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39-505: The Capori were an ancient Gallaecian Celtic tribe, living in the west of modern Galicia , in the Padrón 's county. This article related to Galicia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an ethnic group in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gallaecia Gallaecia , also known as Hispania Gallaecia , was

78-608: A crossing at Acutia, a city of the Vaccaeans; and last, the Callaicans, [Gallaicans] who occupy a very considerable part of the mountainous country. For this reason, since they were very hard to fight with, the Callaicans themselves have not only furnished the surname for the man who defeated the Lusitanians [meaning Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus , Roman general] but they have also brought it about that now, already, most of

117-656: A far later date, the mythic history that was encapsulated in Lebor Gabála Érenn credited Gallaecia as the point from which the Gaels sailed to conquer Ireland , as they had Gallaecia, by force of arms. Strabo in his Geography lists the people of the northwestern Atlantic coast of Iberia as follows: ... then the Vettonians and the Vaccaeans, through whose territory the Durius [Douro] River flows, which affords

156-812: A second element such as -bris (from proto-Celtic *brixs), -briga (from proto-Celtic *brigā), -ocelum (from proto-Celtic *okelo-), -dunum (from proto-Celtic *dūno-) all meaning "hill > hill-fort" or similar: Aviliobris, Letiobri, Talabriga, Nemetobriga, Louciocelo, Tarbucelo, Caladunum, etc. Others are superlative formations (from proto-Celtic *-isamo-, -(s)amo-): Berisamo (from *Bergisamo-), Sesmaca (from *Segisamo-). Many Galician modern day toponyms derive from these old settlements' names: Canzobre < Caranzovre < *Carantiobrixs, Trove < Talobre < *Talobrixs, Ombre < Anobre < *Anobrixs, Biobra < *Vidobriga, Bendollo < *Vindocelo, Andamollo < *Andamocelo, Osmo < Osamo < *Uxsamo, Sésamo < *Segisamo, Ledesma < *φletisama... Associated archaeologically with

195-456: A sizeable number of small hillforts ( castellum ). So each Gallaecian considered themselves a member of his or her populus and of the hillfort where they lived, as deduced by their usual onomastic phormula: first Name + patronymic (genitive) + (optionally) populus or nation (nominative) + (optionally) origin of the person = name of their hill-fort (ablative): Bracarenses Lucenses Other minor groups Pomponius Mela , who described

234-423: Is the case for Illyrian or Ligurian languages, its corpus is composed by isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions, or glossed by classic authors, together with a considerable number of names – anthroponyms, ethnonyms, theonyms, toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving up to date as place, river or mountain names. Besides, many of the isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in

273-685: The Castro culture existed, in honour of the castro people that settled in the area of Calle — the Callaeci . The Romans established a port in the south of the region which they called Portus Calle , today's Porto , in northern Portugal. When the Romans first conquered the Callaeci they ruled them as part of the province of Lusitania but later created a new province of Callaecia ( Greek : Καλλαικία ) or Gallaecia . The names "Callaici" and "Calle" are

312-968: The Conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica and, perhaps, Cluniense into the new province of Gallaecia ( Greek : Kallaikia ), with the colony of Bracara Augusta ( Braga ) as its provincial capital. Gallaecia during the Empire became a recruiting district of auxiliary troops ( auxilia ) for the Roman Army and Gallaican auxiliary cavalry ( equitatae ) and infantry ( peditatae ) units ( Cohors II Lucensium , Cohors III Lucensium , Cohors I Bracaraugustanorum , Cohors III Bracaraugustanorum , Cohors III Callaecorum Bracaraugustanorum , Cohors V Callaecorum Lucensium , Cohors VI Braecarorum , Cohors I Asturum et Callaecorum ) distinguished themselves during Emperor Claudius ' conquest of Britain in AD 43-60 . The region remained one of

351-662: The Lusitani and the Turduli Veteres . Regarded as hardy fighters, Gallaeci warriors fought for the Lusitani during Viriathus ' campaigns in the south , and in 138-136 BC they faced the first Roman incursion into their territory by consul Decimus Junius Brutus , whose campaign reached as far as the river Nimis (possibly the Minho or Miño ). After seizing the town of Talabriga (Marnel, Lamas do Vouga – Águeda ) from

390-707: The 5th century AD. These fortified villages tended to be located in the hills, and occasionally rocky promontories and peninsulas near the seashore, as it improved visibility and control over territory. These settlements were strategically located for a better control of natural resources, including mineral ores such as iron. The Gallaecian hillforts and oppidas maintained a great homogeneity and presented clear commonalities. The citadels, however, functioned as city-states and could have specific cultural traits. The names of such hill-forts, as preserved in Latin inscriptions and other literary sources, were frequently composite nouns with

429-692: The Atlantic trading port of Brigantium (also designated Carunium ; either Betanzos or A Coruña ). This livelihood in hillforts was common throughout Europe during the Bronze and Iron Ages, getting in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, the name of 'Castro culture" ( Castrum culture) or "hillfort's culture", which alludes to this type of settlement prior to the Roman conquest. However, several Gallaecian hillforts continued to be inhabited until

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468-622: The Augustan legates Gaius Antistius Vetus and Gaius Firmius fought a difficult campaign to subdue the Gallaeci tribes of the more remote forested and mountainous parts of Gallaecia bordering the Atlantic Ocean , defeating them only after a series of severe battles, though no exact details are given. After conquering Gallaecia, Augustus promptly used its territory – now part of his envisaged Transduriana Province , whose organization

507-685: The Galician seashore and their dwellers around 40 AD, divided the coastal Gallaeci in non-Celtic Grovii along the southern areas; the Celtic peoples who lived along the Rías Baixas and Costa da Morte regions in northern Galicia; and the also Celtic Artabri who dwelled all along the northern coast in between the latter and the Astures . The Romans named the entire region north of the Douro , where

546-479: The Gallaeci did not adopt writing until contact with the Romans constrains the study of their earlier history. However, early allusions to this people are present in ancient Greek and Latin authors prior to the conquest, which allows the reconstruction of a few historical events of this people since the second century BC. The oldest known inscription referring to the Gallaeci (reading Ἔθνο[υς] Καλλαϊκῶ[ν] , "people of

585-562: The Gallaeci") was found in 1981 in the Sebasteion of Aphrodisias, Turkey , where a triumphal monument to Augustus mentions them among other fifteen nations allegedly conquered by this Roman emperor. Protected by their mountainous country and its isolation, the Gallaican tribes did not fall under Carthaginian rule , though a combined Gallaeci- Lusitani mercenary contingent led by a chieftain named Viriathus (not to be confused with

624-653: The Gallaecians a battle near Brigantium . The final conquest of Gallaecia happened during the Cantabrian Wars , fought under the Emperor Augustus from 26 to 19 BC. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul . For Rome, Gallaecia

663-553: The Lusitanian wars, as the capital of the Callaici ( Portus Cale ) was only definitively occupied by Marcus Perpena in 74 BC. Further incursions in southern Gallaecia, included Publius Licinius Crassus 's campaign of 96–94 BC. The first incursion into Northern Gallaecia happened in 61 BC, during Julius Caesar's consulship, a largely naval-based campaign across the entire Northern Hispanic coastline, defeating

702-535: The Lusitanians are called Callaicans. After the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania. The tribe of the Gallaeci 60,000 strong, according to Paulus Orosius , faced the Roman forces in 137  BC in a battle at the river Douro ( Spanish : Duero , Portuguese : Douro , Galician : Douro , Latin : Durius ), which resulted in a great Roman victory, by virtue of which

741-708: The Roman frontier on the Rhine. They advanced south, pillaging Gaul , and crossed the Pyrenees. They set about dividing up the Roman provinces of Carthaginiensis , Tarraconensis , Gallaecia, and Baetica . The Suebi took part of Gallaecia, where they later established a kingdom. After the Vandals and Alans left for North Africa, the Suebi took control of much of the Iberian Peninsula. However, Visigothic campaigns took much of this territory back. The Visigoths emerged victorious in

780-521: The Roman proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus returned a hero, receiving the agnomen Callaicus ('conqueror of the Callaicoi', a Gallaecian tribe inhabiting the southernmost region of Gallaecia by the mouth of the Douro), his campaign followed the Atlantic coast all the way to the river Limia , but no further than the river Miño . This campaign was largely a punitive one, in the context of the aftermath of

819-509: The Romans as much for the Gallaeci's castros , a system of hillforts , as it was for the lure of its gold mines. This culture extended over present day Galicia , the north of Portugal , the western part of Asturias , the Bierzo , and Sanabria and was distinct from the neighbouring Lusitanian culture to the south according to the classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder . At

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858-605: The Turduli Veteres, he crushed an allegedly 60,000-strong Gallaeci relief army sent to support the Lusitani at a desperate and difficult battle near the Durius river , in which 50,000 Gallaicans were slain, 6,000 were taken prisoner and only a few managed to escape, before withdrawing south. It remains unclear if the Gallaeci participated actively in the Sertorian Wars , although a fragment of Sallust records

897-425: The archaeological culture they developed is known by archaeologists as " Castro culture ", a hill-fort culture (usually, but not always) with round or elongated houses. The Gallaecian way of life was based in land occupation especially by fortified settlements that are known in Latin language as "castra" (hillforts) or "oppida" (citadels); they varied in size from small villages of less than one hectare (more common in

936-455: The hill forts are the famous Gallaecian warrior statues - slightly larger than life size statues of warriors, assumed to be deified local heroes. The Gallaecian political organization is not known with certainty but it is very probable that they were divided into small independent chiefdoms who the Romans called populus or civitas , each one ruled by a local petty king or chief ( princeps ), as in other parts of Europe. Each populus comprised

975-400: The knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames—who, now crying out the barbarian song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetrae " (a caetra was a small type of shield used in the region). Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for

1014-423: The knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames, now howling barbarian songs in the tongues of their homelands, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous shields . The Gallaeci came into direct contact with Rome relatively late, in the wake of the Roman punitive campaigns against their southern neighbours,

1053-842: The later Lusitani general bearing the same name that battled the Romans in Hispania in the mid-2nd century BC) is mentioned in Hannibal 's army during his march to Italy during the Second Punic War , participating in the battles of Lake Trasimene and Cannae . On his epic poem Punica , Silius Italicus gives a short description of these mercenaries and their military tactics: […] Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Gallaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras […] Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in

1092-496: The local Romance languages could have been inherited from these Q-Celtic dialects. Through the Gallaecian-Roman inscriptions, is known part of the great pantheon of Gallaecian deities, sharing part not only by other Celtic or Celticized peoples in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Astur — especially the more Western — or Lusitanian, but also by Gauls and Britons among others. This will highlight the following: The fact that

1131-461: The name of a Roman province in the north-west of Hispania , approximately present-day Galicia , northern Portugal , Asturias and Leon and the later Kingdom of Gallaecia . The Roman cities included the port Cale (Porto), the governing centers Bracara Augusta (Braga), Lucus Augusti (Lugo) and Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and their administrative areas Conventus bracarensis , Conventus lucensis and Conventus asturicensis. The Romans named

1170-582: The name of this people. Archaeologically, the Gallaeci evolved from the local Atlantic Bronze Age culture (1300–700 BC). During the Iron Age they received additional influences, including from Southern Iberian and Celtiberian cultures, and from central-western Europe ( Hallstatt and, to a lesser extent, La Tène culture ), and from the Mediterranean ( Phoenicians and Carthaginians ). The Gallaeci dwelt in hill forts (locally called castros ), and

1209-752: The northern territory) to great walled citadels with more than 10 hectares sometimes denominated oppida , being these latter more common in the Southern half of their traditional settlement and around the Ave river . Due to the dispersed nature of their settlements, large towns were rare in pre-Roman Gallaecia although some medium-sized oppida have been identified, namely the obscure Portus Calle (also known as Cales or Cale ; Castelo de Gaia , near Porto ), Avobriga ( Castro de Alvarelhos – Santo Tirso ?), Tongobriga ( Freixo – Marco de Canaveses ), Brigantia ( Bragança ?), Tyde/Tude ( Tui ), Lugus ( Lugo ) and

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1248-847: The northwest part of Hispania or the Iberian Peninsula Gallaecia after the Celtic tribes of the area the Gallaeci or Gallaecians. The Gallaic make their entry into written history in the first-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War : Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem flammarum misit dives Callaecia pubem, barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis, nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra, ad numerum resonas gaudentem plaudere caetras. (Book III pp. 344–347) "Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in

1287-460: The origin of today's Gaia , Galicia, and the "Gal" root in "Portugal", among many other placenames in the region. Gallaecian was a Q-Celtic language or group of languages or dialects, closely related to Celtiberian, spoken at the beginning of our era in the north-western quarter of the Iberian Peninsula, more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north–south and linking Oviedo and Mérida. Just like it

1326-503: The sertorian legate Marcus Perperna Veiento capturing the town of Cale in around 74 BC. Later in 61-60 BC the Propraetor of Hispania Ulterior Julius Caesar forced upon them the recognition of Roman suzerainty after defeating the northern Gallaeci in a combined sea-and-land battle at Brigantium , but it remained mostly nominal until the outbreak of the first Astur-Cantabrian War in 29 BC . Paulus Orosius briefly mentions that

1365-824: The task of consolidation of conquered territory, ultimately never expanded into these highly defended mountains, which the Romans before them also had taken generations to incorporate. In Charlemagne 's time, bishops of Gallaecia attended the Council of Frankfurt in 794. During his residence in Aachen , he received embassies from Alfonso II of Gallaecia , according to the Frankish chronicles. Sancho III of Navarre in 1029 refers to Bermudo III of León as Imperator domus Vermudus in Gallaecia . Gallaeci The endonym of modern-day Galicians, galegos , derives directly from

1404-702: The wars that followed, and eventually annexed Gallaecia. After the Visigothic defeat and the annexation of much of Hispania by the Moors , a group of Visigothic states survived in the northern mountains, including Gallaecia. In Beatus of Liébana (d. 798), Gallaecia became used to refer to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula , whereas Hispania was used for the Muslim one. The emirs, preferring to focus on

1443-568: Was a region formed exclusively by two conventus —the Lucensis and the Bracarensis —and was distinguished clearly from other zones like the Asturica, according to written sources: In the 3rd century AD, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica, and possibly Cluniense. This province took the name of Gallaecia since it

1482-424: Was entrusted to suffect consul Lucius Sestius Albanianus Quirinalis – as a springboard to his rear offensive against the Astures . In the later part of the 1st century BC military colonies were established and the pacified Gallaeci tribes were integrated by Augustus into his new Hispania Tarraconensis province. Later in the 3rd century AD, Emperor Diocletian created an administrative division which included

1521-641: Was the most populous and important zone within the province. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the Kingdom of Galicia (the Galliciense Regnum recorded by Hydatius and Gregory of Tours ). On the night of 31 December 406 AD, several Germanic barbarian tribes, the Vandals , Alans , and Suebi , swept over

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