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43-625: The origin of the name "Changsha" is lost in antiquity. The name first appeared known in the Yi Zhou Shu in the 11 century BCE during the reign of King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty . A vassal lord from the Changsha area sent a type of softshell turtle known as "Changsha softshell turtle" ( Chinese : 長沙鼈 ; pinyin : Chángshā biē ) to the Zhou king as a tribute . The present Changsha County

86-549: A Jizhong Zhoushu in ten fascicles and Kong Zhao's annotated Zhoushu in eight. The (1345) History of Song and subsequent dynastic histories only list the Jizhong Zhoushu in ten fascicles. Shaughnessy concludes that two separate versions existed up until the Tang period, the eight-fascicle Kong Zhao zhu Zhoushu ( 孔晁注周書 ) and the ten-fascicle Jizhong Zhoushu ( 汲冢周書 ). These two textual versions were assimilated during

129-529: A Zhoushu in ten fascicles ( juan ), and notes it derived from the Jizhong discovery of Jin dynasty period. Yan Shigu (581–645), annotating Yiwenzhi , states that of the 71 Yizhoushu chapters only 45 are extant. However, Liu Zhiji (661–721) claims that all 71 original chapters were extant. The Old Book of Tang (945) bibliography lists an 8-fascicle Zhoushu with annotations by Kong Zhao ( 孔晁 , mid-3rd century). The New Book of Tang (1060) lists both

172-596: A literal meaning. This would account for those chapters of the Yi Zhou shu that seem entirely unrelated or only tentatively related to the main themes of the work. Jizhong Zhoushu (or Jizhong Zhou shu , 汲冢周書 ) derives from a second tradition that the text was found among the manuscripts on bamboo slips unearthed in the ( c. 279 CE) Jizhong discovery of the tomb of King Xiang of Wei ( 衛襄王 , r. 311–296 BCE). Shaughnessy concludes that since "both of these traditions can be shown to be without foundation", and since all

215-441: A reading of yi as "remnant; leftover" (cf. yijing 逸經 "classical texts not included in the orthodox classics"). This dubious tradition began with Liu Xiang (79–8 BCE) describing the text as: "The solemn statements and orders of the Zhou period; they are in fact the residue of the hundred pian [chapters] discussed by Confucius." McNeal translates differently, "[The Yi Zhou shu ] may well be what remained after Confucius edited

258-426: A textual "core" treating governmental and military topics. The remaining 27 Yizhoushu chapters are heterogeneous. Some describe historical events ranging from King Wen of Zhou (r. 1099–1050 BCE) down to King Jing of Zhou (Gui) (r. 544–520 BCE); supplementary chapters record topics such as astronomy (52 Shixun 時訓 ) and posthumous names (54 Shifa 謚法 ). McNeal disagrees with Shaughnessy's claim that "there

301-609: Is a compendium of Chinese historical documents about the Western Zhou period (1046–771 BCE). Its textual history began with a (4th century BCE) text/compendium known as the Zhou Shu ("Book of Zhou"), which was possibly not differentiated from the corpus of the same name in the extant Book of Documents . Western Han dynasty (202 BCE–CE 9) editors listed 70 chapters of the Yi Zhou Shu , of which 59 are extant as texts, and

344-425: Is a provincial first-class protected plant. " Luodai Black Pig " ( Chinese : 罗代黑猪 ) is a national geographical indication protection product, " Jinjing " ( Chinese : 金井茶 ) and " Xiangfeng " ( Chinese : 湘丰茶 ) teas are " China Famous Brands ". The county's forest coverage rate is 43.74%, the forest greening rate is 49.83%, and the total forest accumulation is 4.185 million cubic meters. Changsha County

387-699: Is attested by the preserved textual quotes, most of which are ascribed to Jin personae. A number of thematic parallels are found between Yizhoushu and the Wenzi , which is reported to be also produced in Jin. The bibliography sections ( yiwenzhi 藝文志 ) of the Twenty-four Histories provide valuable diachronic data. The (111 CE) Book of Han imperial Bibliography records the Zhoushu , or Zhoushiji 周史記 , in 71 chapters. The (636) Book of Sui lists

430-510: Is called the 抱經堂本 "Baojing Study version". The (1919) Sibu congkan 四部叢刊 collection reproduced the earliest edition, a (1543) version by Zhang Bo ( 章檗 ) printed at the Jiaxing provincial academy. Compared with most other Chinese classics , the Yizhoushu has been neglected by scholars, both Chinese and Western. McNeal suggests, "A bias against the work, perhaps originating in part from

473-565: Is located at the southern end of the Mufu Mountains , Lianyun Mountains ( Chinese : 连云山 ) and the branches of Dalong Mountain ( Chinese : 大龙山 ), and the northern edge of the Zhuzhou Uplift Belt ( Chinese : 株洲隆起带 ). The mountains of Longhua ( Chinese : 龙华山 ) and Wuchuan ( Chinese : 乌川诸山 ) are in the east, Taojiapai ( Chinese : 陶家排 ) and Tanpenpo ( Chinese : 炭盆坡 ) mountains lie in

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516-427: Is no discernible organization of the text," and contends, "there is in fact a chronological presentation of material throughout the progression of most of the chapters." For instance, 18 chapter titles use one of the paired words wen 文 "civil; literary" and wu 武 "military; martial" – a literary reference to the Zhou founders King Wen and King Wu . At least 28 of the 59 extant chapters "are unambiguously set in

559-555: Is the most developed county in Central China ranking 8th in the Top 100 of counties and county-level cities of China by comprehensive strength in 2020. Changsha County is one of the best developed manufacturing counties and county-level cities in the province, the manufacturing industry is its economic pillar. Changsha's manufacturing engines are construction machinery , automobile and parts , electronics and information. For 2015,

602-476: Is the title of the Book of Zhou history about the later Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581). Yizhoushu (or Yi Zhou shu ) adds yi 逸 "escape; flee; neglect; missing; lost; remain" to the title, which scholars interpret in two ways. Either "Lost Book(s) of Zhou", with a literal translation of yi as "lost" (cf. yishu 逸書 "lost books; ancient works no longer in existence"). Or "Remaining Book(s) of Zhou", with

645-486: The Bamboo Annals . Shaughnessy explains that "the Yi Zhou shu was extant as an integral text, known as the Zhou shu 周書 , throughout the nearly six centuries from King Xiang 's burial in 296 B.C. through the opening of the tomb in 280 A.D." Some chapters (e.g., 62 Shifang 職方 ) have internal evidence of being written after the 221 BCE Qin dynasty unification. Second, it is unlikely that Kong Zhao, author of

688-522: The Shi ji account on Zhou history, and the Yizhoushu "Ke Yin" (#36) and "Duoyi" (#44) chapters are basically incorporated into the Shi ji in their full form. The observation was made by Ding Fu ( 丁黼 ). Among the excavated sources on Yizhoushu : The Shi fu ( 世浮 ) document was condemned by Mencius and ignored by Sima Qian , which is probably part of the reason it is found in the Yizhoushu today instead of

731-770: The Zuozhuan , Hanfeizi , and Zhanguoce . Second, no later than the early 1st century BCE, another editor, possibly the preface's author, composed a redaction with 70 chapters and a preface (modeled upon the Old Texts preface to the Shangshu ). Some secondary chapters are earlier than the core and others are later. For instance, Chapter 32 Wushun 武順 uses the term di 帝 " emperor "; McNeal interprets it as "a late third-century BC date", when di came to mean " Emperor of China ". Qing historian Zhu Youceng ( 朱右曾 , 19th century) claimed that, though possibly not produced in

774-593: The Book of Documents . After its compilation, the Yizhoushu was condemned as inadequate representation of history by the traditional Confucian scholars of the late imperial period, beginning from the Song dynasty (Ding Fu, Hong Mai). Their standpoints were characterized by merging of moralistic judgement into textual criticism. Most pronounced condemnation came from Fang Xiaoru (1357–1402). Fang claimed that Yi Zhou Shu contained "exaggerations" and "immoral" notions ascribed to

817-475: The Northern Song period (960–1279), and the loss of eleven chapters occurred before the middle Southern Song (1127–1279). Both these traditions, associating the extant Yizhoushu to Jizhong texts or Kong's edition, have dubious historicity. First, contemporary research on the Yizhoushu has conclusively demonstrated that the received text could not have been recovered from King Xiang's tomb along with

860-596: The Yi Zhou Shu . The reference is valuable since it differentiates the Yi Zhou Shu from the corpus of other documents called shu and possibly refers to its educational function. Zhoushu (or Zhou shu ) – combining Zhou 周 " Zhou dynasty " and shu 書 "writing; document; book; letter" – is the earliest record of the present title. Depending upon the semantic interpretation of shu , Zhoushu can be translated "Book(s) of Zhou" (cf. Hanshu 漢書 Book of Han ) or "Documents of Zhou" (cf. Shujing 書經 Book of Documents ). In Modern Standard Chinese usage, Zhoushu

903-570: The Zhoushu or Yizhoushu text consisted of 10 fascicles ( juan 巻 "scroll; volume; book; fascicle") with 70 chapters ( pian 篇 "article; section; chapter") and a preface. Eleven chapters were lost around the 12th century CE, and only the titles survive. The extant text has 59 chapters and a preface, with a commentary for 42 chapters attributed to the Jin dynasty scholar Kong Zhao ( 孔晁 , fl. 256–266). Based upon linguistic and thematic consistencies, modern scholarship reveals that 32 chapters constitute

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946-551: The bamboo strips. Yizhoushu commentaries began with Kong Zhao in the 3rd century and continue in the present day. Kong's commentary is extant for 42 of the 59 chapters, and has been included in most editions. Qing dynasty (1644–1912) scholarship produced valuable Yizhoushu commentaries and editions. The text-critical edition of Lu Wenchao ( 盧文弨 , 1717–1796) was based on eight Yuan dynasty and Ming dynasty versions, and includes twelve earlier Qing commentaries. The (1936) Sibu beiyao 四部備要 series reprinted Lu's edition, which

989-470: The canonical dynastic Twenty-Four Histories . This early Chinese historical text has four titles: Zhou zhi , Zhou shu "Documents/Book of Zhou", Yi Zhoushu "Lost/Leftover Documents/Book of Zhou", and Jizhong Zhou shu "Ji Tomb Documents/Book of Zhou". Zhou zhi 周志 appears once throughout the transmitted texts: in the Zuo zhuan (Duke Wen of Lu 's 2nd year - 625 BCE), along the quote presently found in

1032-894: The central and western regions, forming an irregular "dustpan" shape. There are seven types of rock layers in metamorphic rocks, glutenite, limestone, red rock, laterite, sand shale and granite. It is divided into five types of landforms: hillocks, plains, mountains, hills and waters, mainly hillocks and plains. The county is rich in mineral resources. After exploration, it has been found that tungsten, tin, nickel, antimony, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, molybdenum, copper, lead and zinc, gold, silicon, coal, kaolin, limestone, fluorite, granite, monazite sand Wait for more than 20 minerals. 113 mineral deposits have been discovered, including 1 large deposit, 4 medium, 62 small, and 46 minerals. The non-metallic minerals such as brick clay, silica, quartz sand and building stone related to building materials have been exploited, accounting for 80% of all mineral deposits. Most of

1075-455: The chapter, the totals of captives and animals, etc., are best understood in this light, and as demonstrating an ideal of kingship far removed from the moralistic " Mandate of Heaven " ideological construction of the Zhou conquest: hence Mencius's rejection of what is probably a more authentic account. Huangxing, Changsha Huangxing Town ( simplified Chinese : 黄兴镇 ; traditional Chinese : 黃興鎮 ; pinyin : Huángxīng Zhèn )

1118-492: The concept was highlighted by the famous ancient military strategist and politician Jiang Ziya or Tai Gong 太公 , who is known through the writings of Su Qin (380–284 BCE) from the School of Diplomacy or "School of Vertical and Horizontal [Alliances]". According to Chinese scholars, possible transmission line of the earliest Yizhoushu chapters went through the state of Jin ( 晉 ) and its subsequently divided territories. It

1161-487: The county; The resources of kaolinite in Dinggong and Fulin are abundant. The vast areas of Chunhua , Huanghua , Huangxing , Ganshan and Jiangbei in the central part are sand and shale development areas, which are the main shale mining areas in the territory. Jiangbei and other places in the southeastern part have limestone output. Tungsten, gold and polymetallic deposits in the middle and low mountainous areas at

1204-535: The earliest commentary, consulted the Jizhong documents. The dates of Kong's life are uncertain, but he was a close contemporary of Wang Su (195–256), and the last historical reference to him was in an imperial invitation of 266. Shaughnessy says Kong's commentary was added to the text "sometime in the middle of the third century A.D., but certainly before the 280 opening of King Xiang's tomb." Histories listed many scholars – but not Kong Zhao – who worked on deciphering

1247-414: The earliest textual citations refer to it as Zhoushu , there is now a "general scholarly consensus" that the title should in fact read simply as Zhou shu . However, since Zhou shu also figures as the section of the Book of Documents , the name "Yizhoushu" has obtained broad currency as safely marking the differentiation. English translations of the Yi Zhou shu title include: In the 1st century BCE,

1290-546: The early Zhou, Yizhoushu had no features of the Warring States or Qin–Han forgery. The philosophical lineage of the Yizhoushu within the Hundred Schools of Thought remains uncertain. According to McNeal, several schools (including one branch of Confucianism ) emphasized the concept of wen and wu as "the civil and martial spheres of government as comprising a comprehensive totality." In particular,

1333-582: The establishment of the Sui dynasty . Shanhua County ( Chinese : 善化縣 ) was formed from 5 townships of Changsha County and 2 townships of Xiangtan County in 1098 AD during the Song dynasty . Changsha and Shanhua Counties were merged into modern day Changsha County in 1912. Changsha County is located in the northern part of the Changsha-Hengyang Hilly Basin ( Chinese : 长衡丘陵盆地 ). It

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1376-457: The gross domestic product of Changsha County was CN¥ 116.83 billion (US$ 18.76 billion), Of this total, the value added of the manufacturing industry was CN¥82.16 billion (US$ 13.19 billion), shares 70.32 percentage of its GDP. Changsha County is home of the Sany (三一集团), Sunward (山河智能), Broad (远大空调), Zoomlion (中联重科) and forest and paper (泰格林纸) companies. According to preliminary accounting of

1419-460: The hundred chapters [of the Shang shu ]". Since the canonical Shang shu in circulation had 29 chapters, McNeal proposes, Perhaps sometime during the early Western Han the transmitted version of the Zhou shu was expanded so as to produce a text of exactly seventy-one chapters, so that, added to the twenty-nine chapters of the Shang shu , the so-called "hundred chapters of the shu " could be given

1462-652: The junction of the northern part of the territory and Pingjiang County . There is underground hot water resources found in Malinqiao of Lukou Town . There are 10 species of mammals, 48 species of birds and more than 10 species of snakes in the county. Among them, pangolin, civet, monkey face eagle, white pheasant and tiger frog are national second-class protected animals. There are more than 120 kinds of wild medicinal plants and more than 80 kinds of woody plants. Among them, Ginkgo biloba, Eucommia ulmoides and Fujian cypress are national secondary protected plants, and Metasequoia

1505-451: The misconception that it comprised those Zhou documents that Confucius deemed unfit for inclusion in his canonical edition of the Shang shu 尚書 , or Venerated Documents (which includes a section called "Zhou Documents" itself), has contributed to the relative neglect of this text." The text close to the known version of Yizhoushu was known to Sima Qian : numerous parallels are found in

1548-458: The other minerals have not been exploited due to their small scale. The mineral resources in the territory are mainly non-metallic minerals such as granite, kaolin and shale for brick and tile. The metal mines are mostly small and mineralized. The northwestern part of the county, Beishan - Qingshanpu - Fulin Towns , is a widely developed granite, which is an important producer of granite minerals in

1591-435: The past sages (bringing "Shi fu" chapter as an example for the first, and "Guan ren", "Da wu", "Da ming" for the second). He concluded on those grounds that they could not have been authentic Zhou documents, and thus Liu Xiang's claim that they had been left over by Confucius was necessarily false. Yegor Grebnev has recently shown that the "Shi fu" chapter is a compilation of a number of pre-existing texts. The organization of

1634-424: The pre-dynastic reigns of Kings Wen and Wu or during the immediate time of the conquest of Shang ." According to Shaughnessy, the Yizhoushu underwent two textual redactions . First, sometime in the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE, an anonymous editor compiled the 32 "core" chapters. These have linguistic and intellectual features characteristic of Warring States writings, and were quoted in classics such as

1677-456: The rest only as chapter titles. Such condition is described for the first time by Wang Shihan ( 王士漢 ) in 1669. Circulation ways of the individual chapters before that point (merging of different texts or single text's editions, substitution, addition, conflation with commentaries etc.) are subject to scholarly debates. Traditional Chinese historiography classified the Yi Zhou Shu as a zashi ( 雜史 ) or "unofficial history" and excluded it from

1720-463: The south, and the mountains of Yingzhu ( Chinese : 影珠山 ) and Mingyue ( Chinese : 明月山 ) are in the northwest. The mountains of Xingyun ( Chinese : 兴云山 ) and Piaofeng ( Chinese : 飘峰山 ) stand in the north. The Mingyue Mountain in Beishan Town is the highest peak with an elevation of 659 meters above sea level . The terrain gradually tilts from the north, east and south to

1763-425: The statistical authority, the gross domestic product of Changsha County in 2017 was 143,110 million yuan (21,196 million US dollars ), up by 11.3 percent over the previous year. Of this total, the value added of the primary industry was 7,590 million yuan (1,124 million US dollars), up by 3.1 percent, that of the secondary industry was 91,800 million yuan (13,596 million US dollars), up by 11.6 percent and that of

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1806-806: The tertiary industry was 43,720 million yuan (6,475 million US dollars), up by 12.1 percent. The value added of the primary industry accounted for 5.30 percent of the GDP; that of the secondary industry accounted for 64.15 percent; and that of the tertiary industry accounted for 30.55 percent. The per capita GDP in 2017 was 137,000 yuan (20,291 US dollars). According to the result on adjustment of township-level administrative divisions of Changhsha county on November 19, 2015, Changsha county has 5 subdistricts and 13 towns under its jurisdiction, they are: Yi Zhou Shu The Yi Zhou Shu ( traditional Chinese : 逸周書 ; simplified Chinese : 逸周书 ; Wade–Giles : I Chou shu ; lit. 'Lost Book of Zhou')

1849-572: Was parts of the historic Qianzhong Commandery of Chu state in late Warring States period (481 BC to 221 BC) and the historic Xiang County ( Chinese : 湘縣 ) in Qin dynasty (221 BC–206 BC). During the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), Xiang County was renamed Linxiang County ( Chinese : 臨湘縣 ). Changsha County was formally established with the replacement of the Linxiang County, concurrent with

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