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84-509: Made up of volcanic rock, Cape Fiolent was formed more than 150 million years ago from volcanic eruptions. Various minerals can be found in the Cape's rock. Cape Fiolent has been noted for its beauty. In particular are its rock formations and picturesque, quiet beaches. Of particular significance is the Jasper Beach  [ uk ] and the 891-step staircase descending from the Cape to

168-643: A Protestant Church or other Christian movement. Approximately 3 in 5 Ukrainians (58%) reported affiliation with one of the major Eastern Orthodox Church bodies in Ukraine, while 14% identified as Orthodox Christians without specifying affiliation to a church patriarchate. A significant shift in Orthodox identity occurred in the wake of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The July 2022 KIIS survey found only 1 in 25 of Ukrainians (4%) identified with

252-1077: A Divine Liturgy in St. George's Cathedral in Istanbul; the tomos granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine was signed thereafter, also in St. George's Cathedral. On 27 May 2022, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) formally cut ties and declared independence from the Russian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) is recently formed national Orthodox Church from Unification council in December 2018, After mergers from Ukrainian Orthodox Church—Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and parts of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate). The title of its primate

336-691: A change in their relationship to the UOC. However, in June 2023 ROC hierarch Metropolitan Leonid (Gorbachev) of Klin , scorned the UOC's decision to separate from the Moscow Patriarchate, saying, "When the opportunity presented itself to get out from under the wing of Moscow, they did it," and declared that the ROC would absorb the UOC's dioceses in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine . On 20 August 2024,

420-712: A church affiliation; 4% associated with the Moscow Patriarchate . Another 9% of Ukrainians professed devotion to the Catholic Church in Ukraine : 8% Ukrainian Greek Catholics and 1% Latin Catholics . Two percent of the population declared affiliation to a mainstream Protestant Church, and a further 2% identified with some alternative sect of Christianity . Ten percent of Ukrainians identified as atheists . With Christianity in Ukraine overwhelmingly predominant, representative statistical samples of

504-679: A church censorship was introduced to the Kyiv metropolia. In 1718 Metropolitan Ioasaf was arrested and dispatched to Saint Petersburg for interrogation where he died. From 1718 to 1722, the Metropolitan See in Kyiv was vacant and ruled by the Kyiv Spiritual Consistory (under the authority of the Most Holy Synod ); in 1722 it was occupied by Archbishop Varlaam. In 1730, Archbishop Varlaam with all members of

588-449: A hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, decried the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's decision to separate from the Moscow Patriarchate and declared that the Russian Orthodox Church would absorb UOC dioceses in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russia . In a Patriarchal calendar for 2024 released by the Russian Orthodox Church in December 2023 all the then bishops of the (designated itself as not connected to Russia ) UOC were listed as bishops of

672-619: A significant part of the population in Crimea , which prior to 2014 was a subject of Ukraine , but has been since that year occupied by Russia . As of 2016, without Crimea, where Muslims formed 15% of the population in 2013, only Donbas maintains a larger community of Muslims compared to other Ukrainian regions (6%). Since before the outbreak of the war in Donbas in 2014, but even more violently so from that year onward, there has been unrest between pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian religious groups in

756-741: A small fraction of people remained official church-goers in that period, and the number of non-believers increased. The 20th century saw schisms within Eastern Orthodoxy in Ukrainian territory. As of 2022, according to a survey by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), 85% of Ukrainians identified as Christians . 72% identified themselves with Eastern Orthodoxy , 9% to the Catholic Church (8% Eastern Catholic , 1% Latin Church ) and 4% adherents of

840-623: Is "His Beatitude (name), Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine". The church uses Ukrainian as its liturgical language. Prior to 2022, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) was a constituent part of the Russian Orthodox Church (the Moscow Patriarchate). The UOC, like most Orthodox churches in Eastern Europe, predominantly uses Church Slavonic in church services. In the week following the creation of

924-716: Is now known as the Rock of the Holy Apparition. After the storm passed, the sailors discovered an icon and founded the Saint George monastery, additionally placing a cross on the Rock of the Holy Apparition. During the Middle Ages, Cape Fiolent was known as Saint George, after the monastery. The monastery was closed by the government of the Soviet Union , but later revived. The name of Cape Fiolent descends from

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1008-416: Is present in Ukraine besides Christianity is Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), which comprises Ukrainian- and Russian-language communities (some Rodnover organizations call the religion Orthodoxy    [ uk ] ( Ukrainian : Правосла́в'я , romanized :  Pravoslávʺya ), thus functioning in homonymy with Christian Orthodox churches). Crimean Tatars professing Islam represent

1092-621: Is the largest Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical body in modern Ukraine , alongside the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). Since the Unification Council on 15 December 2018 which formed the OCU, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople has disputed the claims by the Moscow Patriarchate of its ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the territory of Ukraine. The Russian Orthodox Church does not currently recognize

1176-426: Is the predominant religion in Ukraine, with 85% of the population identifying as Christian according to a 2022 survey conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS). Seventy-two percent of the population avowed fidelity to an Eastern Orthodox Church : 54% of Ukrainians proclaimed adherence to the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine ; 14% identified as Orthodox Christian without specifying

1260-551: The Apostle Andrew himself had visited the site where the city of Kyiv would later arise. In the 10th century the emerging state of Kievan Rus' came increasingly under the cultural influence of the Byzantine Empire . The first recorded convert to Eastern Orthodoxy, Saint Olga , visited Constantinople in 945 or 957. In the 980s, according to tradition, Olga's grandson, Vladimir , had his people baptised in

1344-532: The Dnieper River . This began a long history of the dominance of Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia , a religious ascendancy that would later influence both Ukraine and Russia . Domination of Little Russia by Great Russia (from 1721) eventually led to the decline of Uniate Catholicism (officially founded in 1596 during Polish rule) in the Ukrainian lands under Tsarist control. Judaism has existed in

1428-505: The February 2022 full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine the church stated that it was one of the "self-governing" churches under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, i.e. the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) . (In the terminology of the current Statute of the ROC, a "self-governing Church" is distinguished from an " autonomous Church "). The UOC claims since May 2022 that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated

1512-829: The Genoese colonisation of Crimea , when the cape was referred to as "violent" ( Italian : violento ) for its turbulent waves. In the 1800s, Joseph Needham painted multiple images of Cape Fiolent. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russian military bases on Cape Fiolent were attacked by Ukrainian forces. [REDACTED] Media related to Cape Fiolent at Wikimedia Commons Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( UOC ), commonly referred to by

1596-794: The Grand Duke of Lithuania - the Metropolis of Lithuania . In 1596, the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich and all Rus' Michael Rohoza accepted the Union of Brest transforming dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople into the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church under the Holy See 's jurisdiction. In 1620, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Cyril Lucaris reestablished Orthodox dioceses for

1680-605: The Moscow Patriarchate claimed to transfer Crimea from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to the Moscow Patriarchate. The UOC continues to list the Crimean eparchies as its own, and has not recognized any change to its territorial boundaries based on decisions taken by the ROC. On 27 March 2023, Archbishop Viktor (Kotsaba) said that the territories of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church include the Crimea and Donbas areas of Ukraine. On 21 June 2023, Metropolitan Leonid (Gorbachev) of Klin ,

1764-604: The Russo-Ukrainian War . In November–December 2018, Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) carries out raids across the country targeting the UOC churches and priests. In the week following the creation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine on 15 December 2018, several parishes announced they would leave the UOC (MP) and join the new church. Religion in Ukraine#Eastern Orthodoxy Religion in Ukraine (2024) Christianity

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1848-598: The Supreme Court of Ukraine allowed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) to retain its name. The UOC had argued that their governing center is in Ukraine's capital, Kyiv , not in Russia 's capital, Moscow , and therefore it should not be renamed. On 27 December 2022 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine ordered the UOC to change its name and indicate its affiliation with Russia. It took into account

1932-750: The Tikhvin Assumption Monastery . In 1750 Varlaam accepted the Great Schema under the name of Vasili and soon died in 1751. In 1743, the title of Metropolitan was re-instated for Archbishop Raphael Zaborovsky . On 2 April 1767, the Empress of Russia Catherine the Great issued an edict stripping the title of the Kyivan Metropolitan of the style "and all Little Russia". Metropolitan Vladimir Bogoyavlensky chaired

2016-648: The Ukrainian and Ruthenian Greek Catholic Churches and 933 belong to the Latin Church. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church traditionally constituted the second largest group of believers after the Christian Orthodox churches. The Union of Brest formed the Church in 1596 to unify Eastern Orthodox and Catholic believers. Outlawed by the Soviet Union in 1946 and legalized in 1987, the church

2100-543: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) , voted during an unification council through their representatives (bishops) to unite into the Orthodox Church of Ukraine on the basis of complete canonical independence. They elected their primate, Epiphanius , and adopted a charter for the Orthodox Church of Ukraine during the same unification council. On 5 January 2019, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew and Metropolitan Epiphanius celebrated

2184-533: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church , stating that it is the sole canonical body of Orthodox Christians in the country, a Ukrainian "local church" ( Ukrainian : Помісна Церква ). The church rejects being labeled "Russian" or "Moscow." It is also the name that it is registered with the State Committee of Religious Affairs in Ukraine. It is often referred to as the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or UOC (MP) in order to distinguish between

2268-572: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP), a considerable drop from nearly 1/5 (18%) in June 2021 and 15% in June 2020 recorded in the same KIIS polling in the preceding years. The decline was geographically uniform: UOC-MP peaked in Eastern Ukraine at 6%, only slightly above 3-5% reached elsewhere in the country. Likewise, among ethnic Ukrainians , there was little variance: 3% of Ukrainian -speakers, 4% of bilingual Ukrainians, and 6% of Russian -speakers identified with

2352-554: The exonym Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate ( UOC-MP ), is an Eastern Orthodox church in Ukraine . The Ukrainian Orthodox Church was officially formed in 1990 in place of the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), under the leadership of Metropolitan Filaret , as the Ukrainian branch of the Russian Orthodox Church . On 27 May 2022, following a church-wide council in Kyiv,

2436-621: The pro-Russian separatists to lay down their arms and take advantage of the amnesty promised to them in the Minsk II agreement. From 2014 until 2018 around 60 Moscow Patriarchate parishes switched to the Kyivan Patriarchate in transfers the leadership. The Moscow patriarchate says these changes were illegal. According to the Razumkov Center , among the 27.8 million Ukrainian members of Orthodox churches, allegiance to

2520-527: The self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic . This further resulted in an armed conflict between Russian Separatist forces in Donbas and the Ukrainian Army . Instances were recorded of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) clergymen supporting the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic. On 14 September 2015, the church urged

2604-509: The " triunity of the Russian people " and it claimed that Belarusians and Ukrainians "should be recognised only as sub-ethnic groups of the Russians ". The UOC stated on 28 March 2024 that they "dissociates itself from the ideology of the Russian world ." The Ukrainian Orthodox Church considers itself the sole descendant in modern Ukraine of the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' that

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2688-744: The All-Ukrainian Church Council that took a break between its sessions on 18 January 1918 and was to be resumed in May 1918. On 23–24 January 1918, the Red Guards of Reingold Berzin occupied Kyiv (see Ukrainian–Soviet War ). In the evening of 25 January 1918, Metropolitan Vladimir was found dead between walls of the Old Pechersk Fortress beyond the Gates of All Saints, having been killed by unknown people. In May 1918,

2772-567: The Baptists, 1,082 Seventh-day Adventist churches, 128 Calvinist churches, 79 Lutheran churches, 1,337 churches of Charismatic Christianity , and 1,347 other organizations belonging to the Protestant spectrum (including 928 Jehovah's Witnesses' halls and 44 Latter-day Saints congregations). In total, as of 2016, there are 9,799 registered Protestant groups in Ukraine. Jehovah's Witnesses claim to have 265,985 adherents, as reported in

2856-465: The Church's administration. The UOC-MP, prior to 2019, was believed to be the largest religious body in Ukraine with the greatest number of parish churches and communities counting up to half of the total in Ukraine and totaling over 10,000. The UOC also claimed to have up to 75 percent of the Ukrainian population. Independent surveys showed significant variance. According to Stratfor , in 2008, more than 50 percent of Ukrainian population belonged to

2940-523: The Early Middle Ages, the territories of present-day Ukraine supported different tribes practising their traditional pagan religions (though note for example the Tengrism of Old Great Bulgaria in present-day Ukraine in the 7th century. Byzantine Rite Christianity first became prominent about the turn of the first millennium. Later traditions and legends relate that in the first century CE

3024-635: The Ecumenical Patriarchate recognized neither the UAOC nor the UOC-KP as legitimate and their leaders were not recognized as primates of their respective churches. The Ecumenical Patriarchate declared that it recognized the sacraments performed by the UOC-KP and the UAOC as valid. On 15 December 2018, members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate , the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , and parts of

3108-533: The Kyiv Patriarchate grew from 12 percent in 2000, to 25 percent in 2016—and much of the growth came from believers who previously did not associate with either patriarchate. In April 2018, the Moscow patriarchate had 12,300 parishes and the Kyivan Patriarchate 5,100 parishes. In 2017, Ukraine passed laws which the Moscow Patriarchate interpreted as discriminatory. From 29 November to 2 December 2017,

3192-743: The Kyiv Spiritual Consistory were put on trial by the Privy Chancellery. After being convicted, Varlaam as a simple monk was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery in Vologda region where he served a sentence of imprisonment of 10 years. After the death of the Russian Empress Anna in 1740, Varlaam was allowed to return and recovered all his Archiereus titles. He however refused to accept back those titles and, after asked to be left in peace, moved to

3276-599: The Kyiv eparchy was provisionally headed by various bishops of neighboring eparchies until 1927. After his return in 1927 Mikhail became the Metropolitan of Kyiv and Exarch of Ukraine until his death in 1929. In 1945, after the integration of Zakarpattia Oblast into the USSR , eastern parts of the Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov were transferred from the supreme jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church to

3360-434: The Metropolitan of Kyiv and Galich Antony Khrapovitsky was appointed to the Kyiv eparchy , a former candidate to become the Patriarch of Moscow at the Russian Local Council of 1917 and losing it to the Patriarch Tikhon . In July 1918 Metropolitan Antony became the head of the All-Ukrainian Church Council. Eventually he sided with the Russian White movement supporting the Denikin's forces of South Russia , while keeping

3444-413: The Moscow Patriarchate and later Russia 's Most Holy Synod . Before the Battle of Poltava , when Ivan Mazepa sided with Carl XII , the new Metropolitan Ioasaf along with bishops of Chernigov and Pereyaslav was summoned by Peter the Great to Hlukhiv where they were ordered to declare an anathema onto Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava, in 1709 Metropolitan Ioasaf was exiled to Tver and in 1710

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3528-445: The Moscow Patriarchate, because of historical and traditional roots in Kyiv and Ukraine, and because nearly a third of the Moscow Patriarchate's 36,000 congregations were in Ukraine. Metropolitan Vladimir (Sabodan) , who succeeded Filaret (Denysenko) , was enthroned in 1992 as the Primate of the UOC under the title Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine , with the official residency in the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra , which also houses all of

3612-590: The Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU) on 15 December 2018 several parishes announced they would leave the UOC and join the new church. On 27 May 2022, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church formally cut ties and declared independence from the Russian Orthodox Church. Other Orthodox communities in Ukraine include: Armenian Apostolic Church Adherents of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Ukraine are mainly ethnic Armenians . Historical ties between peoples of Ukraine and Armenia have resulted in significant presence of Armenian diaspora in Ukraine throughout history and up to

3696-434: The Orthodox population of what was then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth — under the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and all Russia Job Boretsky as the Patriarchal Exarch . Following the transfer of the Cossack Hetmanate under the sovereignty of the Tsardom of Russia in 1654, the Kyivan metropolis in 1686 was transferred by the Patriarch Dionysius IV under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate , following

3780-446: The Polish, Latin, Ukrainian and Russian as liturgical languages. Main concentrations of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church are in Trans-Carpathia near the Hungarian border. This community has multiple ties in Hungary, Slovakia and the United States. The Armenian Catholic Church has a very small presence. As of 2016, there is only one officially registered church belonging to Armenian Catholics. As of 2022, Protestants make up 2% of

3864-713: The ROC and consequently a geopolitical tool of Russia , which have stridently opposed the consolidation and recognition of the independent OCU. Since 2014, the church has come under attack for perceived anti-Ukrainian and pro-Russian actions by its clergymen. In spring 2014, Ukraine lost control over Crimea , which was unilaterally annexed by Russia in March 2014. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) Metropolitan of Feodosia and Kerch Platon Udovenko, and other Ukrainian Orthodox Church priests, blessed Russian weapons and met with representatives of (the then formed Russian administrative unit) Republic of Crimea . Notwithstanding this Russian annexation of Crimea,

3948-455: The Russian Orthodox Church Bishops’ Council met to consider the matter of autonomy to the UOC-MP. The members decided to write a separate chapter of the ROC Statute to confirm the status of UOC-MP which contained the following provisions: In December 2017, the Security Service of Ukraine published classified documents revealing that the NKGB of the USSR and its units in the Union and autonomous republics, territories and regions were engaged in

4032-400: The Russian Orthodox Church, the Primate of the UOC-MP is the most senior permanent member of the ROC's Holy Synod and thus has a say in its decision-making in respect of the rest of the ROC throughout the world. Despite the de facto annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, the eparchies of the UOC in Crimea have continued to be administered by the UOC. In June 2022

4116-451: The Russian Orthodox Church. In response, Archbishop Jonah (Cherepanov) of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church said that the UOC does not recognize any of the ROC's attempts to make decisions affecting Ukrainian dioceses. Later, the UOC's official website stated the following: "In order not to become an object of manipulation, everybody wishing to obtain official information about the UOC and its episcopate should refer solely to official sources of

4200-565: The Sunni Ottoman Empire (which conquered the Ukrainian littoral in the 1470s) brought Islam to their subject territories in present-day Ukraine. Crimean Tatars accepted Islam as the state religion (1313–1502) of the Golden Horde, and later ruled as vassals of the Ottoman Empire (until the late 18th century). During the period of Soviet rule ( c. 1917–1991) the governing Soviet authorities officially promoted atheism and taught it in schools, while promoting various levels of persecution of religious believers and of their organizations. Only

4284-605: The UOC-MP; only rising to 13% among Russian-speaking ethnic Russians living in Ukraine. Conversely, in 2022 more than half of Ukrainians (54%) identified with the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), up from 42% in 2021 and 34% in 2020. OCU identification was most predominant in Central Ukraine (59%) and Southern Ukraine (57%). OCU affiliation included strong majorities of Ukrainian-speaking Ukrainians (58%) and bilingual Ukrainians (53%), but also encompassed significant minorities of Russian-speaking Ukrainians (46%) and Russian-speaking Russians (36%). Consequent upon

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4368-410: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) kept control of its eparchies in Crimea until June 2022. Continuing during the spring of 2014 in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine , pro-Russian protests escalated into an armed separatist insurgency. Early in April 2014, masked gunmen took control of several of the region's government buildings and towns. This action led to the creation of

4452-414: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church announced its full independence and autonomy from the Moscow Patriarchate. The council made this decision in protest of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , and particularly in response to Russian Orthodox Church head Patriarch Kirill 's support for the invasion. The UOC (did not and) has never declared full autocephaly from the Russian Orthodox Church. The UOC

4536-427: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarch. Razumkov Centre survey results, however, tended to show greater adherence to the rival Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate . Many Orthodox Ukrainians do not clearly identify with a particular Orthodox jurisdiction and, sometimes, are even unaware of the affiliation of the parish they attend as well as of the controversy itself, which indicates

4620-408: The Ukrainian Orthodox Church. This pertains also to information included in church calendars." The UOC publicly distended itself from the World Russian People's Council headed and led by ROC head Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of late March 2024. During this Congress a document was approved that stated that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a " Holy War ." The document also stated that following

4704-458: The Ukrainian church. The Russian Orthodox Church immediately rejected that statement and called for further discussion and revision of historical archives. Soon, Gedeon gradually lost control of the dioceses which had been under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Kyiv. In January 1688, Gedeon's title was changed by Moscow to the ″Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galich, and Little Russia″. Gedeon's successors were effectively mere diocesan bishops under

4788-458: The Verkhovna Rada banned the Russian Orthodox Church by adopting the Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Field of Activities of Religious Organizations" . Ukrainian religious organizations affiliated with the ROC will have nine months to break off its relations with the Patriarchate of Moscow in accordance with the Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church . The Ukrainian Orthodox Church insists on its name being just

4872-583: The beach. The Cape is also noted for the Saint George monastery  [ uk ] , a Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) monastery, and the Rock of the Holy Apparition  [ uk ] . During Roman times, Cape Fiolent was known under the name of Parthenium, in connection to Greek mythology . According to Greek mythology, Iphigenia was taken to an area in southern Crimea. According to local legend, in 891 C.E., Byzantine sailors passing by Cape Fiolent encountered stormy seas and were saved by an apparition of Saint George appearing on what

4956-616: The connection with Moscow were excluded'; since then it is a matter of dispute as to whether the Church is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Russian Orthodox Church. Despite claims that the church did not publish its new statute, the new statute is publicly available on government, news, and official church websites. The ROC defines the UOC-MP as a "self-governing church with rights of wide autonomy". It has also ignored all UOC-MP's declarations of it not being connected with it anymore and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in various commissions or working groups. According to

5040-471: The country. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy "signed a decree enacting a National Security and Defense Council decision to impose personal sanctions against representatives of religious organizations associated with Russia". Ukraine's government will specifically examine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate and ban any activities relating to pro-Russian movement. In pre-historic times and in

5124-406: The difficulty of using survey numbers as an indicator of a relative strength of the church. Additionally, the geographical factor plays a major role in the number of adherents, as the Ukrainian population tends to be more churchgoing in the western part of the country rather than in the UOC-MP's heartland in southern and eastern Ukraine. Politically, many in Ukraine see the UOC-MP as merely a puppet of

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5208-423: The election of Gedeon Svyatopolk-Chetvertynsky as the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia, and all Russia with the help of the Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Ivan Samoylovych . In late 2018, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople indicated that information about that it transferred jurisdiction over Ukraine to the Moscow Patriarchate was inaccurate as Constantinople temporarily provided Moscow with stewardship over

5292-415: The head of the Fifth Division 2nd Directorate of Karpov stated that "it is important to ensure that the number of nominated candidates is dominated by the agents of the NKGB, capable of holding the line that we need at the Council." On 13 December 2018 a priest of the church, Volodymyr Maretsky , was sentenced in absentia to 6 years of imprisonment for hindering the Armed Forces of Ukraine in 2014 during

5376-406: The independent Ukraine following the dissolution of the USSR : The UAOC and the UOC-KP were not recognized by other Orthodox churches and were considered 'schismatic'. On 11 October 2018, the excommunications of the UAOC and the UOC-KP were lifted by the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the Ecumenical Patriarchate also announced it would grant autocephaly to the Orthodox faithfuls in Ukraine. However,

5460-406: The jurisdiction of the Exarchate of Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, and a new Eparchy of Mukachevo and Uzhgorod was formed. On 28 October 1990, the Moscow Patriarchate granted the Ukrainian Exarchate a status of a self–governing church under the jurisdiction of the ROC (but not the full autonomy as is understood in the ROC legal terminology). However, the Ukrainian branch remained crucial to

5544-431: The last decade, while the proportion of believers overall has decreased from 76% in 2014 to 70% in 2016 and 72% in 2018. As of 2022, Christianity was particularly strong in westernmost Ukrainian regions, where most Greek Catholics lived. In central, southern and eastern regions, Christians constitute a smaller proportion of the total population, particularly low in the easternmost region of Donbas . Another religion that

5628-549: The modern times. Most of ethnic Armenians in Ukraine are adherents of the Armenian Apostolic Church , one of main churches of the Oriental Orthodoxy , distinctive from Eastern Orthodoxy in terms of particular miaphysite christology . In spite of those theological differences, relations between Armenian Apostolic Church and various Eastern Orthodox Churches in Ukraine are friendly. There is an Armenian eparchy (diocese) in Ukraine, centered in Armenian Cathedral of Lviv , and also there are many Armenian churches and other monuments on

5712-455: The population declared adherence to one or another strand of Orthodox Christianity (28.7% of the Kyiv Patriarchate , 23.4% just Orthodox, 12.8% of the Moscow Patriarchate , 0.3% Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , and 1.9% other types of Orthodoxy), 7.7% just Christians , 9.4% Ukrainian Greek Catholics , 2.2% Protestants and 0.8% Latin Catholic . Judaism was the religion of 0.4%; while Buddhism , Paganism and Hinduism were each

5796-453: The population of Ukraine professed belief in Christianity . According to the same survey, 72% of the total population adhered to Orthodox Christianity . Orthodoxy comprises about three-quarters of the population in Eastern (74%), Central (76%), and Southern Ukraine (79%), whereas Orthodoxy makes up the lowest proportion of the population in Western Ukraine (59%). From 1992 to 2018, there have been three Orthodox churches active in

5880-456: The population of Ukraine, with the strongest concentration in Western Ukraine (4%). In the country there are communities of Baptists , Pentecostals , Charismatics , Evangelicals as well as Lutherans , Presbyterians , and others. There is also a Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church with about 140,000 members, which is one of the earliest Protestant communities in the country. As of 2016, there are 2,973 Evangelical churches, 2,853 churches of

5964-458: The population surveyed by KIIS in 2020, 2021, and 2022 reported 0% of respondents identifying with Judaism and Islam . An older survey by the Razumkov Center in 2018 estimated Jews in Ukraine at 0.4% of the population, with smaller 0.1% minorities following Hinduism , Buddhism and Paganism ( Rodnovery ). According to the surveys conducted by Razumkov in the 2000s and early 2010s, such proportions have remained relatively constant throughout

6048-675: The religions of 0.1% of the population. A further 11.0% declared themselves non-religious or unaffiliated. Among those Ukrainians who declared to believe in Orthodoxy, 42.6% declared to be members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate , while 19.0% declared to be members of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscovian Patriarchate . A further 0.5% were members of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Among

6132-445: The remaining Orthodox Ukrainians, 34.7% declared to be "just Orthodox", without affiliation to any patriarchate, while a further 2.8% declared that they "did not know" which patriarchate or Orthodox church they belonged to. (including Greek) (other Christian) A February 2015 survey by Razumkov Centre , SOCIS , Rating and KIIS gave the following data at oblast level: (unspecified) (incl. others) As of 2022, 85% of

6216-588: The selection of candidates for participation in the 1945 council that elected Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow from the representatives of the clergy and the laity. This included "persons who have religious authority among the clergy and believers, and at the same time checked for civic or patriotic work". A letter sent in September 1944 and signed by the head of the 2nd Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR Fedotov and

6300-554: The sharp decline in UOC-MP affiliation, in 2022 the Catholic Church in Ukraine was the second-largest church body in the country, counting nearly 1 in 10 Ukrainians as adherents; the overwhelming majority members of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . Catholics were heavily concentrated in Western Ukraine , where more than 1 in 4 Ukrainians (28%) identified with Catholicism , compared to only 1-2% elsewhere. Catholic identity

6384-502: The territories of present-day Ukraine for approximately 2,000 years: Jewish traders appeared in Greek colonies. After the 7th century Judaism influenced the neighbouring Khazar Khaganate . From the 13th century Ashkenazi Jewish presence in Ukraine increased significantly. In the 18th century a new teaching of Judaism originated and became established in the Ukrainian lands – Hasidism . The Golden Horde (which adopted Islam in 1313) and

6468-604: The territory of Ukraine. Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholicism is the religion of 9% of the population of Ukraine as of 2022. This church is largely concentrated in Western Ukraine , where it gathers a significant proportion of the population (28%). Latin Church Catholics compose 1% of the population of Ukraine, mostly in western (2%) and central (1%) regions. Catholicism is largely absent in eastern Ukraine and non-existent in Donbas. As of 2016, there are 4,733 registered Catholic churches, among which 3,799 belong to

6552-655: The title of Metropolitan of Kyiv and Halych. After the defeat of the Whites and the exile of Antony, in 1919-21 the metropolitan seat was temporarily held by the bishop of Cherkasy Nazariy (also the native of Kazan ). After the arrest of Nazariy by the Soviet authorities in 1921, the seat was provisionally held by the bishop of Grodno and newly elected Exarch of Ukraine Mikhail, a member of the Russian Black Hundreds nationalistic movement. After his arrest in 1923,

6636-412: The two rival churches contesting the name of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Following the creation of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine , on 20 December 2018, the Ukrainian parliament voted to force the UOC-MP to rename itself in its mandatory state registration, its new name must have "the full name of the church to which it is subordinated". This was protested by UOC-MP adherents. On 11 December 2019

6720-531: The verdict of the European Court of Human Rights in the case "Ilin and others against Ukraine" that stated Ukrainian law could force "religious organization, wishing to be registered, to take a name which makes it impossible to mislead the faithful and society as a whole and which makes it possible to distinguish it from existing organizations." In May 2024 of the 8,097 UOC parishes 22 of them directly indicated their affiliation in their name. Prior to

6804-402: The war "the entire territory of modern Ukraine should enter the zone of Russia's exclusive influence". This was to be done so "The possibility of the existence of a Russophobic political regime hostile to Russia and its people on this territory, as well as a political regime controlled from an external center hostile to Russia, should be completely excluded." The document also made reference to

6888-471: Was also highest (14%) among Ukrainian -speaking ethnic Ukrainians . A 2018 survey conducted by the Razumkov Centre found that 71.7% of the total respondents declared to be believers, while 11.5% were uncertain whether they believed or not, 5.3% were uninterested in beliefs, 4.7% were unbelievers, 3.0% were atheists , and a further 3.7% found it difficult to answer the question. About 67.3% of

6972-522: Was established in the 10th century following the baptism of Kievan Rus' . Due to the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century, the metropolitan seat was moved to Vladimir and later to Moscow . In the Kingdom of Galicia and Volhynia to the south-west, a separate metropolis was erected - the Metropolis of Halych . Similarly, in the north-west, another metropolis was erected at the behest of Algirdas ,

7056-489: Was for forty-three years the single largest banned religious community in the world. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk is the present head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The church uses Ukrainian as its liturgical language. The Latin Church is traditionally associated with historical pockets of citizens of Polish ancestry who lived mainly in the central and western regions. It uses

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