Cherny Iyus is a mountain river in the northern part of Khakassia , Russia . It flows through the territories of the Shirinsky and Ordzhonikidze districts. Merging with the Bely Iyus it forms the Chulym River , the right tributary of the Ob .
101-476: Also known as Hara-Üüs, Chërnyy Iyus, Chyorny Iyus, Chyorny Yus, Czernoi Ijus, Tchernoi Yious Russian name Russian : Чёрный Июс , romanized : Cherny Iyus , lit. 'Black Iyus' comes from local name Khakas : Хара-Ӱӱс , romanized: Xara-Üüs , lit. 'Black River'. Occurs in the pre-reform spelling Russian : Старой Iюсъ , romanized : Staryy Iyus , lit. 'Old Iyus', and in
202-674: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
303-461: A mass grave . On the first obelisk was the text "To the fighters who fell for the cause of the revolution of 1917–1920 ", the later text on the obelisk says, "Memorial to Civil War Heroes". In 2004 the number of households was 34, the population was 78 people, including Russians , Khakasses (30%) etc. The founder of the sanatorium business in the Yenisei province in 1873, he came up with
404-519: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
505-580: A depth of up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in), a longitudinal slope decreases to 0.0028. Further, before the confluence of the Sarala River, the valley narrows to 1 km (0.62 mi) - 1.5 km (0.93 mi), but her character remains the same. On this section of the valley, they flow into the Black Iyus River: on the left - small rivers and streams Systygchul, Stuchul, Blinzhul, Kerebezhik, Tranzhul, Sektinsky, Pelageikin, Chesnokov; on
606-534: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Chebaki (Khakassia) Chebaki (Russian: Чебаки , Khakass : Чабах аалы, Çabax aalı ) is a village in the Shirinsky District of Khakassia , Russian Federation . It is on the banks of the Cherny Iyus river, 80 kilometers northwest of
707-609: A kind of scraper, in mining. In 1893 the name of the settlement was the Village of Pokrovskoe (Chebaki), Yenisei Province , Achinsk District , Kizyl Administration . It was named Pokrovskoe after the Pokrova Bogoroditsy church which was built at the expense of the gold miner Z. M. Tsybulsky (1867, nowadays unpreserved). In reports for 1893, the Orthodox priest Matvey Tyzhnov from Pokrovskoe (Chebaki) mentioned
808-484: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
909-588: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
1010-622: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
1111-718: A number of mines in the Achinsk-Minusinsk region. When he left his gold-mining residence in Chebaki, he buried about 6 poods of gold in the ground. The place where the gold was hidden was 20 versts from Chebakov; Some Soviet agents in Harbin persuaded the Ivanitskys to hand over the gold they had hidden to the Soviet government. (it seems that this happened in 1930, I don't remember the exact date). There, on instructions,
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#17327829037571212-653: A predominantly northeastern exposure. Moschus moschiferus listed in Red Data Book of Khakassia. Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of
1313-526: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
1414-423: A rather spacious church, where spiritual parables and a choir of singers were kept. The dacha itself was a large manor's house, with a spacious dance hall, a billiard room and all the manor's amenities. The house consisted of a fairly decent orchestra of musicians. On the dacha's estate there was a beautiful garden with greenhouses, in which several perfectly ripe oranges were grown by Christmas. On Christmas holidays,
1515-1012: A sacred object, the embodiment of the spirit of fire, Khakas : Чалбах Tös , romanized: Chalbach Tyos , lit. 'Wide or Extensive Spirit' and the rituals of their veneration in connection of shaman tradition and spiritual life of the Khakass. Also Khakas : Чалбах , romanized: Chalbach , lit. 'Flat or Flat Surface', like in Khakas : Чалбах сагыт , romanized: Chalbakh sagyt , lit. 'flat hill, flat mountain' and Khakas : Чалбах , romanized: Chalbakh , lit. 'Flatbread', Khakas : Чайаан – Чалбах , romanized: Chayaan – Chalbakh , lit. 'Universe or Creator', Khakas : Чайаан – Чалбах(ғы) , romanized: Chir – Chalbakh(gy) , lit. 'Earth, Universe, Planet, World'. The territory belonged to
1616-563: A teacher at the Novokuznetsk Pedagogical Institute, Shpin discovered the first glacier in the upper reaches of the Black Ius River with an area of 0.2 km (0.077 sq mi), the results of the following expeditions of 1968–1975 a Catalog of glaciers was compiled, aerial photographs were analyzed and a whole glacial system was discovered, consisting of cirque, hanging and slope glaciers with
1717-637: A timetable for the movement of the sciopticons (magic lanterns) and a light pictures were published in the yearly gazette Eparkhalnye Vedomosty. In the Minusinsk district in the Chebakovsky-Pokrovsky parish with a non-Russian population on 1 August 1897, a seminary student Pavel Sukhovsky was ordained. Only 17 boys and 1 girl, of whom 10 were non-Russian, studied at the Pokrovsky parish school, while more kinds were attending school; for
1818-476: A total adult parish population of 2288 people in 1897, it was quite a small amount. In 1912 a one-class ministerial school opened and in 1916 school already enrolled 80 boys and 40 girls, the school was in excellent condition and respected by the population. In 1916 in the description of the Chebakovsky-Pokrovsky parish: All this area, it must be said, is one of the richest areas of the Achinsk district: in
1919-515: Is 43.1 m/s (1,520 cu ft/s) according to Stream gauging station in Sarala about 55 км from Source of the Cherny Iyus river. The waters of the rivers of mountainous regions, in the nutrition of which high-mountain snows and glaciers play a significant role, are characterized by a bicarbonate-calcium composition and very low (less than 0.1 g/dm³) mineralization . Upstream (before
2020-539: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
2121-481: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
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#17327829037572222-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
2323-610: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
2424-533: Is a subspecies of roach , a ray-finned fish from the carp family, common in Siberia and the Urals. A chebak is a fur hat with earmuffs, ties, and nape. It been known since the 18th century in the Yenisei and Tobolsk provinces as winter headdress worn by married women. It is a spherical hat with headphones and a long back blade, called the tail. ( Teleut ) čаbаk is a tall women's hat. Chebaks can be used as
2525-488: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
2626-624: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
2727-573: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
2828-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
2929-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
3030-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
3131-585: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
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3232-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
3333-464: Is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
3434-867: Is varied along with areas almost flat, both isolated hills and ridges of hills or spurs of the surrounding mountains with steep slopes, narrow valleys and intermountain depressions. The lowlands lie at an altitude of 300 meters above sea level, with heights reaching 900 meters. The climate is sharply continental. The following species, characteristic of the southern steppe regions, find here the northern limit of their habitat: Ardea cinerea (Grey heron) , Nyroca ferina (Common pochard) , Tadorna tadorna (Common shelduck) , Recurvirostra avoceta (Pied avocet) , Totanus totanus (common redshank) , Sterna hirundo minussensis, Upupa epops (Eurasian hoopoe) , Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Red-billed chough) , Otocoris brandti, Otocoris brandti Montana, Calandrella brachydactyla (Greater short-toed lark) , and Locustrella naevia mongolica. From among
3535-470: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
3636-524: The Achinsk district , plot 2 N295 settlement – ulus (state) Chebakinsky (Chebak aly). The distance from the district town of Achinsk is 240 versts . The number of households is 31, and the number of inhabitants is 114 male, 98 female. Many Chebaki residents fought and died during the Fist World War 1914–1918 , Russian Civil War 1918–1921 , Repressions , Second World War 1941–1945 . In
3737-1000: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
3838-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
3939-861: The Siberia Governorate (until 1779), the Kolyvan Oblast (1779–1783), the Kolyvan Governorate (1783–1796), the Tobolsk Governorate (1796–1804), the Tomsk Governorate (1804–1822), Achinsk-Minusinsk Mining Okrug (Minusinsk Okrug 1822–1898, Minusinsk Uezd 1898–1925) of Yeniseysk Governorate (1822–1925). Founded in the 19th century, Chebaki was part of the Yeniseysk Governorate (1822 -1925) , as an establishment of gold miners . It
4040-584: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
4141-721: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
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4242-565: The fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which
4343-519: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
4444-471: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
4545-532: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
4646-590: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
4747-610: The Ivanovka River (probably a tributary stream of Black Iyus River) already there is a school, a district executive committee, a credit partnership, a shop, a hospital, a library. In 1933, the center of the Chebaki District of the West Siberian Krai was moved to the village of Shira, Russia . The earliest information about the village was found in the document of 1864 , in lists of settlements of
4848-539: The Khakass spelling Khakas : Кара-Ӱс , romanized: Kara-Üs , lit. 'Black River'. An analysis of the toponymy of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin and the areas adjacent to it indicates that, along with the stratified Turkic toponyms of a later origin, toponyms clarified from the Ugric and Samoyedic languages dominated here. The inhabitants of the Urals call the rivers flowing to
4949-526: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
5050-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
5151-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
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#17327829037575252-405: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
5353-478: The Tsybulskys usually came from Tomsk to Chebaki, to their dacha; and then these oranges grown in greenhouses were then served at the table, the owners treated themselves, and treated guests who came to the Tsybulskys on Christmas visits. According to clerical reports, the maintenance of Tsybulsky's dacha cost him 40 thousand rubles annually. This dacha also served as the gold-mining residence of Tsybulsky, who had
5454-467: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
5555-652: The Upper Ob Basin District, the water management section of the Chulym river from the city of Achinsk to the water metering station in the village of Zyryanskoye , the river sub-basin of the Chulym river. The river basin of the river is the (Upper) Ob to the confluence of the Irtysh . The earliest scientific and cartographically accurate description of Cherny Iyus river region was done by German doctor and naturalist Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt in
5656-819: The West White rivers; those that flow to the East or to Siberia, in Black rivers. Cherny Iyus belongs to the middle size rivers of Khakassia. The length of the river is 178 km (111 mi) long. Drainage basin of Cherny Iyus is 4,290 km (1,660 sq mi). Source of Cherny Iyus are the tarn lakes (Chernoye (Black) 1,310 m (4,300 ft):, Vysokoye (High) 1,310 m (4,300 ft), Dolgoye (Long) 1,210 m (3,970 ft), Verkhneye (Upper) 1,220 m (4,000 ft), Lake #80747788 1,150 m (3,770 ft) Lake #583652017 1,260 m (4,130 ft) ) and Glaciers #80747767, #80747752, #80747704 on
5757-470: The basin, the river has many tributaries, the main of which are: on the left - the rivers Podsnezhnaya, Demidovka, Izbass with Uspenka. Nameless and Bobrova, Berezovaya, Injul; on the right - the rivers Poltavka, Sargaya, Krutoy, Karagainsky Injul, Small Black Iyus, Big Injul. Tributaries on the right are smaller and shorter from 6 km (3.7 mi) to 25 km (16 mi) than the left tributaries, which usually have their own well-developed basins. After
5858-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
5959-628: The confluence of the Bolshoi Injul river) the river has a sublatitudinal direction of the valley with a typical mountainous nature of the watercourse. The valley is narrow, its width is up to 100 m (330 ft) - 300 m (980 ft) m, the height of the sides is up to 700 m (2,300 ft), winding, has a significant longitudinal slope (0.013). The speed of the river flow is 1.2 m/s (42 cu ft/s) - 2 m/s (71 cu ft/s) m / s, channel width 20 m (66 ft) - 50 m (160 ft), depth 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) - 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in). In this part of
6060-438: The confluence of the rivers Big and Small Inzhul, Kolchakovsky stream, the general direction the river flow changes sharply to submeridional, the width of the valley increases to 3 km (1.9 mi)-5 km (3.1 mi) (near the village of Chebaki and the village of Gaidarovsk). A single channel is divided into many channels, branches, the largest of which reach a width of 25 m (82 ft) - 40 m (130 ft) at
6161-460: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
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#17327829037576262-399: The eastern slope of Mount Bely Golets 1,594 m (5,230 ft) in Kuznetsk Alatau . Mouth of Cherny Iyus is river Chulym where Cherny Iyus and Bely Iyus join together. The height of the source is 1,340 m (4,400 ft), the height of the mouth is about 300 m (980 ft). The swampiness of the river basin is about 5%, the forest cover is 75%. In the annual course of
6363-518: The expedition on the territory of the Yenisei Siberia 1720 – 1727 who was personally accepted into the Russian service by Peter the Great . In it was described by German historian and geographer Müller Gerhard Friedrich in his notes during Great Northern Expedition 1733 - 1743 , at that time upper part of Chulym also was called Iyus. In 1812 it become famous for the richest placers of gold and its development of gold mining . Gold placers began to be developed 1832 , 507 poods of gold
6464-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
6565-402: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
6666-435: The former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe ,
6767-505: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
6868-562: The gold was dug up and handed over to representatives of the Soviet authorities. This operation gave the Ivanitsky such financial results: half the price agreed namely 50 thousand yen, and the second half was paid in Tomsk to Ivanitsky's sisters. In 1917 in a data description the presence of consumer society in the village was mentioned, and the number of farm animals was noted: 737 horses, 571 working horses, 76 foals ; 99 cattle, 448 dairy cows , 258 calves ; 1080 sheep and goats, and 104 pigs and piglets . The number of farms without arable land
6969-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
7070-400: The idea to organize a resort at nearby Lake Shira , after he experienced the healing properties of the salt lake and then made an attempt to study them. Tsibulsky build his summer residence at Chebaki, later the house became the property of Ivanitsky: In the summer, he usually lived in his luxurious dacha, built not far from the taiga foreign village of Chebaki. At this dacha, its owner built
7171-441: The literate population, readings with light paintings in the parish church schools of the diocese were arranged (2 sciopticons and 60 paintings in each district of the diocese). In 1897, a total of 10 sciopticons (magic lanterns) and 600 paintings on glass were ordered from the Moscow manufacturer Swiss citizen Theodor Schwabe , a physico-optical mechanic. For the timely exchange of pictures between schools of neighboring districts,
7272-414: The most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as
7373-585: The mountains, gold mines, valleys – give excellent harvests of bread and herbs, the surrounding forests abound with animals, and the river and lakes – with fish. This is one of the richest parishes of the Yenisei diocese. For the beauty of nature and healthy terrain, Chebaki are called "Siberian Switzerland". From 1924 to 1933 the village of Chebaki is the administrative center of the Chebakovsky District, included 24 village and town councils. In
7474-524: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
7575-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
7676-461: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
7777-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
7878-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
7979-459: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
8080-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
8181-479: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
8282-472: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
8383-552: The regional center of the village of Shira , as well as the railway station . The nearby mountain Krestovka is 912 meters tall. The nearest south ridge (called Znamenitovskiye Gol'tsy ) is 1446m. The stream bed Tserkovnyy and the freshwater lakes Chernoye and Reyngol are also in the area. The left bank of the Yenisei part of the Minusinsk basin , belong to the geographic site of Yenisei Siberia. The surrounding relief
8484-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
8585-399: The right - Belaya Pilnya, Martachul, Izekiyula. After the confluence of the river Sarala Black Iyus again changes its direction to sublatitudinal, the width of the valley increases to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) - 2 km (1.2 mi), it also has many ducts, branches, small lakes and oxbow lakes , the longitudinal slope decreases to 0.0015. The river has only one tributary here on the left -
8686-495: The river Pechische In its upper reaches, the river flows in limestones, but in general its left-bank mountains consist of granites and syenites , and the right-bank ones consist of clay shales , limestones and sandstones . Many gold-bearing rivers flow into the river. Kyzyl people live in the valley of the Black Ius River. (km from mouth) According to the State Water Register of Russia , it belongs to
8787-694: The species of adjacent Mongolia , Cygopsis cygnoides (Swan geese) penetrate here, along with Otis dybowskii (Great bustard) , Emberiza godlewskii (Godlewski's bunting) , and Perdix daureca (Daurian partridge) . Acrocephlus ogricola comes here from the west, from neighboring Altai , along with Phylloscopus tristis fulvescens . The village name comes from the name of the khakas Chebak Serenev of Chebakinsky ulus / Chebakevsky ulus / Chebak aal , founded in 1790. Khakas : Чабаға , romanized: Chabaga, Chabaqa, Chabakha , lit. 'young horse from 1 to 2 years old'. Chebak, or Siberian roach (lat. Rutilus rutilus lacustris)
8888-511: The spring of 1924, a reading room was opened in the village of Chebaki in the club's premises. The club included a political club, drama club, music club, and club for the study of the charter of the VSKSM . A paramedical station in Chebaki had two employees, a paramedic and a midwife, provided only outpatient care. There were no medicines in the first-aid post; there was only one damaged thermometer and two old tweezers. In 1926 Chebaki near
8989-679: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
9090-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
9191-786: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
9292-511: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
9393-599: The village of Chebaki there is the largest mass grave , with over 170 buried, of the people deceased on the Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War by Kolchac Army or policemen in the taiga or on the roads and buried where they died, later reburied in a mass grave in the rural square of the village of Chebaki in 1921. There are 75 miners of the Kommunar goldmine (former Bogomdarovanny goldmine) in
9494-443: The water regime, spring floods are distinguished (starting from the second or third decade of April, lasting up to a month), summer-autumn (lasting 2–4 months) and winter (from late October to early November) base flow . Summer-autumn base flow is repeatedly interrupted by rain pickups. The total spring-summer runoff is 80–85%. In winter, icing is observed with the release of water onto the ice. The average annual water consumption
9595-580: Was described by Pestov and noted that Chulym Tatar population was living around area between Cherny Iyus and Bely Iyus . In 1890 was described by Nikolaii Vasilʹevich Latkin in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary and beside gold mining also mentioning copper mine and a factory in the tributary of the Cherny Iyus, the Pechishche River. The river basin region was known for monuments of ferrous metallurgy . in 1967 ,
9696-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
9797-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
9898-594: Was mined in the Cherny Iyus river basin from 1834 and by 1900 . In 1835 it was also mentioned in "Description of the Yeniseisk Governorate" by the first governor of Yeniseysk Governorate in Krasnoyarsk Alexander Petrovich Stepanov in his work awarded the half Demidov Prize by the scientific community in the "Statistics" section and Nicholas I awarded Stepanov a diamond ring for this book. In 1881 it
9999-692: Was opened at the Pokrova Bogoroditsy church. The Brotherhood at the Krasnoyarsk Cathedral in the Name of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary from 1894 began to supply the libraries of church parochial schools with books for out-of-class reading. In missionary reports of that time, the local population was described as " inorodtsy " and their customs or superstitions and their rituals and believes were different. For
10100-536: Was the residence of the gold miners Z. M. Tsibulsky and his cousin-nephew and heir K. I. Ivanitsky . In 1867 Pokrova Bogoroditsy church became part of orthodox parishes of the Yenisei Governorate , Achinsk uezd, Uzhur volost . The parish was formed on the territory of the Kizyl Inorodtsy volost of the Achinsk uezd. It included 38 uluses. On 24 January 1888, a school
10201-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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