Misplaced Pages

#942057

69-599: In 1957, the Charles Playhouse opened at 54 Charles Street. In 1958, the company moved to the current Warrenton Street location. The Warrenton Street building was originally built in 1839, as the Fifth Universalist Church from a design by architect Asher Benjamin . In 1864, it became the second home of Congregation Ohabei Shalom , the first synagogue in Boston. It was later transformed into

138-542: A speakeasy called The Lido Venice, which became the Southland ballroom and cafe- featuring prominent jazz artists such as Count Basie , Duke Ellington , Cab Calloway , Jimmie Lunceford , and many others during the Jazz Age. In 1958, the Charles Playhouse staged a revival of O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh . The founding artistic director, Michael Murray , led the company until 1968. The founder and managing director

207-536: A theological concept within Christianity that some ideas have universal application or applicability. A belief in one fundamental truth is another important tenet in universalism. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than the national, cultural, or religious boundaries or interpretations of that one truth. A community that calls itself universalist may emphasize the universal principles of most religions, and accept others in an inclusive manner. In

276-564: A Universal Savior. According to the Pure Land Sutras (scriptures), before becoming a Buddha Amitabha vowed that he would save all beings and according to some Pure Land authors, all beings will be eventually saved through the work of Amida Buddha. As such, Pure Land Buddhism is often seen as an expression of a Buddhist universalism that compares to Christian universalism. This comparison has also been commented on by Christian theologians like Karl Barth . Chinese Buddhism developed

345-549: A form of cognitivism . Some but not all relativist theories are forms of moral subjectivism , although not all subjectivist theories are relativistic. Moral nihilism , also known as ethical nihilism, is the metaethical view that nothing has intrinsic moral value. For example, a moral nihilist would say that killing someone, for whatever reason, is intrinsically neither morally right nor morally wrong. Moral nihilism must be distinguished from moral relativism , which does allow for moral statements to be intrinsically true or false in

414-573: A form of Buddhist universalism which saw Confucianism , Daoism and Buddhism as different aspects of a single universal truth. In Western Buddhism , the term Universalism may also refer to an nonsectarian and eclectic form of Buddhism which emphasizes ecumenism among the different Buddhism schools. American clergyman Julius A. Goldwater was one Buddhist figure who promoted a modern kind of Buddhist Universalism. For Goldwater, Buddhism transcends local contexts and culture, and his practice grew increasingly eclectic over time. Goldwater established

483-522: A greater good, as evidenced, the church believes, by the Passion of Christ being all at once predestined by God, foretold in Scripture, necessitated by original sin , authored by everyone who sins, caused by Christ's executioners, and freely planned and undergone by Christ. The church believes that everyone who goes to Heaven joins the church, and that from the beginning God intended Israel to be

552-406: A nominally English metalanguage that still allowed us to maintain the division between factual descriptions and normative evaluations. Moral ontology attempts to answer the question, "What is the nature of moral judgments?" Amongst those who believe there to be some standard(s) of morality (as opposed to moral nihilists ), there are two divisions: Moral universalism (or universal morality)

621-398: A non-universal sense, but does not assign any static truth-values to moral statements. Insofar as only true statements can be known, moral nihilists are moral skeptics . Most forms of moral nihilism are non-cognitivist and vice versa, though there are notable exceptions such as universal prescriptivism (which is semantically non-cognitive but substantially universal). Moral epistemology

690-491: A priori , by reason alone. Plato and Immanuel Kant , prominent figures in the history of philosophy , defended moral rationalism. David Hume and Friedrich Nietzsche are two figures in the history of philosophy who have rejected moral rationalism. Recent philosophers who defended moral rationalism include R. M. Hare , Christine Korsgaard , Alan Gewirth , and Michael Smith . A moral rationalist may adhere to any number of different semantic theories as well; moral realism

759-481: A rational process, and individualist ethical subjectivism , which holds that moral facts are merely personal opinions and so may be known only through introspection. Empirical arguments for ethics run into the is-ought problem, which asserts that the way the world is cannot alone instruct people how they ought to act. Moral rationalism , also called ethical rationalism, is the view according to which moral truths (or at least general moral principles) are knowable

SECTION 10

#1732798739943

828-551: A true account of the nature of morality. According to Richard Garner and Bernard Rosen, there are three kinds of metaethical problems, or three general questions: Garner and Rosen say that answers to the three basic questions "are not unrelated, and sometimes an answer to one will strongly suggest, or perhaps even entail, an answer to another." A metaethical theory, unlike a normative ethical theory, does not attempt to evaluate specific choices as being better, worse, good, bad, or evil; although it may have profound implications as to

897-483: A wide range of diversity within it. There are considered to be six orthodox Hindu schools of philosophy/theology, as well as multiple unorthodox or " heterodox " traditions called darshanas . Hindu universalism, also called Neo-Vedanta and neo-Hinduism , is a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and orientalism . It denotes the ideology that all religions are true and therefore worthy of toleration and respect. It

966-585: Is goodness ?" and "How can we tell what is good from what is bad?", seeking to understand the assumptions underlying normative theories. Another distinction often made is that normative ethics involves first-order or substantive questions; metaethics involves second-order or formal questions. Some theorists argue that a metaphysical account of morality is necessary for the proper evaluation of actual moral theories and for making practical moral decisions; others reason from opposite premises and suggest that studying moral judgments about proper actions can guide us to

1035-419: Is a modern interpretation that aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism" with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine. For example, it presents that: ... an imagined "integral unity" that was probably little more than an "imagined" view of the religious life that pertained only to a cultural elite and that empirically speaking had very little reality "on the ground," as it were, throughout

1104-462: Is another form of moral anti-realism. Most forms of non-cognitivism are also forms of expressivism , however some such as Mark Timmons and Terrence Horgan distinguish the two and allow the possibility of cognitivist forms of expressivism. Non-cognitivism includes: Yet another way of categorizing metaethical theories is to distinguish between centralist and non-centralist moral theories. The debate between centralism and non-centralism revolves around

1173-819: Is blurred) certainly contributed a great deal to the rise of the doctrine of "eternal damnation" and of the "eternity of hell." Among the English translations that do not render αἰώνιος as "eternal" or "everlasting" are Young’s Literal Translation (“age-during”), the Weymouth New Testament ("of the ages”), the Concordant Literal Version ("eonian"), Rotherham's Emphasized Bible ("age-abiding"), Hart's New Testament ("of that Age"), and more. The Catholic church believes that God judges everyone based only on their moral acts, that no one should be subject to human misery, that everyone

1242-456: Is common among existing moral codes, or the common mandates of religion (although it can be argued that the latter is not in fact moral universalism because it may distinguish between Gods and mortals). Moral universalism is the opposing position to various forms of moral relativism . Universalist theories are generally forms of moral realism , though exceptions exists, such as the subjectivist ideal observer and divine command theories, and

1311-501: Is compatible with rationalism, and the subjectivist ideal observer theory and non-cognitivist universal prescriptivism both entail it. Ethical intuitionism is the view according to which some moral truths can be known without inference. That is, the view is at its core a foundationalism about moral beliefs. Such an epistemological view implies that there are moral beliefs with propositional contents; so it implies cognitivism . Ethical intuitionism commonly suggests moral realism ,

1380-430: Is equal in dignity yet distinct in individuality before God, that no one should be discriminated against because of their sin or concupiscence , and that apart from coercion God exhausts every means to save mankind from evil: original holiness being intended for everyone, the irrevocable Old Testament covenants, each religion being a share in the truth, elements of sanctification in non-Catholic Christian communities,

1449-414: Is grounded in history, scripture, and assumptions about the nature of God. That All Shall Be Saved (2019) by Orthodox Christian theologian David Bentley Hart contains arguments from all three areas but with a focus on arguments from the nature of God. Thomas Whittemore wrote the book 100 Scriptural Proofs that Jesus Christ Will Save All Mankind quoting both Old and New Testament verses which support

SECTION 20

#1732798739943

1518-509: Is not necessarily indicating how long the life and punishment last, but instead what kind the life and punishment are—they are "of the age [to come]" rather than being earthly life or punishment. Dr. Thomas Talbott writes: [The writers of the New Testament] therefore came to employ the term aiōnios as an eschatological term, one that functioned as a handy reference to the realities of the age to come. In that way they managed to combine

1587-512: Is often paraphrased in translations as "forever and ever." This Greek word is the origin of the modern English word eon , which refers to a period of time or an epoch/age. The 19th century theologian Marvin Vincent wrote about the word aion , and the supposed connotations of "eternal" or "temporal": Aion , transliterated aeon , is a period of longer or shorter duration, having a beginning and an end, and complete in itself. [...] Neither

1656-589: Is often seen as promoting the universality of Buddhahood, the Buddha's teaching as well as the equality of all living beings. Mahayana Buddhism also promotes a universal compassion towards all sentient beings and sees all beings as equally deserving of compassion. The doctrine of the One Vehicle (which states that all Buddhist paths lead to Buddhahood) is also often seen as a universalist doctrine. Adherents to Pure Land Buddhism point to Amitabha Buddha as

1725-495: Is one form of moral anti-realism. It holds that moral statements are made true or false by the attitudes and/or conventions of people, either those of each society, those of each individual, or those of some particular individual. Most forms of ethical subjectivism are relativist , but there are notable forms that are universalist : Error theory , another form of moral anti-realism, holds that although ethical claims do express propositions, all such propositions are false. Thus, both

1794-433: Is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers , the others being normative ethics (questions of how one ought to be and act) and applied ethics (practical questions of right behavior in given, usually contentious, situations). While normative ethics addresses such questions as "What should I do?", evaluating specific practices and principles of action, metaethics addresses questions such as "What

1863-585: Is somehow possible (including empiricism and moral rationalism), as opposed to moral skepticism . Amongst them, there are those who hold that moral knowledge is gained inferentially on the basis of some sort of non-moral epistemic process, as opposed to ethical intuitionism . Empiricism is the doctrine that knowledge is gained primarily through observation and experience. Metaethical theories that imply an empirical epistemology include: There are exceptions within subjectivism however, such as ideal observer theory , which implies that moral facts may be known through

1932-597: Is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics applies universally . That system is inclusive of all individuals, regardless of culture , race , sex , religion , nationality , sexual orientation , or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism . However, not all forms of moral universalism are absolutist , nor do they necessarily value monism . Many forms of universalism, such as utilitarianism , are non-absolutist. Other forms such as those theorized by Isaiah Berlin , may value pluralist ideals. In

2001-538: Is the idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus all beings can aspire to become bodhisattvas , beings who are on the path to Buddhahood . This capacity is seen as something that all beings in the universe have. This idea has been termed "bodhisattva universalism" by the Buddhist studies scholar Jan Nattier . The idea of universal Buddha nature has been interpreted in various ways in Buddhism, from

2070-417: Is the metaethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic , applies universally, that is to all intelligent beings regardless of culture , race , sex , religion , nationality , sexuality , or other distinguishing feature. The source or justification of this system may be thought to be, for instance, human nature , shared vulnerability to suffering, the demands of universal reason , what

2139-424: Is the study of moral knowledge. It attempts to answer such questions as, "How may moral judgments be supported or defended?" and "Is moral knowledge possible?" If one presupposes a cognitivist interpretation of moral sentences, morality is justified by the moralist's knowledge of moral facts, and the theories to justify moral judgements are epistemological theories. Most moral epistemologies posit that moral knowledge

Charles Playhouse - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-474: The Bhagavad Gītā (4:11), God, manifesting as an incarnation, states: "As people approach me, so I receive them. All paths lead to me." The Hindu religion has no theological difficulties in accepting degrees of truth in other religions. Hinduism emphasizes that everyone actually worships the same God, whether one knows it or not. While Hinduism has an openness and tolerance towards other religions, it also has

2277-688: The Baháʼí teachings acknowledge that in every country and every people God has always revealed the divine purpose via messengers and prophets, masters and sages since time immemorial. Within this universal view, the unity of humanity is one of the central teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. The Baháʼí teachings state that since all humans have been created in the image of God, God does not make any distinction between people with regard to race, colour or religion. Thus, because all humans have been created equal, they all require equal opportunities and treatment. Hence

2346-642: The Dashanami Sampradaya , the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya founded by Adi Shankara . An early exponent of Hindu Universalism was Ram Mohan Roy , who established the Brahmo Samaj . Hindu Universalism was popularised in the 20th century in both India and the west by Vivekananda and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan . Veneration for all other religions was articulated by Gandhi : After long study and experience, I have come to

2415-649: The John Gore Organization ). After its 40-year run on the second stage, Shear Madness closed in March 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 epidemic . In October 2024, the space reopened as Lil Chuck, a comedy club. The stage had previously opened as Boston's first dedicated comedy venue, the Comedy Connection, in 1978. Universalist Universalism is the philosophical concept and

2484-555: The Universalist Church of America . The first Universalist Church in America was founded by John Murray (minister) . The Greek term apocatastasis came to be related by some to the beliefs of Christian universalism, but central to the doctrine was the restitution, or restoration of all sinful beings to God, and to His state of blessedness. In early Patristics , usage of the term is distinct. Universalist theology

2553-520: The robust sense; see moral universalism for the minimalist sense) holds that such propositions are about robust or mind-independent facts, that is, not facts about any person or group's subjective opinion, but about objective features of the world. Metaethical theories are commonly categorized as either a form of realism or as one of three forms of " anti-realism " regarding moral facts: ethical subjectivism , error theory , or non-cognitivism . Realism comes in two main varieties: Ethical subjectivism

2622-493: The teachings of the Baháʼí Faith , a single God has sent all the historic founders of the world religions in a process of progressive revelation . As a result, the major world religions are seen as divine in origin and are continuous in their purpose. In this view, there is unity among the founders of world religions, but each revelation brings a more advanced set of teachings in human history and none are syncretic. In addition,

2691-591: The "central theology of Hinduism". Oriental scholarship portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion", and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta. Islam recognizes to a certain extent the validity of the Abrahamic religions , the Quran identifying Jews, Christians, and " Sabi'un " (usually taken as a reference to the Mandaeans ) as "people of

2760-470: The Baháʼí view promotes the unity of humanity, and that people's vision should be world-embracing and that people should love the whole world rather than just their nation. The teaching, however, does not equate unity with uniformity; instead the Baháʼí writings advocate the principle of unity in diversity where the variety in the human race is valued. Operating on a worldwide basis this cooperative view of

2829-506: The Book" ( ahl al-kitab ). Later Islamic theologians expanded this definition to include Zoroastrians , and later even Hindus, as the early Islamic empire brought many people professing these religions under its dominion, but the Qur'an explicitly identifies only Jews, Christians, and Sabians as People of the Book. The relation between Islam and universalism has assumed crucial importance in

Charles Playhouse - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-665: The Revolutionary Stage , Joseph Wesley Zeigler identifies it as one of six theatres which were the foundations of the Regional Theatre Movement. In 1995, Sugre sold the Charles Playhouse to Jon B. Platt, who operated the Colonial Theatre . In 1998, Platt sold his Boston theatres to SFX Entertainment (now Live Nation ). In 2008, Live Nation sold most of its theatrical division, including the Charles Playhouse, to Key Brand Entertainment (now

2967-693: The Universalist viewpoint. Some Bible verses he cites and are cited by other Christian universalists are: Christian universalists point towards the mistranslations of the Greek word αιών (literally "age," but often assumed to mean "eternity") and its adjectival form αἰώνιος (usually assumed to mean "eternal" or "everlasting"), as giving rise to the idea of an endless hell and the idea that some people will never be saved. For example, Revelation 14:11 says "the smoke of their torment goes up εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων" which most literally means "until ages of ages" but

3036-486: The beginning of the church, wherein God would unite all persons to each other and to God. The church believes that Heaven and Hell are eternal. Author David Frawley says that Hinduism has a "background universalism" and its teachings contain a "universal relevance." Hinduism is also naturally religiously pluralistic . A well-known Rig Vedic hymn says: "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously." Similarly, in

3105-542: The believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve. However, the most exclusive teachings disagree. For example, Surah 9:5 states: Meta-ethics In metaphilosophy and ethics , metaethics is the study of the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgment . It

3174-527: The centuries of cultural development in the South Asian region. Hinduism embraces universalism by conceiving the whole world as a single family that deifies the one truth, and therefore it accepts all forms of beliefs and dismisses labels of distinct religions which would imply a division of identity. This modernised re-interpretation has become a broad current in Indian culture, extending far beyond

3243-634: The concept of eternal hell is not biblically or historically supported either in Judaism or early Christianity. Universalists cite numerous biblical passages which reference the salvation of all beings (such as Jesus' words in John 12:31-32, and Paul's words in Romans 5:18-19). In addition, they argue that an eternal hell is both unjust and contrary to the nature and attributes of a loving God. The beliefs of Christian universalism are generally compatible with

3312-458: The conclusion that [1] all religions are true; [2] all religions have some error in them; [3] all religions are almost as dear to me as my own Hinduism, in as much as all human beings should be as dear to one as one's own close relatives. My own veneration for other faiths is the same as that for my own faith; therefore no thought of conversion is possible. Western orientalists played an important role in this popularisation, regarding Vedanta to be

3381-531: The context of political Islam or Islamism , particularly in reference to Sayyid Qutb , a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood movement, and one of the key contemporary philosophers of Islam. There are several views within Islam with respect to Universalism. According to the most inclusive teachings all peoples of the book have a chance of salvation. For example, Surah 2:62 states: Indeed,

3450-738: The essentials of Christianity, as they do not contradict any of the central affirmations summarized in the Nicene Creed . More specifically, universalists often emphasize the following teachings: In 1899 the Universalist General Convention, later called the Universalist Church of America , adopted the Five Principles: the belief in God, Jesus Christ, the immortality of the human soul, the reality of sin and universal reconciliation . Universalist writers such as George T. Knight have claimed that Universalism

3519-597: The good people of every religion and nation, everyone being called to baptism and confession, and Purgatory, suffrages, and indulgences for the dead. The church believes that everyone is predestined to Heaven, that no one is predestined to Hell, that everyone is redeemed by Christ's Passion, that no one is excluded from the church except by sin, and that everyone can either love God by loving others unto going to Heaven or reject God by sin unto going to Hell. The church believes that God's predestination takes everything into account, and that his providence brings out of evil

SECTION 50

#1732798739943

3588-548: The grace and works of the Lord Jesus Christ . Christian universalists hold that an everlasting hell does not exist (though most believe there is a temporary hell of some kind), and that unending torment was not what Jesus taught. They point to historical evidence showing that many early fathers of the church were universalists and attribute the origin of the idea of hell as eternal punishment to mistranslation. They also appeal to many texts of Scripture to argue that

3657-463: The idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus can become Buddhas to the idea that because all beings have Buddha nature, all beings will definitely become Buddhas. Some forms of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism even extended the Buddha nature theory to plants and insentient phenomena. Some thinkers (such as Kukai ) even promote the idea that the entire universe is the Buddha's body. The Lotus Sutra , an influential Mahayana scripture,

3726-401: The idea that every human will eventually receive salvation in a religious or spiritual sense, a concept also referred to as universal reconciliation . In philosophy, universality is the notion that universal facts can be discovered and is therefore understood as being in opposition to relativism and nominalism . Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism or universal morality )

3795-627: The late 20th and early 21st centuries as part of their argument that normativity is a non-excisable aspect of language and that there is no way of analyzing thick moral concepts into a purely descriptive element attached to a thin moral evaluation, thus undermining any fundamental division between facts and norms. Allan Gibbard , R. M. Hare , and Simon Blackburn have argued in favor of the fact/norm distinction, meanwhile, with Gibbard going so far as to argue that, even if conventional English has only mixed normative terms (that is, terms that are neither purely descriptive nor purely normative), we could develop

3864-461: The latter are therefore dependent on the former. That is, centralists argue that one must understand words like "right" and "ought" before understanding words like "just" and "unkind." Non-centralism rejects this view, holding that thin and thick concepts are on par with one another and even that the thick concepts are a sufficient starting point for understanding the thin ones. Non-centralism has been of particular importance to ethical naturalists in

3933-482: The modern context, Universalism can also mean the Western pursuit of unification of all human beings across geographic and other boundaries under Western values, or the application of really universal or universalist constructs, such as human rights or international law . Universalism has had an influence on modern-day Hinduism , in turn influencing modern Western spirituality. Christian universalism refers to

4002-610: The more literal sense of "that which pertains to an age" with the more religious sense of "that which manifests the presence of God in a special way." Dr. Ken Vincent writes that "When it (aion) was translated into Latin Vulgate, 'aion' became 'aeternam' which means 'eternal'. Likewise, Dr. Ilaria Ramelli explains: The mistranslation and misinterpretation of αἰώνιος as "eternal" (already in Latin, where both αἰώνιος and ἀΐδιος are rendered aeternus and their fundamental semantic difference

4071-576: The non-cognitivist universal prescriptivism of R. M. Hare . Forms of moral universalism include: Moral relativism maintains that all moral judgments have their origins either in societal or in individual standards, and that no single standard exists by which one can objectively assess the truth of a moral proposition. Metaethical relativists, in general, believe that the descriptive properties of terms such as "good", "bad", "right", and "wrong" do not stand subject to universal truth conditions, but only to societal convention and personal preference. Given

4140-611: The nonsectarian Buddhist Brotherhood of America which focused on ecumenical and nonsectarian Buddhism while also drawing on Protestant vocabulary and ideas. The desire to develop a more universalist and nonsectarian form of Buddhism was also shared by some modernist Japanese Buddhist authors, including the influential D.T. Suzuki. The fundamental idea of Christian universalism is universal reconciliation – that all humans will ultimately receive salvation and be reconciled to God. They will eventually enter God's kingdom in Heaven, through

4209-419: The noun nor the adjective, in themselves, carry the sense of endless or everlasting ." A number of scholars have argued that, in some cases, the adjective may not indicate duration at all, but may instead have a qualitative meaning. For instance, Dr. David Bentley Hart translates Matthew 25:46 as "And these will go to the chastening of that Age, but the just to the life of that Age." In this reading, Jesus

SECTION 60

#1732798739943

4278-454: The peoples and nations of the planet culminates in a vision of the practicality of the progression in world affairs towards, and the inevitability of, world peace . The term Universalism has been applied to different aspects of Buddhist thought by different modern authors. The idea of universal salvation is key to the Mahayana school of Buddhism. A common feature of Mahayana Buddhism

4347-405: The relationship between the so-called "thin" and "thick" concepts of morality: thin moral concepts are those such as good, bad, right, and wrong; thick moral concepts are those such as courageous, inequitable, just, or dishonest. While both sides agree that the thin concepts are more general and the thick more specific, centralists hold that the thin concepts are antecedent to the thick ones and that

4416-542: The same set of verifiable facts, some societies or individuals will have a fundamental disagreement about what one ought to do based on societal or individual norms , and one cannot adjudicate these using some independent standard of evaluation. The latter standard will always be societal or personal and not universal, unlike, for example, the scientific standards for assessing temperature or for determining mathematical truths . Some philosophers maintain that moral relativism entails non-cognitivism , while others consider it

4485-554: The statement "Murder is morally wrong" and the statement "Murder is morally permissible" are false, according to error theory. J. L. Mackie is probably the best-known proponent of this view. Since error theory denies that there are moral truths, error theory entails moral nihilism and, thus, moral skepticism ; however, neither moral nihilism nor moral skepticism conversely entail error theory. Non-cognitivist theories hold that ethical sentences are neither true nor false because they do not express genuine propositions . Non-cognitivism

4554-753: The validity and meaning of normative ethical claims. An answer to any of the three example questions above would not itself be a normative ethical statement. Moral semantics attempts to answer the question, "What is the meaning of moral terms or judgments?" Answers may have implications for answers to the other two questions as well. Cognitivist theories hold that evaluative moral sentences express propositions (i.e., they are 'truth-apt' or ' truth bearers ', capable of being true or false), as opposed to non-cognitivism . Most forms of cognitivism hold that some such propositions are true (including moral realism and ethical subjectivism), as opposed to error theory , which asserts that all are erroneous. Moral realism (in

4623-475: The view that there are objective facts of morality and, to be more specific, ethical non-naturalism , the view that these evaluative facts cannot be reduced to natural fact. However, neither moral realism nor ethical non-naturalism are essential to the view; most ethical intuitionists simply happen to hold those views as well. Ethical intuitionism comes in both a "rationalist" variety, and a more "empiricist" variety known as moral sense theory . Moral skepticism

4692-469: Was Frank Sugrue. The acting company included many stars-to-be such as Al Pacino , Olympia Dukakis , Jill Clayburgh , Jane Alexander , Ned Beatty , and John Cazale . The company produced Boston premieres of plays by Brecht , Beckett , Osborne, and Ionesco , as well as classics by Shakespeare , Shaw, Ibsen , Pirandello , and others. The Charles Playhouse was regarded as one of the pioneering regional theaters in America. In his book, Regional Theatre:

4761-811: Was a widely held view among theologians in Early Christianity . These included such important figures such as Alexandrian scholar Origen as well as Clement of Alexandria , a Christian theologian. Origen and Clement both included the existence of a non-eternal Hell in their teachings. Hell was remedial, in that it was a place one went to purge one's sins before entering into Heaven. Between 1648-1697 English activist Gerrard Winstanley , writer Richard Coppin , and dissenter Jane Leade , each taught that God would grant all human beings salvation. The same teachings were later spread throughout 18th-century France and America by George de Benneville . People who taught this doctrine in America would later become known as

#942057