished, and his closest advisers were executed. Although the Yongle Emperor hoped that Fang Xiaoru, known for his integrity and honesty, would join his side and bring confidence to the new government, he was resolutely rejected. As punishment, the emperor not only executed his relatives but also his pupils. The purges, executions, imprisonments, and exiles affected tens of thousands of people. In an attempt to erase

325-552: A monarch should be honored as "祖" ( zǔ ; "progenitor") or "宗" ( zōng ; "ancestor"), a principle was strictly adhered to: "祖" was to be given to accomplished rulers while "宗" was to be assigned to virtuous rulers. However, this principle was effectively abandoned during the Sixteen Kingdoms era with the ubiquitous usage of "祖" by various non- Han regimes. Temple names became widespread from the Tang dynasty onwards. Apart from

390-434: A more conciliatory approach. Additionally, the emperor and his closest ministers lacked military experience. In August 1399, the emperor appointed Geng Bingwen as the commander of the troops tasked with suppressing the rebellion. Geng Bingwen led 130,000 troops to Zhending , a city southwest of Beijing, but was ultimately defeated by Zhu Di in late September, resulting in heavy losses for the imperial army. In November 1399,

455-460: A public statement. He justified his actions by claiming that he was trying to end internal political disorder and confusion, defend the Hongwu Emperor's statutes and laws defining the duties of princes, and honor his deceased father. He accused the emperor and his ministers of persecuting the princes, who were falsely accused of preparing an uprising. He presented his actions as a reasonable act of self-defense. He also stated that he had no interest in

520-894: Is either "祖" or "宗": Zhongshu Sheng The Zhongshu Sheng ( 中 書 省 ), also known as the Palace Secretariat or Central Secretariat , was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure in imperial China from the Cao Wei (220–266) until the early Ming dynasty . As one of the Three Departments, the Zhongshu Sheng was primarily a policy-formulating agency responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees, but its actual function varied at different times. The department traces its origins back to

585-736: The Eastern Han dynasty . In other cases, numerous individuals were honored with more than one temple name by intentional changes or being accorded different titles by different individuals. For instance, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty was originally honored as Taizong by the Hongxi Emperor , but his temple name was later amended to Chengzu by the Jiajing Emperor . There were also instances of individuals ruling as

650-528: The Han dynasty . The Central Secretariat originated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BC) to handle documents. The chief steward for writing ( shangshu 尚書), aided by eunuch secretary-receptionists ( zhongshu yezhe 中書謁者)), forwarded documents to the inner palace. This organization was headed by a Secretariat Director ( zhongshu ling 中書令) assisted by a Vice Director ( zhongshu puye 中書仆射). These two posts came to assert significant political influence on

715-610: The "Phoenix Tower" ( fengge 鳳閣), and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712-755) named it the "Department of the Purple Mystery" ( ziweisheng 紫微省). During the Sui-Tang period, the duty of the Central Secretariat was to read incoming material to the throne, answer questions from the emperor, and to draft imperial edicts. The Sui and Tang added posts for compilation of the imperial diary and proof-reading documents. In

SECTION 10

#1732766088590

780-501: The Central Secretariat became Vice Grand Chancellor. The Khitan -led Liao dynasty (916–1125) had an institution similar in function to the Central Secretariat of the early Tang dynasty, called the Department of Administration ( zhengshisheng 政事省). The posts of Director, Vice Director, and the drafters, were mostly held by Chinese. The Jurchen -led Jin dynasty (1115–1234) had a Central Secretariat that functioned similarly to

845-481: The Central Secretariat varied greatly in this period, sometimes even being put in charge of judicial and entertainment matters. The Central Secretariat was known by a variety of names during the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty . The Sui called it neishisheng (內史省) or neishusheng (內書省). Emperor Gaozong of Tang (r. 618-626) called it the "Western Terrace" ( xitai 西臺), Wu Zetian (regent 684-690, ruler 690-704) called it

910-429: The Department of State Affairs ( shangshu you puye 尚書右仆射, or youcheng 右丞), who also held the title of Court Gentleman of the Central Secretariat ( zhongshu shilang 中書侍郎). Another Court Gentleman of the Central Secretariat managed the institution and participated in court consultations. The Rear Section was managed by a Secretariat Drafter ( zhongshu sheren ). The Left Vice Director ( zuo puye 左仆射, or zuocheng 左丞) held

975-489: The Department of State Affairs in 1292 (revived 1309-1311). The post of Director was held by an imperial prince or left vacant, however real work went to the right and left Grand Chancellors. Under the Grand Chancellors were four managers of governmental affairs ( pingzhang zhengshi 平章政事) and a right and left aide ( you cheng 右丞, zuo cheng 左丞), who were collectively known as state counsellors ( zaizhi 宰執). Below

1040-422: The Hongwu Emperor had doubts about his grandson's ability to rule, as he believed him to lack the necessary toughness. This may have been the reason for the purges of potentially dangerous generals in the first half of the 1390s. The Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398. Just six days later, on 30 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen took the throne. His gentle nature and adherence to Confucian principles made him acutely aware of

1105-536: The Hongwu Emperor), was compiled from 1399 to 1402, but was rewritten in 1402–1403 and again in 1411–1418. The Yongle Emperor's historians portrayed the Jianwen Emperor as a weak and immoral ruler who showed little interest in governing and was surrounded by corrupt and treacherous ministers. However, later versions of the history paint the Jianwen Emperor as an honest and benevolent leader who followed

1170-438: The Hongwu Emperor. He denied legitimacy to his overthrown nephew, canceled his reforms, and attempted to erase them from history. The Jianwen Emperor's younger son, Zhu Wengui, and other relatives spent the rest of their lives in prison. (Zhu Wengui was released in 1457 by Emperor Yingzong , who himself lived under house arrest from 1450 to 1457 out of compassion. However, Zhu Wengui did not enjoy his freedom for long; he died after

1235-486: The Mongols. However, since 1392, when he was not named as a successor, he has considered himself unjustly neglected. The princes saw the efforts of the new emperor and his government as a personal threat and a violation of the laws of the Hongwu Emperor, which everyone, including the emperor, was obliged to obey. The government was cautious towards Zhu Di, which gave him the opportunity to prepare and gather forces. However,

1300-548: The Nanjing government had been systematically limiting Zhu Di's power. For instance, his personal guard of 15,000 men was transferred outside of Beijing, and the generals serving in the northeast, close to Zhu Di, were gradually replaced by followers of the emperor. In June 1399, the emperor finally permitted Zhu Di's sons, who had been effectively held as hostages in Nanjing since the Hongwu Emperor's funeral, to return to Beijing. This event seemed to remove Zhu Di's inhibitions, and

1365-574: The Song institution, but the paperwork was done by academicians rather than professional drafters. The Right Chancellor of the Central Secretariat ( shangshu you chengxiang 尚書右丞相) was subordinate to the Grand Chancellor. Emperor Wanyan Liang (r. 1149-1160) abolished the institution. The Mongol -led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) made the Central Secretariat the central administrative office, responsible for all civil administration, and abolished

SECTION 20

#1732766088590

1430-714: The Sui dynasty, the Central Secretariat Director was sometimes the same person as the Grand Chancellor ( zaixiang 宰相). In the Tang, the Director was also master of court assemblies, and often where Grand Chancellors started their careers. The Central Secretariat Director took part in conferences with the emperor alongside the directors of the Department of State Affairs and the Chancellery. In

1495-485: The Yongle Emperor, later restored them. Additionally, the emperor abolished the unfair tax system of the previous era, particularly the excessive taxes imposed on Jiangnan , specifically Suzhou and Songjiang prefectures. In 1400, taxes in Jiangnan were reduced to a more reasonable level. The following year, the tax exemptions for Taoist and Buddhist clergy were limited, and they were required to hand over land exceeding

1560-542: The advice of devoted Confucians and worked to correct the cruelties of his predecessor. His reign was restored to the official history of the dynasty by the decision of the Wanli Emperor in October 1595. However, he was not given a posthumous temple name until July 1644, when Zhu Yousong gave him the temple name Huizong ( 惠宗 ; 'Magnanimous Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Rang ( 讓皇帝 ; 'Abdicated Emperor',

1625-481: The age of 37 in 1392, after which the Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yunwen as his successor. He ascended the throne after the Hongwu Emperor's death in June 1398. As emperor, he surrounded himself with Confucian-educated officials who immediately began revising the Hongwu Emperor's reforms. However, the most significant change was the attempt to limit or eliminate the princes, who were the sons of the Hongwu Emperor and had been

1690-466: The banks of the Yangtze River. The commander of the government fleet defected to the rebels, giving them an open road to Nanjing. The emperor, who was gathering forces to defend the capital, was unable to stop the rebels. Taking advantage of the chaos, members of the "peace party" in the government opened the gates of Nanjing to the rebels on 13 July 1402. In the ensuing clashes, the imperial palace

1755-547: The court, causing eunuchs to be forbidden from holding these posts by the end of the Western Han dynasty . This institution continued after the end of the Han dynasty into Cao Wei . Emperor Wen of Wei formally created the Central Secretariat, headed by a Secretariat Supervisor ( zhongshu jian 中書監) and a Director ( zhongshu ling 中書令). Although lower in rank than the Shangshu Sheng (Department of State Affairs),

1820-466: The early Song dynasty (960–1279), the Central Secretariat was formally demoted and its function reduced to processing less important documents like memorials, resubmitted documents, or lists of examinations. The Central Secretariat no longer had a Director and its office was merged with that of the Chancellery, called Secretariat-Chancellery ( zhongshu menxia 中書門下, shortened zhongshu 中書) or Administration Chamber ( zhengshitang ). Drafting documents became

1885-421: The emperor's survival and refuge in a Buddhist monastery. After conquering Nanjing, Zhu Di ascended to the throne as the Yongle Emperor . He abolished the reforms implemented by the Jianwen Emperor and declared his predecessor illegitimate—thus, he did not grant him a temple or posthumous name and abolished the era of Jianwen, extending the era of Hongwu from 1398 to 1402. Zhu Yunwen was born on 5 December 1377,

1950-535: The enemy's supply lines, while the front in Shandong and southern Beijing moved back and forth. In January 1402, Zhu Di launched an offensive. On the advice of the Nanjing eunuchs, he chose to advance westward instead of through the fortified cities along the Grand Canal. This strategic decision proved successful as the government forces in the west were weaker, allowing the rebels to disrupt their lines. Despite

2015-524: The feudatories" ( 削藩 ; xuefan ) was supported by Qi Tai and, most notably, by Huang Zicheng, who cited past dynastic experiences, such as the Rebellion of the Seven States during the Han dynasty . Princedoms were either directly suppressed or had their powers limited for both real and perceived offenses. The government forbade the princes from participating in public life, in direct contradiction to

Jianwen Emperor - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-737: The final ruler of a dynasty, monarchs who died prematurely, or monarchs who were deposed, most Chinese monarchs were given temple names by their descendants. The practice of honoring rulers with temple names had since been adopted by other dynastic regimes within the East Asian cultural sphere|Sinosphere, including those based on the Korean Peninsula and in Vietnam. Japan, while having adopted both posthumous names and era names from China, did not assign temple names to its monarchs. Most temple names consist of two Chinese characters, unlike

2145-650: The following rulers by their temple names: Chinese monarchs from the Tang to the Yuan dynasties, Korean rulers of the Goryeo (until AD 1274) and Joseon dynasties, and Vietnamese rulers of the Lý , Trần , and Later Lê dynasties (with the Hồ and Later Trần dynasties as exceptions). Numerous individuals who did not rule as monarch during their lifetime were posthumously elevated to

2210-597: The following two months, in June and July, Zhu Fu ( 朱榑 ; 1364–1428), Prince of Qi based in Jingzhou , and Zhu Pian ( 朱楩 ; 1379–1400), Prince of Min based in Yunnan, were also stripped of their titles. The main long-term target of the government's measures and the most dangerous opponent was Zhu Di. He was based in Beijing and had shown himself to be a capable military leader and energetic administrator during campaigns against

2275-696: The function of a new Document Drafting Office ( sherenyuan 舍人院). A reform during the Yuanfeng reign-period (1078-1085) restored the Central Secretariat to its former functions and the Document Drafting Office was renamed the Secretariat Rear Section ( zhongshu housheng 中書後省). However the title of Director remained an honorific while real leadership of the Central Secretariat went to the Right Vice Director of

2340-465: The government's attempt to stop the rebel advance by sending General Xu Huizu to the north, they were unable to do so. The rebels continued their march south and by the beginning of March, they had captured Xuzhou in the north of Zhili . As a result, the government was forced to withdraw its troops from Beijing and Shandong provinces to defend Zhili. From April to June 1402, the rebel army engaged in fierce battles and successfully advanced from Xuzhou to

2405-424: The government's superiority was not as clear-cut as it seemed. Zhu Di was a decisive and exceptionally capable commander, leading elite units of the Ming armies that included a large number of Mongolian cavalry. On the other hand, the imperial party was weakened by the indecision and poor coordination of its commanders, as well as the conflicting views between those who supported aggressive tactics and those who favored

2470-416: The government, discussing policies with them and overseeing their implementation by the ministries. Although they effectively acted as chancellors, they did not hold the official title. This reform proved beneficial for the administration of the empire, but it went against the edict of the Hongwu Emperor, which strictly prohibited the restoration of the chancellery in any form. The ministers were elevated from

2535-604: The grand temple. Temple names trace their origins to the Shang dynasty of China. In earlier times, temple names were exclusively assigned to competent rulers after their death. The temple name system established during the Shang period utilized only four adjectives: Chinese monarchs of the Zhou dynasty were given posthumous names but not temple names. During the Qin dynasty , the practices both of assigning temple names and posthumous names

2600-416: The harshness of the Hongwu Emperor's policies. As a result, he sought to bring about significant changes in the political landscape. The era name of his reign, Jianwen, means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp change in tone from Hongwu ('vastly martial'), the era name of the reign of his grandfather and predecessor, the Hongwu Emperor. Instead of relying on accomplished generals or members of

2665-467: The immediate pretext for his rebellion was the arrest of two of his lower officials for "subversive activity". With the support of Beijing's provincial dignitaries, Zhu Di responded by occupying the counties and prefectures around Beijing, calling the war a campaign to clear away disorders ( Jingnan campaign ). He justified his rebellion in letters sent to the court in August and December 1399, as well as in

Jianwen Emperor - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-410: The imperial family, he turned to Confucian scholars for guidance. His closest advisors were Huang Zicheng , Qi Tai , and Fang Xiaoru , all of whom were idealistic reformers. However, they lacked practical experience in governing the country. During the reign of the Jianwen Emperor, the civilian part of the administration gained more influence, while the military commanders and the emperor's uncles saw

2795-513: The latter half of the Tang dynasty, the title of Director of the Central Secretariat was given to jiedushi (military commissioners) to give them a higher status, which deprived the title of its real value. The Hanlin Academy gained prominence as its academicians ( xueshi 學士) began processing and drafting documents in place of the Central Secretariat, which allowed emperors to issue edicts without prior consultation with Secretariat staff. During

2860-687: The laws of the late Hongwu Emperor, which stated that they were to be the backbone of the throne at the head of the government's armies. The first victim of the new order was Zhu Su , Prince of Zhou based in Kaifeng , and a close friend of Zhu Di. In the fall of 1398, the emperor stripped him of his title and exiled him to Yunnan . In February 1399, Zhu Gui (1374–1446), Prince of Dai, was placed under house arrest in Datong . Zhu Bo ( 朱柏 ; 1371–1399), Prince of Xiang, set fire to his palace in Jingzhou on 1 June 1399, taking his own life and that of his family. In

2925-441: The main support of the previous government. Fearing the potential power of his uncles, the Jianwen Emperor attempted to restrict their influence. One of the most dangerous uncles was Zhu Di , Prince of Yan, who was put in charge of the Beijing region and was responsible for guarding the border with the Mongols. When the emperor ordered the imprisonment of his uncle's followers, Zhu Di plotted against him. In 1399, Zhu Di rebelled under

2990-485: The memory of the defeated emperor, the era of Jianwen was retroactively cancelled and the era of Hongwu was extended from 1399 to 1402. Many official documents from his government were destroyed, and private notes were also eliminated. Historians' views of the Jianwen Emperor were closely tied to their opinions of the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule. The official history of the Hongwu Emperor's reign, known as Taizu Silu ( 太祖實錄 ; Veritable Records of Emperor Taizu, i.e.

3055-458: The more elaborate posthumous names. In extremely rare cases, temple names could consist of three characters. The first character is an adjective, chosen to reflect the circumstances of the monarch's reign. The vocabulary may overlap with that of the posthumous names' adjectives; however, for one sovereign, the temple name's adjective character usually does not repeat as one of the many adjective characters in his posthumous name. The last character

3120-595: The name related to the legend of his abdication and the anonymous life of a Buddhist monk). However, Zhu Yousong was not recognized by the Qing as legitimate and his decisions were not considered valid. It was not until September 1736 that the Jianwen Emperor was given the posthumous name Emperor Gongmin Hui ( 恭閔惠皇帝 ) by the Qianlong Emperor . Consorts and issue: Temple name Modern academia usually refers to

3185-440: The new commander of the imperial army, Li Jinglong , took advantage of Zhu Di's absence from Beijing and laid siege to the city. However, Zhu Di quickly returned and forced the imperial army to retreat. In the year 1400, there were numerous rebel attacks and government army counterattacks. The Imperial forces were unable to utilize their numerical advantage or mobilize additional troops, allowing Zhu Di to strengthen his position in

3250-516: The north. The emperor, who was dissatisfied with Li Jinglong, dismissed him and appointed Sheng Yong as the new commander of the anti-rebellion forces. Following the advice of his supporters in Nanjing, Zhu Di focused on a war of attrition starting in the autumn of 1400. Through small raids, he disrupted the enemy's communications in southern Beijing and western Shandong. In January 1401, the government army used firearms and rocket weapons to kill tens of thousands of rebels at Dongchang in Shandong. During

3315-618: The personnel of the Central Secretariat worked closer to the emperor and were responsible for drafting edicts, and therefore their content. Under the Wei, the Central Secretariat was also in charge of the palace library, but this responsibility was terminated during the Jin dynasty (266–420) . In the Northern and Southern dynasties , the personnel ranged from princes and high ranking family members to professional writers. The position and responsibilities of

SECTION 50

#1732766088590

3380-408: The position of monarch by their descendants and honored with temple names. For example, Cao Cao was posthumously honored as an emperor and given the temple name Taizu by Cao Pi of the Cao Wei dynasty . Meanwhile, several individuals who were initially assigned temple names had their titles revoked, as was the case for Emperor Huan , whose temple name, Weizong , was abolished by Emperor Xian of

3445-445: The powers and titles of offices, following the patterns of the Zhou dynasty . However, after the Jianwen Emperor's overthrow, his reforms were criticized for deviating from the principles of the dynasty's founder and were subsequently repealed. As crown prince, he criticized some of the laws and statements of the previous emperor, the Hongwu Emperor, as being too harsh. After taking the throne, he cancelled these laws, but his successor,

3510-478: The pretext of protecting the emperor from corrupt court officials. This sparked a civil war known as the Jingnan campaign , which aimed to eliminate disorder. In 1402, Zhu Di captured the capital of Nanjing and the imperial palace was burned to the ground. It is believed that the emperor, along with his empress, mother, and eldest son, perished in the fire. However, their bodies were never found, leading to rumors of

3575-467: The retreat to Beijing, Zhu Di narrowly escaped capture. In late February, the rebels launched an attack, and in April and May, they were successful in crushing the government armies. In response, the emperor promoted Ru Chang ( 茹瑺 ) and Li Jinglong, who were leaders of the "peace party" at court. However, Zhu Di rejected their offer for peace negotiations. Throughout the summer, the insurgents continued to raid

3640-560: The second rank to the first in the hierarchy of rank classes, placing them on equal footing with the highest-ranking generals (the military commissioners). The number of departments and ministry officials was altered, and the status and number of positions in the Hanlin Academy and the Imperial University were increased. He also strengthened the academy's influence in educating princes. A series of changes were made to

3705-400: The second son of Zhu Biao and his wife Lady Lü. Zhu Biao was the eldest son of the Hongwu Emperor , the founder and first emperor of the Ming dynasty . Upon assuming the imperial title, the Hongwu Emperor named his eldest son as his heir to the throne. In 1382, after the death of his elder brother, Zhu Yunwen became the eldest son of Zhu Biao. He was described as a mature and direct child who

3770-504: The sovereign of a particular realm but being accorded a temple name by another realm, as was the case for Möngke of the Mongol Empire , who was later honored as Xianzong by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan dynasty . The "temple" in "temple name" (廟號) refers to the grand temples (太廟) built by each dynasty for the purpose of ancestor worship. The temple name of each monarch was recorded on their respective ancestral tablet placed within

3835-515: The state counsellors there were four consultants ( canyi zhongshusheng shi 參議中書省事) responsible for paperwork and took part in decisions. The Central Secretariat controlled the Six Ministries and was thus functionally the heart of the government. The regions surrounding the Yuan capital Khanbaliq , including what are now Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia provinces were known as

3900-445: The throne, but as the eldest surviving son of the deceased founder of the dynasty, he felt obligated to restore the law and legality that had been subverted by the emperor's criminal advisers and ministers. At the beginning of the war, Zhu Di had a force of 100,000 men and only controlled the immediate vicinity of Beijing. In contrast, the Nanjing government had three times the number of soldiers and significantly more resources. However,

3965-434: The title of prince ( 王 ; wang ) and were given significant income and privileges by their father. They were stationed in various provinces and had their own personal guards, which could range from 3,000 to 15,000 men. Some of them even led the Ming armies in the 1390s, particularly on the northern border. The most powerful and eldest among them was Zhu Di , who was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor. The policy of "reducing

SECTION 60

#1732766088590

4030-590: The titles of Court Gentleman of the Chancellery ( menxia shilang 門下侍郎) and Grand Chancellor concurrently. Policy decisions were made by the Grand Chancellor before the edicts and documents were drafted and issued. In the Southern Song period (1127-1279), the Central Secretariat was merged with the Chancellery again. The Right Vice Director became Grand Chancellor of the Right while the Court Gentleman of

4095-504: Was abandoned. The Han dynasty reintroduced both titles, although temple names were assigned sporadically and remained more exclusive than posthumous names. It was also during the Han era that other adjectives aside from the four listed above began appearing in temple names. Numerous Han emperors had their temple names removed by Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, in AD 190. Initially, in deciding whether

4160-457: Was burned down. Three bodies found at the cremation site were later identified as those of the emperor, empress, and their eldest son. Beginning in the Jiajing era (1522–1567), non-state historians who were sympathetic to the Jianwen Emperor propagated a folk legend in their writings that he lived in anonymity as a Buddhist monk. On 17 July, Zhu Di ascended the imperial throne as the successor of

4225-457: Was well-liked by the emperor. In May 1392, Zhu Biao died at the age of thirty-seven after several months of illness. As the eldest surviving son, Zhu Yunwen was named the new crown prince on 28 September 1392. He spent the next six years carefully preparing for his future role as regent. Like his father, Zhu Yunwen was not physically fit and preferred scholarly pursuits. He was known for his polite demeanor and adherence to Confucian values. However,

#589410