142-651: The United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania , generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School , was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from its founding in 1879 through 1918. It was based in the historic Carlisle Barracks , which was transferred to the Department of Interior from the War Department for the purpose of establishing the school. After
284-458: A US Indian Agent , said that "The parents of these Indian children are ignorant, and know nothing of the value of education... Parental authority is hardly known or exercised among the Indians in this agency. The agent should be endowed with some kind of authority to enforce attendance. The agent here has found that a threat to depose a captain if he does not make the children attend school has had
426-538: A case of sexual assault. In January 2013, a college committee published a report noting Amherst's rate of sexual assault as similar to other colleges and universities, and making recommendations to address the problem. In May 2014, the Amherst board of trustees banned students from joining any underground or off-campus fraternity. After a complaint was filed by Epifano and an anonymous former student in November 2013,
568-540: A diversity of viewpoints". Amherst is a member of the Five Colleges consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions. These include Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and the University of Massachusetts Amherst . In addition to the 850 courses available on campus, Amherst students have an additional 5,300 classes to consider through
710-619: A few female students from nearby schools in the Four-College Consortium (Amherst, Mount Holyoke, Smith, UMass) attended on an experimental basis. In October 1974, the faculty voted in favor of coeducation and in November 1974, the board of trustees voted to admit female students starting in the 1975–1976 school year. This was done while John William Ward served as president. In 1975, nine women who were already attending classes as part of an inter-college exchange program were admitted as transfer students. In June 1976, they became
852-461: A good effect." Ward reiterated the US government's self-appointed position as a patriarchal ward over natives. Government officials treated tribal nations as dependents, and acted as if they could justifiably force a childlike nation to do what was best for them. The US officially legalized the denial of native parental rights in 1891, leading to mass forced removal of native children from their families. It
994-414: A highly structured, quasi-military regime. He was known to use corporal punishment, which was not uncommon in society at the time, on students. Carlisle emerged as the model for 26 off-reservation Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools that were ultimately developed in 15 states and territories. Some private boarding schools were sponsored by religious denominations. In addition, the government operated
1136-568: A lively interest" in what Pratt had to say. He was a tribal leader and head of a large household with at least ten children. He believed that his children would have to deal with whites, and perhaps live with them, whether they liked it or not. He decided to send two sons and a daughter for the first class at Carlisle in 1879. Pratt was so successful in his correspondence and methods that many Western chiefs, whose people were suffering from cold and hunger on their reservations, begged him to bring more children East. The chiefs also wrote to Washington with
1278-601: A local church, but had their choice among those in town. Carlisle students were required to attend a daily service and two services on Sundays. Students were expected to participate in various extracurricular activities. In addition to the YMCA and King's Daughters Circle, the girls could choose between the Mercer Literary Society and the Susan Longstreth Society . The boys had a choice of
1420-424: A remarkable man. [...] You are such an able man that you are the principal chief of these thousands of your people. But Spotted Tail, you cannot read or write. You claim that the government has tricked your people and placed the lines of your reservation a long way inside of where it was agreed that they should be. [...] You signed that paper, knowing only what the interpreter told you it said. If anything happened when
1562-437: A request to educate more of their children. News of the educational experiment spread rapidly, and many whites went to Carlisle to volunteer services and professional talents. Pratt developed a photographic record of the school for publicity and documentation. The institution and the school were photographed during the school's existence by approximately a dozen professional photographers. The first and best known photographer of
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#17327722124671704-597: A secondary school. The college was originally suggested as an alternative to Williams College , which was struggling to stay open. Although Williams survived, Amherst was formed and developed as a distinct institution. Moore, then President of Williams College , however, still believed that Williamstown was an unsuitable location for a college. When Amherst College was established, he was elected its first president on May 8, 1821. At its opening, Amherst had forty-seven students. Fifteen of these had followed Moore from Williams College. Those fifteen represented about one-third of
1846-706: A sitting professor disparages members of its community in media of worldwide circulation and accessibility." Martin disagreed, citing past debates over the college's position on the Vietnam War and apartheid in South Africa—issues on which the college initially remained silent but eventually took a public position. In such times, she said, colleges should "avoid taking institutional positions on controversial political matters, except in extraordinary circumstances" and should simultaneously both "protect their communities from discrimination and disrespect" and "cherish
1988-434: A slot of wood and set them up for us to shoot at. If we knocked the money from the stick, it was ours. We enjoyed this sport very much, as it brought a real home thrill to us." The Indian club or Pelhwan Meel is an exercise equipment tool of Persian origin introduced from India.. Carlisle, Pennsylvania Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania , United States. Carlisle
2130-408: A talk. "The astronomer explained that there would be an eclipse of the moon the following Wednesday night at twelve o'clock. We did not believe it. When the moon eclipsed, we readily believed our teacher about geography and astronomy." In addition to academic contact, the two institutes had contact in the public venue as well. The best known instances include the regular defeats of Dickinson College by
2272-455: A term that encompasses rape, attempted rape, and lesser forms of sexual contact. In the second decade of the 21st century, the original unofficial mascot of Amherst College, Lord Jeffery Amherst , became a cause of concern in the Amherst community. Many sought to separate the school from the problematic legacy of Lord Jeffery Amherst, in particular his advocacy of the use of biological warfare against Native Americans . In May 2014, after
2414-418: A total of 34 residence halls, seven of which are strictly for first year students. Following their first year, sophomores, juniors, and seniors have the choice to live off campus and are offered options of Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, however this option is only available for two years of residence. First-year students are required to live on campus. The college also owns
2556-718: A total of more than 300 schools on reservations, many of which accepted boarding students from other tribes. At Fort Marion , Florida in the 1870s, Pratt was assigned to supervise former warriors, several dozen Native American prisoners selected from among those who had surrendered in the Indian Territory at the end of the Red River War . He gradually introduced them to classes in the English language, art, guard duty, and craftsmanship. The program became well-known. Distinguished visitors began to visit from all over
2698-669: A tributary of the Susquehanna River . Letort Spring Run, a tributary of Conodoguinet Creek, runs north through the eastern part of the borough. Carlisle lies in south-central Pennsylvania, southwest of the intersection of Interstate 76 (the Pennsylvania Turnpike ) and Interstate 81 , roughly 20 miles (32 km) west-southwest of Harrisburg , the state capital. By road, it is approximately 80 mi (130 km) northwest of Baltimore and 124 mi (200 km) west-northwest of Philadelphia . According to
2840-728: A veteran from the Seven Years' War and later commanding general of the British forces in North America. On November 18, 1817, a project was adopted at the Academy to raise funds for the free instruction of "indigent young men of promising talents and hopeful piety, who shall manifest a desire to obtain a liberal education with a sole view to the Christian ministry". This required a substantial investment from benefactors. During
2982-490: A way to protect academic freedom. The issue arose when a group of alumni petitioned the college trustees and President Biddy Martin to "dissociate the institution" from Arkes's "divisive and destructive" views, focusing particularly on his May 2013 comparison of homosexuality to bestiality , pedophilia and necrophilia . The alumni said, "Amherst College cannot credibly maintain its professed commitment to be an inclusive community as long as it chooses to remain silent while
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#17327722124673124-530: A wild moose found its way onto the Amherst College campus and into the backyard of the house of the college president, students organized a Facebook campaign to change the mascot of the school to a moose. The page grew rapidly in popularity, receiving over 900 "likes" in under two weeks, and inspiring both a Twitter and Tumblr account for the newly proposed mascot. At the Commencement ceremony for
3266-474: A year and dropping below 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 119 days a year. On average, the borough receives 38.8 inches (986 mm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall averages 29.8 inches (757 mm) per year. On average, January is the coolest month, July is the warmest month, and September is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Carlisle was 102 °F (39 °C) in 1966;
3408-470: A year. In 1905, a survey of 296 Carlisle graduates showed that 124 had entered government service (often with reservation agencies), and 47 were employed off the reservations. Anniversaries and other school events attracted whites of distinction. US senators, Indian commissioners, secretaries of the Interior, college presidents, and noted clergymen were among those invited to present the diplomas or address
3550-597: Is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education . Forty-five percent of Amherst students in the class of 2019 were double majors. Amherst College has been the first college to have undergraduate departments in the interdisciplinary fields of American Studies ; Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought; and Neuroscience and has helped to pioneer other interdisciplinary programs, including Asian Languages and Civilizations. Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were: The Amherst library
3692-458: Is $ 158,200, with 51% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 24% from the bottom 60%. Ninety-eight percent of students live on campus. Ninety-eight percent of Amherst freshmen enrolled in Fall 2020 returned for their sophomore year; ninety-two percent of the most recent cohort graduated within six years. There are more than 200 student groups at Amherst. More than a third of
3834-534: Is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts . Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore , Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts . The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst , Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during
3976-411: Is given variously as Hartman and Leininger, had been taken captive when small, and had forgotten her mother. With tears coursing down her cheeks the mother then sang a song she once had used as a lullaby : Allein, und doch nicht ganz allein, Bin ich in meiner Einsamkeit.[Alone, yet not alone am I, in thismy solitude] and the long lost daughter rushed into her mother's arms. The settlement of Carlisle
4118-825: Is located within the Cumberland Valley , a highly productive agricultural region. As of the 2020 census , the borough population was 20,118; including suburbs in the neighboring townships, 37,695 live in the Carlisle urban cluster. Carlisle is the smaller principal city of the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area , which includes Cumberland and Dauphin and Perry counties in South Central Pennsylvania . The U.S. Army War College , located at Carlisle Barracks , prepares high-level military personnel and civilians for strategic leadership responsibilities. Carlisle Barracks ranks among
4260-777: Is named for long-time faculty member, poet Robert Frost . The student-faculty ratio is 7:1 and 84% of classes have fewer than 30 students. Notable faculty members include, among others, modern literature and poetry critic William H. Pritchard , Beowulf translator Howell Chickering, Jewish and Latino studies scholar Ilan Stavans , novelist and legal scholar Lawrence Douglas , physicist Arthur Zajonc , Pulitzer Prize -winning Nikita Khrushchev biographer William Taubman , African art specialist Rowland Abiodun , Natural Law expert Hadley Arkes , Mathematician Daniel Velleman, Biblical scholar Susan Niditch, law and society expert Austin Sarat , Asian American studies scholar and former Director of
4402-627: Is the gun shop of Thomas Butler Sr., an Irish immigrant , who manufactured long rifles during the French and Indian War. He later became Chief Armorer for The First Continental Congress. He and his five sons served in the Revolutionary War and were known as "The Fighting Butlers. His eldest son was Richard Butler (general) . Carlisle also served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot
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4544-717: Is the oldest building in Carlisle, and was where the Rev. John Steel (known as "The Fighting Parson") gave sermons in support of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. The church was also where Pennsylvania settlers met on July 12, 1774, to sign a document protesting the Boston Port Act . A year later Carlisle supplied a contingent for a line infantry regiment of the Continental Army . Steel
4686-828: The American Civil War , Carlisle served as a stop on the Underground Railroad . During the war, an army of the Confederate States of America , under General Fitzhugh Lee , attacked and shelled the borough during the Battle of Carlisle on July 1, 1863, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign . A cannonball dent can still be seen on one of the columns of the historic county courthouse. United States Army Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt founded Carlisle Indian Industrial School in 1879 as
4828-543: The Emily Dickinson Museum , operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson , and the Inn on Boltwood near to the main campus. Amherst College is reducing its energy consumption through a computerized monitoring system for lighting and the use of an efficient cogeneration facility. The cogeneration facility features a gas turbine that generates electricity in addition to steam for heating
4970-554: The French and Indian War . Originally established as a men's college , Amherst became coeducational in 1975. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution; 1,971 students were enrolled in fall 2021. Admissions are highly selective. Students choose courses from 42 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major. Amherst competes in
5112-467: The Giant and Martin's brands is headquartered in Carlisle. Leading industries in Carlisle's past have included Carlisle Tire and Rubber Company (founded 1917), Masland Carpets (founded 1866), and The Frog, Switch and Manufacturing. Carlisle Tire and Rubber and Masland Carpets have since gone out of business, and both plants were demolished in 2013. Amazon.com is one of several warehouse facilities in
5254-674: The NCAA's Division III , the Eastern College Athletic Conference , and the New England Small College Athletic Conference , which includes Bates , Bowdoin , Colby , Connecticut College , Hamilton , Middlebury , Trinity , Tufts , Wesleyan , and Williams College . Amherst is also one of the " Little Three ", along with Williams and Wesleyan. A Little Three champion is informally recognized by most teams based on
5396-575: The National Register of Historic Places . Carlisle is located slightly northeast of the center of Cumberland County at 40°12′9″N 77°11′42″W / 40.20250°N 77.19500°W / 40.20250; -77.19500 (40.202553, −77.195016) at an elevation of 479 feet (146 m). The borough lies in the Cumberland Valley , a section of the Great Appalachian Valley , to the south of Conodoguinet Creek ,
5538-560: The New England Small College Athletic Conference . Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University , which form the Little Three colleges. The college is also a member of the Five College Consortium , which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions: Mount Holyoke College , Smith College , Hampshire College , and
5680-576: The Standard Literary Society or the Invincible Debating Society. A summer camp was established in the mountains at Pine Grove Furnace State Park , near a place called Tagg's Run. Students lived in tents and picked berries, hunted and fished. Luther Standing Bear recalled: "In 1881, after the school closed for the summer vacation, some of the boys and girls were placed out in farmers' homes to work throughout
5822-414: The U.S. Army War College , [1901], and U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center , [1967]) were vacant and available for use. The military site was less than two miles from an already well established educational institution, Dickinson College (founded 1773, chartered 1783). When the first Indian School students arrived in Carlisle on October 6, 1879, they were in tribal dress. "For the people of Carlisle it
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5964-534: The United States Census Bureau , Carlisle has a total area of 5.54 square miles (14.35 km ), of which 5.53 square miles (14.33 km ) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.02 km ), or 0.14%, is water. Carlisle has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa ) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. The average temperature in Carlisle is 51.3 °F (10.7 °C) with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 16 days
6106-422: The University of Massachusetts Amherst . In 1812, funds were raised in Amherst for a secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814. The academy incorporated in 1816, and eventually counted among its students Emily Dickinson , Sylvester Graham , and Mary Lyon (founder of Mount Holyoke College ). The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst ,
6248-507: The mammoth . Mammoths beat the other finalists "Valley Hawks", "Purple and White", "Wolves", and "Fighting Poets" in a ranked-choice election process. The mammoth is linked to Amherst due to the long-standing presence of a woolly mammoth skeleton on display in the Beneski Museum of Natural History on campus dating back to the 1920s excavation of the skeleton by Amherst professor Frederic Brewster Loomis . Amherst participates in
6390-543: The 15th U.S. president, James Buchanan , graduated in 1809. The Dickinson School of Law , founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States and the oldest law school in Pennsylvania. On June 2, 1847, Carlisle was the site of the McClintock Slave Riot, which that broke out after a fugitive slave hearing at the courthouse; several of
6532-557: The 2021 Washington Monthly liberal arts college rankings, which focus on contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and promoting public service. U.S. News & World Report classifies Amherst as being "most selective" of liberal arts colleges in the United States; the Carnegie Foundation classifies Amherst as one of the "more selective" institutions whose first-year students' test scores places these institutions in roughly
6674-591: The Captain exclaimed. "I wish all my boys would run away!" In November 1878, Pratt was ordered by the War Department to report to the Secretary of the Interior for 'Indian education' duty. He traveled to Dakota Territory to recruit Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota students for the new school. These tribes were selected by Commissioner of Indian Affairs Ezra Hayt, because they had resisted ceding more territory to
6816-601: The Carlisle Indian School and his notable lectures on electricity ("Why Does It Burn"), "Lightning" and "Gunpowder" received a favorable reaction from parents and students. Himes lectured to Chiefs Red Cloud , Roman Nose and Yellow Tail, and brought Indian students to the Dickinson laboratory to give lectures. Himes also promoted Carlisle's success in national academic circles. Luther Standing Bear recalled that one day an astronomer came to Carlisle and gave
6958-503: The Carlisle Indian School football team and other athletic competitions. Carlisle curricula included subjects such as English, math, history, drawing and composition. Students also learned trade and work skills such as farming and manufacturing. Older students used their skills to help build new classrooms and dormitories. Carlisle students produced a variety of weekly and monthly newspapers and other publications that were considered part of their "industrial training," or preparing for work in
7100-521: The Carlisle Indian School was John Nicolas Choate . After Indian dress was replaced with military uniforms and the children's hair was cut in Anglo fashion, the Indians' physical appearance was transformed. In an effort to convince doubters of the transformation possible, Pratt hired photographers to present this evidence. Before and after "contrast" photos were sent to officials in Washington, friends of
7242-531: The Center for Community Engagement, nationally, and internationally) have been a priority at Amherst and for former President Anthony Marx , who helped start a secondary school for black students in apartheid South Africa. One of the longstanding traditions at the college involves the Sabrina statue . Even year and odd year classes battle for possession of the historic statue, often engaging in elaborate pranks in
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#17327722124677384-470: The Consortium (without paying additional tuition) and access to 8 million library volumes. The Five Colleges are geographically close to one another and are linked by buses that run between the campuses . The Five Colleges share resources and develop common academic programs. Museums10 is a consortium of local art, history and science museums. The Five College Dance Department is one of the largest in
7526-863: The GM Nationals, the Ford Nationals, the Chrysler Nationals, the Truck Nationals, Corvettes at Carlisle, and the Import/Kit Car Nationals. Partly because of its location at the intersection of two major trucking routes ( I-81 and I-76 ), air pollution within the borough often falls within the range considered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" [i.e., children,
7668-551: The Hampton Institute would be useful for educating and assimilating Native Americans. Give me three hundred young Indians and a place in one of our best communities, and let me prove it! Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania, has been abandoned for a number of years. It is in the heart of fine agricultural country. The people are kindly disposed, and long free from the universal border prejudice against Indians. Pratt and his supporters successfully lobbied Congress to establish
7810-553: The Indian School, and college students volunteered services, observed teaching methods and participated in events. Dickinson College also provided Carlisle Indian School students with access to the Dickinson Preparatory School ("Conway Hall") and college level education. Thomas P. Marshall, a Sioux from Pine Ridge agency , South Dakota , was one of the first Native American students at Dickinson (he
7952-501: The Indian children could not be civilized while wearing moccasins and blankets. Their hair was cut because in some mysterious way long hair stood in the path of our development. They were issued the clothes of white men. High collar stiff-bosomed shirts and suspenders fully three inches in width were uncomfortable. White leather boots caused actual suffering. Standing Bear said that red flannel underwear caused "actual torture." He remembered
8094-519: The Indian, save the man." The US applied this principle to the cultural assimilation efforts of the larger American Indian boarding school system, by requiring children to speak only English, practice Christianity, take on new names and wear European-American style clothing. Pratt wrote that he believed that Native Americans were 'equal' to European Americans, and that the school worked to immerse students into mainstream Euro-American culture. He believed that this would enable them to advance and thrive in
8236-457: The Natives were disadvantaged by being unable to speak and write English and, if they had that knowledge, they might have been able to protect themselves. Pratt used this speech to convince chief Spotted Tail to send his children to the school. At first he had been reluctant to relinquish his children to the government that had stolen native land and violated their treaties. Spotted Tail, you are
8378-789: The Old Town Pump, which provided fresh spring water to Carlisle and "eventually became the source of a legend that claimed anyone who drank from the pump would return to Carlisle no matter how far they roamed". A portion of the Carlisle Barracks property is within Carlisle Borough. As reported by the National Center for Educational Statistics Carlisle has one daily newspaper, The Sentinel . AM FM Amherst College Amherst College ( / ˈ æ m ər s t / AM -ərst )
8520-585: The Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center Franklin Odo , and Pulitzer Prize -winning composer Lewis Spratlan , professor emeritus of the music faculty. The writings of Amherst College political science Professor Hadley Arkes about homosexuality led to a dispute in 2013 over whether a college seeking to create a diverse, respectful academic community should speak out when a faculty member disparages community members or should instead remain silent as
8662-454: The U.S. government urgently sought a 'progressive' educational model to quickly assimilate Indians into white culture. Whether this could be achieved and how rapidly it could be done was unknown. Pratt believed he could make use of the Carlisle facility. He thought its proximity to officials in Washington, D.C. would help him educate officials about the Indian capacity for learning. As part of Pratt's curriculum in cultural and language immersion,
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#17327722124678804-525: The U.S. government. Choctaw Academy in Scott County, Kentucky , was the first such boarding school, but was initiated by Choctaw leaders and then funded by the U.S. government through the 1819 Civilization Fund Act . Pratt had earlier supervised Native American prisoners of war, and supported some of them in gaining education at Hampton College. He became convinced that education was the key to assimilation. In his own words, Pratt's motto was, "Kill
8946-521: The US Department of Education opened an investigation into the college's handling of sexual violence and potential violations of Title IX . In May 2014, the Department of Education announced a list of 55 colleges and universities (including Amherst) currently under investigation. A report from Amherst College stated that 2009 to 2011, Amherst reported 35 instances of "forcible sex offenses",
9088-460: The US would have leverage against the tribes in their continuing attempt to acquire tribal land. Pratt said that, "The children would be hostages for the good behavior of the people." Pratt persuaded tribal elders and chiefs that the reason the " Washichu " (Lakota word for white man, loosely translates to Takes the Fat) had been able to take their land was that the Indians were uneducated. He said that
9230-445: The United States entered World War I , however, the school was closed, and the property on which it was located was transferred back for use by the U.S. Department of Defense . The property is now part of the U.S. Army War College . Founded in 1879 by Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt under U.S. government authorization, Carlisle Indian Industrial School was an early federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school initiated by
9372-540: The United States government. It was less than three years after Lakota warriors and their allies had defeated Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Little Big Horn . The War Department ordered Pratt to go to Red Cloud (Oglala) and Spotted Tail (Sicangu), to compel the chiefs to surrender their children. The government believed that by removing the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota children from their homes,
9514-411: The United States was founded. The French -born fur trader James Le Tort may have built a cabin in the area as early as 1720. During the colonial era , Scots-Irish settlers began to settle in the Cumberland Valley beginning in the early 1730s. The settlement of Carlisle, at the intersection of several Indigenous trails, was designated by the Pennsylvania assembly and the Penn family in 1751 as
9656-433: The Writers' Program of the WPA in 1940, described the early history of Carlisle's public square and the physical changes that had occurred by the first half of the 20th century, noting that the square, located at the intersection of Hanover and High Sts., is now hardly recognizable as such, for the market house, courthouse, and church have encroached on it. But in the early days its limits were clearly defined. The square
9798-410: The average family size was 2.81. In the borough, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 17.2% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough
9940-465: The average financial aid package award amounts to $ 62,071; college expenditures are approximately $ 109,000 per student each year. In July 2007, Amherst announced that grants would replace loans in all financial aid packages beginning in the 2008–09 academic year. Amherst had already been the first school to eliminate loans for low-income students, and with this announcement it joined Princeton University , Cornell University and Davidson College , then
10082-426: The campus. Amherst also operates a composting program, in which a portion of the food waste from dining halls is sent to a farmer in Vermont. Amherst's resources, faculty, and academic life allow the college to enroll students with a range of talents, interests, and commitments. Students represent 48 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and sixty-six countries. The median family income of Amherst students
10224-718: The city. In 2013, Apple opened an AppleCare device repair facility southeast of the Interstate 81 overpass over the Pennsylvania Turnpike to cover American customers east of the Mississippi River . Carlisle is famous to many people for its car shows, put on regularly by Carlisle Events throughout the spring, summer, and fall at the Carlisle Fairgrounds . In addition to the regularly scheduled shows there are specialty shows, including
10366-532: The class of 2014, the moose mascot was mentioned by Biddy Martin in her address, and the Dining Hall served Moose Tracks ice cream in front of an ice sculpture of a moose. In February 2015, discussion of a mascot change continued when the editorial board of the Amherst Student , the college's official student-run newspaper, came out in favor of "the moose-scot". In November 2015 the student body and
10508-426: The classical, however, until the next century. Amherst was founded as a non-sectarian institution "for the classical education of indigent young men of piety and talents for the Christian ministry" (Tyler, A History of Amherst College ). One of the hallmarks of the new college was its Charity Fund, an early form of financial aid that paid the tuition of poorer students. Although officially non-denominational, Amherst
10650-613: The coldest temperature recorded was −19 °F (−28 °C) in 1994. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,970 people, 7,426 households, and 4,010 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,308.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,277.6/km ). There were 8,032 housing units at an average density of 1,479.0 per square mile (571.0/km ). The racial makeup of the borough was 88.93% White , 6.92% African American , 0.14% Native American , 1.60% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.71% from other races , and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of
10792-502: The college, were converted into residence halls. The Department of Women's and Gender Studies, which later became the Department of Sexuality, Women's, and Gender Studies, was established in 1987, and the Department of Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought in 1993. In March 2013, the faculty adopted an open-access policy . Eight years later, the college ended its practice of legacy admissions and increased financial aid to increase access to low and middle-income students and diversify
10934-463: The college. Since the inception of the U.S. News & World Report rankings in 1987, Amherst College has been ranked ten times as the first overall among 266 liberal arts colleges in the United States, and in 2022 ranked second, behind Williams . In 2023, Amherst College was ranked as the best liberal arts college and 8th best college or university overall in the United States by The WSJ/College Pulse 2024 Best College Rankings. In 2022, Amherst
11076-399: The country, especially as St. Augustine had become a winter resort for the wealthy. The U.S. Commissioner of Education came to see firsthand what Pratt was doing, as did the president of Amherst College . Pratt's Fort Marion program convinced him that "distant education" was the only way to totally assimilate the Indian. He wrote, the Indian "is born a blank, like all the rest of us. Transfer
11218-530: The county) to resemble the Carlisle Citadel . As a result of conflicts on the frontier with Native American tribes , a stockade was constructed in the settlement to protect against potential attacks in 1753. In 1755, the stockade was transformed into a fort, known as Fort Carlisle or Fort Lowther. In 1757, colonel-commandant John Stanwix , for whom Fort Stanwix in Upstate New York
11360-520: The dominant society, and be leaders to their people. After the government assessed the initial success of older Indian students at Hampton Normal and Agricultural School and some in Upstate New York , who were former prisoners of war, Lieutenant Pratt was authorized to establish the first all-Indian school, and founded the Carlisle Indian Industrial School at the historic Carlisle Barracks in central Pennsylvania , and
11502-555: The elderly, and people with respiratory or heart disease]. The pollutant typically involved is PM2.5, particulate matter composed of particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. The Central Pennsylvania Youth Ballet (CPYB), a ballet school and performing company known internationally for their alumni, is based in Carlisle. Students from across the country, and even across the world, come to live with host families to participate in CPYB's rigorous training. Carlisle's Dickinson College
11644-413: The equal of whites, and founded Carlisle to immerse their children in white culture and teach them English, new skills and customs, in order to help them survive. After the end of Great Sioux War in 1877, the Lakota people were impoverished, harassed and confined to reservations ... many believed that Native Americans were a vanishing race whose only hope for survival was rapid cultural transformation. Thus
11786-481: The faculty overwhelmingly voted to vacate the mascot. That same month, several hundred students who staged a sit-in protest against racism at the college library included among their demands a call for the college to cease use of the Lord Jeff mascot. The decision to drop the mascot was made official by the college's trustees on January 26, 2016. In April 2017, Amherst announced that their official mascot would be
11928-464: The first federally supported school for American Indians off a reservation. The United States government maintained the school, housed at Carlisle Barracks as an experiment in educating Native Americans and teaching them to reject tribal culture and to adapt to white society. Pratt retired from the Army in 1903 and from supervising the school as its superintendent in 1904. Athletic hero Jim Thorpe entered
12070-517: The first female graduates of the college. The college established the Black Studies Department in 1969. In 1973, it launched the nation's first undergraduate neuroscience program. In 1983, it established a Department of Asian Languages and Literatures, which was later to become the Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations. In 1984, on-campus fraternities were abolished. The former fraternity buildings, which were owned by
12212-431: The first worship service at the Indian School in 1879. It was Mrs. Pratt who had initiated the contact between the Indian School and Dickinson. Upon Pratt's absence one Sunday, Mrs. Pratt wrote to President McCauley and requested his aid as a minister which he graciously accepted. The relationship did not stop there with Richard Pratt noting that, "from that time forward Dr. McCauley became an advisor and most valued friend to
12354-409: The first-year class, 55% received financial aid and 11% were first-generation college students. In addition, 16 transfer students enrolled. Despite its high cost of attendance – comprehensive tuition, room, and board fee for the 2022–23 academic year was $ 80,250 – Amherst College meets the full demonstrated need of every admitted student. Sixty percent of current students receive scholarship aid, and
12496-427: The fugitive slaves were able to escape during the fray with the help of Carlisle's black residents, while one of the slave catchers later died of his wounds. A Dickinson College professor, John McClintock, was tried and acquitted for his role in the riot. A general borough law of 1851 (amended in 1852) authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle. Leading up to
12638-498: The fundraising for the project, it became clear that without larger designs, it would be impossible to raise sufficient funds. This led the committee overseeing the project to conclude that a new institution should be created. On August 18, 1818, the Amherst Academy board of trustees accepted this conclusion and began building a new college. Founded in 1821, Amherst College developed from Amherst Academy, first established as
12780-517: The graduating class upon these occasions. The gymnasium held 3,000 persons and was generally filled with an audience of townspeople and distinguished visitors showing their support for aspiring Carlisle students. In 1880, Carlisle, Pennsylvania , was a thriving town as a borough and county seat of Cumberland County , west of the Susquehanna River , with a population of 6,209 people. The shoe factory in town employed over 800 residents. There were two railroads, three banks and ten hotels in Carlisle by
12922-478: The head-to-head records of the three schools, but three-way competitions are held in some of the sports. Amherst claims its athletics program as the oldest in the nation, pointing to its compulsory physical fitness regimen put in place in 1860 (the mandate that all students participate in sports or pursue physical education has been discontinued). Amherst and Williams played the first college baseball game July 2, 1859. Amherst's growing athletics program has been
13064-572: The larger economy. Marianne Moore was a teacher at Carlisle before she became one of America's leading poets. Music was a part of the program, and many students studied classical instruments. The Carlisle Indian Band earned an international reputation. Native American teachers eventually joined the faculty, such as Ho-Chunk artist Angel DeCora , taught students about Native American art and heritage and fought harsh assimilation methods. Students were instructed in Christianity and expected to attend
13206-619: The leadership of President George Washington . While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street and High Street. Benjamin Rush , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , developed Carlisle Grammar School in 1773 and chartered it as Dickinson College—the first new college founded in the newly recognized United States. One of the college's more famous alumni,
13348-413: The mid-nineteenth century: students who consumed alcohol or played cards were subject to expulsion. A number of religious revivals were held at Amherst. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, the college began a transition toward secularism. This movement was considered to culminate in the 1949 demolition of the college church. Academic hoods in the United States are traditionally lined with
13490-699: The nation. The joint Astronomy department shares use of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory , which contributed to work that won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. The Five College Coastal and Marine Sciences Program offers an interdisciplinary curriculum to undergraduates in the Five Colleges. Amherst College is located in the town of Amherst in Western Massachusetts. Amherst College has
13632-459: The new school, and back to reservations to recruit new students. The minimum age for students was fourteen, and all students were required to be at least one-fourth Indian. The Carlisle term was five years, and the consent forms which the parents signed before the agent so stated. Pratt refused to return pupils earlier unless they were ill, unsuitable mentally, or a menace to others. Between 1899 and 1904, Carlisle issued thirty to forty-five degrees
13774-505: The off-reservation boarding school for Native Americans at the historic Carlisle Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania . By October 1879, Lieutenant Pratt had recruited the first students for the Carlisle Indian Industrial School; 82 boys and girls arrived one night at midnight at the railroad station. They were met by hundreds of local residents who escorted them to the "Old Barracks". The Carlisle Indian School formally opened on November 1, 1879, with an enrollment of 147 students. The youngest
13916-415: The official colors of the school, in theory so watchers can tell where the hood wearer earned his or her degree. Amherst's hoods are purple (Williams' official color) with a white stripe or chevron, said to signify that Amherst was born of Williams. Amherst records one of the first uses of Latin honors of any American college, dating back to 1881. The college was an all-male school until the late 1960s, when
14058-577: The oldest U.S. Army installations and the most senior military educational institution in the United States Army . Carlisle Barracks is home of the United States Army Heritage and Education Center , an archives and museum complex open to the public. Carlisle is also home to Penn State Dickinson School of Law and Dickinson College . Dickinson College is also noted as it was the first college or university chartered after
14200-418: The one hundred and twenty-eighth commencement of Dickinson College, where he presented an Honorary Degree of Master of Arts to Pratt's successor, Superintendent Moses Friedman , for his work at the Carlisle Indian School. Prof. Charles Francis Himes was a professor of natural science at Dickinson College for three decades and instrumental in expanding the science curriculum. Professor Hines took an interest in
14342-538: The only colleges to eliminate loans from need-based financial aid packages. Increased rates of admission of highly qualified lower income students has resulted in greater equality of opportunity at Amherst than is usual at elite American colleges. In the 2008–2009 academic year, Amherst College also extended its need-blind admission policy to international applicants. In 2021, it also eliminated preferences for students whose parents are alumni ("legacies") . Amherst College offers 41 fields of study (with 850+ courses) in
14484-652: The paper was being made up that changed its order, if you had been educated and could read and write, you could have known about it and refused to put your name on it. Do you intend to let your children remain in the same condition of ignorance in which you have lived, which will compel them always to meet the whiter man at a great disadvantage through an interpreter, as you have to do? [...] As your friend, Spotted Tail, I urge you to send your children with me to this Carlisle School and I will do everything I can to advance them in intelligence and industry in order that they may come back and help you. Consent to send students to Carlisle
14626-450: The plaudits of government officials for allowing their children to participate in the Carlisle experiment. Some tribes initially consented to sending their children to off-reservation boarding schools, but many were skeptical of the school system and its intentions. Many tribes did not believe the promises of the schools, as they were scarred by the genocidal tactics of the U.S. government. Once students were in school, communication with home
14768-407: The population. There were 7,426 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.0% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and
14910-426: The position of President of Dickinson College and continued the close relationship between the Indian School and Dickinson College through Pratt's departure in 1904. Reed told an audience at the Indian School that "we who live in Carlisle, who come in constant contact with the Indian School, and who know of its work, have occasion to be agreeably surprised with the advance we are able to see." In June 1911, Reed addressed
15052-479: The process. In 2012, President Biddy Martin began a community-wide review of the sexual misconduct and disciplinary policies at the college. This review was sparked by several factors, including an underground fraternity's T-shirt design that critics alleged was misogynist and an essay by Angie Epifano published in The Amherst Student , wherein she accused the college of inappropriate handling of
15194-412: The property was transferred from the War Department to the U.S. Department of the Interior for this purpose. As at Hampton, arriving students were shorn of their long hair, and even their names were changed. However, "unlike Hampton, whose purpose was to return assimilated educated Indians to their people, Carlisle meant to turn the school into the ultimate Americanizer". At Carlisle, Pratt established
15336-420: The red flannel underwear as "the worst thing about life at Carlisle." Some children arrived at Carlisle able to speak some English; they were used by school officials as translators for other students. Officials sometimes took advantage of the children's traditional respect for elders to get them to inform on peers' misbehaviors. This was consistent with accepted practice in the large European-American families of
15478-485: The savage born infant to the surroundings of a civilization and he will grow to possess a civilized language and habit." Pratt wrote: If all men are created equal, then why were blacks segregated in separate regiments and Indians segregated on separate tribal reservations? Why weren't all men given equal opportunities and allowed to assume their rightful place in society? Race became a meaningless abstraction in his mind. Pratt believed an industrial school model similar to
15620-404: The school in 1907 and joined its football team under coach Glenn "Pop" Warner in 1908. Playing halfback, Jim Thorpe led the team to startling upset victories over powerhouses Harvard , Army , and the University of Pennsylvania in 1911–12, bringing nationwide attention to the school. Marianne Moore taught there from 1911 to 1914. Carlisle Indian School closed in 1918. Dickinson School of Law
15762-399: The school's students were expected to learn English. School officials also required students to take new English names, either by choice or assignment. This was confusing, as the names from which they had to choose had no meaning for them. Luther Standing Bear ( Sicangu - Oglala ) was one of the first students when Carlisle began operations in 1879. He was asked to choose a name from a list on
15904-420: The school.". The collaborative effort between Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School lasted almost four decades, from the opening day to the closing of the school. Dr. McCauley helped Pratt to develop a board of trustees and a Board of Visitors composed of different heads of leading national educational institutions and wealthy donors. Dickinson College professors served as chaplains and special faculty to
16046-476: The sciences, arts, humanities, mathematics and computer sciences, social sciences, foreign languages, classics, and several interdisciplinary fields (including premedical studies ) and provides an unusually open curriculum . Students are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements and may even design their own unique interdisciplinary major. Freshmen may take advanced courses, and seniors may take introductory ones. Amherst College
16188-626: The seat of Cumberland County (named for the county of the same name in England). American engineer John Armstrong Sr. , a surveyor for the Penn family, laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751. Armstrong Sr. settled there and fathered John Armstrong Jr. in 1758. They named the settlement after its sister town of the same name in Cumberland , England, and even designed its former jailhouse (which now serve as general government offices in
16330-496: The story false, but many still nurture the legend. Amherst grew quickly, and for two years in the mid-1830s, it was the second largest college in the United States, behind Yale . In 1835, Amherst attempted to create a course of study parallel to the classical liberal arts education. This parallel course focused less on Greek and Latin , instead emphasizing contemporary English, French, and Spanish languages, chemistry, economics, etc. The parallel course did not take hold and replace
16472-534: The streets of Carlisle and on to the school on the edge of town." Residents of Carlisle stood on their doorsteps and cheered as the Carlisle Band led a snake dance from one end of town to the other. Carlisle was also home to Dickinson College , less than two miles from the Carlisle Indian School, America's 16th oldest college. Dickinson College and the Carlisle Indian School collaboration began when Dr. James Andrew McCauley , President of Dickinson College, led
16614-515: The student body are members of a varsity athletics team. Students pursue their interests through student-led organizations funded by a student fee and distributed by the student government, including a variety of cultural and religious groups, publications, fine and performing arts and political advocacy and service groups. Groups include a medieval sword-fighting club, a knitting club, and a club devoted to random acts of kindness, among others. Community service groups and opportunities (locally—through
16756-715: The subject of controversy in recent years due to dramatic contrasts between the racial and socioeconomic makeup of its student athletes and the rest of its student body, the clustering of athletes in particular academic departments, and a perceived "divide" on campus between varsity athletes and other students. Athletic skill plays a factor in the admissions decisions of between 28% and 35% of each incoming class. Amherst fields several club athletic teams, including ultimate , soccer , crew , rugby union , water polo , equestrian , mountain biking , fencing , sailing and skiing . Intramural sports include soccer, tennis, golf, basketball, volleyball and softball. The sport of Ultimate
16898-471: The summer. Those who remained at school were sent to the mountains for a vacation trip. I was among the number. When we reached our camping place, we pitched out tents like soldiers all in a row. Captain Pratt brought along a lot of feathers and some sinew, and we made bows and arrows. Many white people came to visit the Indian camp, and seeing us shooting with the bow and arrow, they would put nickels and dimes in
17040-433: The time Pratt established his school. By the late 19th century, there were 1,117 "colored residents" in Carlisle. Carlisle boasted a low unemployment rate and a high literacy rate at the time of the census. It was considered a good location, as it was not in a big city. It was not so far West that the students would be able to run away back to their families. The historic Carlisle Barracks (established 1757, afterwards site of
17182-663: The time, where older children were often required to care for and discipline their younger siblings. School discipline was strict and consistent, according to the military tradition. Students faced 'courts-martial' for serious cases. Elaine Goodale Eastman , who had supervised government Indian education on reservations west of the Missouri River, later wrote of Carlisle that organizing Indian boys into squads and companies appealed to their warrior traditions. She believed they complied because they wanted to earn officers' ranks, recognition, and privileges. She also observed that there
17324-500: The top fifth of baccalaureate institutions . For the class first enrolled in fall 2021, Amherst received 13,999 applications and accepted 1,224 (an 8.7% acceptance rate). 514 students ultimately enrolled; 91% were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and the middle 50% scored between 1440 and 1540 on the SAT and between 32 and 35 on the ACT. 38 states and 23 countries were reflected among
17466-499: The total students at Amherst, and about one-fifth of the whole number in the three classes to which they belonged in Williams College. President Moore died on June 29, 1823, and was replaced with a Williams College trustee, Heman Humphrey . Williams alumni are fond of an apocryphal story ascribing the removal of books from the Williams College library to Amherst College. In 1995, Williams president Harry C. Payne declared
17608-675: The wall. He randomly pointed at the symbols on a wall, and was renamed as Luther. The school assigned his father's name, Standing Bear, as his surname. The children were forced to change their manner of dress and to give up their traditional tribal ways. The boys all had long hair, which was a strong tradition in their cultures: it was cut short in Euro-American style. Students were required to wear school uniforms of American-style clothing, and girls were provided with uniform dresses. Standing Bear later wrote of this period: The civilizing process at Carlisle began with clothes. Whites believed
17750-547: The war on April 13, 1782. Carlisle continued to play a part in the early development in the United States through the end of the century: In response to a planned march in favor of the United States Constitution in 1787, Anti-Federalists instigated a riot in Carlisle. A decade later, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and New Jersey assembled in Carlisle under
17892-457: Was $ 33,969, and the median income for a family was $ 46,588. Males had a median income of $ 34,519 versus $ 25,646 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 21,394. About 8.6% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over. The Giant Company , a regional supermarket chain operating stores in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia under
18034-420: Was 'genuine affection' between the Captain and the students. Children who could not adjust at Carlisle eventually returned to their families and homes. Some ran away because of being homesick and unhappy. According to Eastman, several years after one young man ran away, he approached Pratt in the lobby of a New York hotel. He said that he had found a good job, was working hard, and had saved some money. "Hurrah!"
18176-609: Was a gala day and a great crowd gathered around the railroad. The older Indian boys sang songs aloud in order to keep their spirits up and remain courageous, even though they were frightened." "For years, it was a common event for the people of Carlisle to greet the Carlisle Indian football victors on their homecoming. Led by the Indian School Band, the Carlisle Indians paraded in their nightshirts down
18318-587: Was chartered as an independent institution in 1890. Dickinson School of Law merged into the Pennsylvania State University in 1997 as Penn State Dickinson School of Law . Carlisle was the original eastern terminus of the Pennsylvania Turnpike when it opened in October 1940. The Carlisle Historic District , Carlisle Indian Industrial School , Hessian Powder Magazine , Carlisle Armory , and Old West, Dickinson College are listed on
18460-565: Was considered a religiously conservative institution with a strong connection to Calvinism ; the Puritans still controlled much of Massachusetts life. As a result, there was considerable debate in the Massachusetts government over whether the new college should receive an official charter from the state. A charter was not granted until February 21, 1825, as reflected on the Amherst seal. Religious conservatism persisted at Amherst until
18602-497: Was laid to rest at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School /CIIS/ cemetery). Carlisle is also home to the Dickinson School of Law , (1834) - now part of The Pennsylvania State University , and in the early 1900s a few Carlisle Indian School graduates attended the law school: Albert A. Exendine , Ernest Robitaille , Hastings M. Robertson , Victor M. Kelley, and William J. Gardner . In 1889, Dr. George Edward Reed assumed
18744-730: Was largely supportive of the Patriot cause during the American Revolution , and numerous individuals from the settlement served in the Revolutionary War . Carlisle contains the home of lawyer James Wilson , who served as a representative to the Continental Congress ; Wilson was a signer of the Declaration of Independence in addition to being one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution . The First Presbyterian Church, begun in 1757 and completed in 1770,
18886-628: Was later developed into the United States Army War College at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend Molly Pitcher died in the borough in 1832, and her body lies buried in the Old Public Graveyard. A hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel; it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens. Carlisle was incorporated as a borough a few years after
19028-479: Was named commander of the leading company of this group when they marched from Carlisle. No longer standing but marked by a historical marker is the home of Ephraim Blaine , Commissary General of Revolutionary Army. Also, no longer standing but commemorated, is the home of Gen. John Armstrong Sr. , "Hero of Kittanning ," Revolutionary officer, and member of the Continental Congress. Still standing
19170-487: Was named, established his headquarters in Carlisle, and was promoted to brigadier general on December 27. During the French and Indian War , the North American theater of the Seven Years' War , the largely successful Forbes Expedition was organized in Carlisle in 1758; Henry Bouquet also organized a military expedition from the settlement in 1763 during Pontiac's War . The Pennsylvania guide , compiled by
19312-402: Was not until the 1976 Indian Child Welfare Act that this practice was ended. Oglala Lakota Chief American Horse was one of the earliest advocates of 'western' (Euro-immigrant) education for Native Americans. While recruiting at Pine Ridge Reservation , Pratt had met strong opposition from Chief Red Cloud. He distrusted white education but had no school-age children. American Horse "took
19454-456: Was often gained with concessions, such as the promise to allow tribal leaders inspect the school soon after it opened. The first group of inspectors, some 40 Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota chiefs representing nine Missouri River agencies, visited Carlisle in June 1880. Other tribal leaders followed. Before tribal delegations returned home, they usually spent a few days in Washington where they received
19596-425: Was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country by The Wall Street Journal . Forbes ranked Amherst College as the 11th best college or university in the United States in 2023 and the 16th best college or university in the United States in 2021. Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Amherst 11th in its 2016 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States. Amherst ranked 6th in
19738-509: Was six and the eldest twenty-five, but the majority were teenagers. Two-thirds were children of leaders of the Plains Indian tribes, with whom the U.S. had recently been at war. The first class was made up of 84 Lakota, 52 Cheyenne, Kiowa and Pawnee, and 11 Apache. The class included a group of students, former prisoners from Fort Marion, who wanted to continue their education with Pratt at Carlisle. Pratt believed Native Americans were
19880-486: Was the camping ground of Indian delegations in the tense days when the French were invading the Ohio Valley , the gathering place of Revolutionary mass meetings, and the nucleus of a compact little settlement. Here occurred the touching reunion of the Indian captive, Regina, and her mother, after Colonel Bouquet had forced the conquered tribes to surrender their prisoners in 1764. Regina, a German girl whose family name
20022-538: Was the site of Washington Redskins preseason training camp from 1963 to 1994 and 2001 to 2002. In 1986, cornerback Darrell Green ran the 40-yard dash in 4.09 seconds. Although the result was unofficial, it is the fastest "legitimate" time ever recorded in the 40-yard dash. Two privately funded historical markers are located in Carlisle: one for the Hamilton Restaurant's Hot-Chee Dog and another for
20164-608: Was virtually cut off. Letters from parents were left unsent by Indian Agents, and parents were not notified promptly when their children were ill or even after they died. Although the Civilization Fund Act of 1819 required parental consent for children to be sent to off-reservation boarding schools, in practice children were regularly forcibly removed. US officials justified the practice of forceful removal because they believed that native parenting practices were seen as inferior to mainstream white parenting. John S. Ward,
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