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66-492: Chickahominy may refer to Chickahominy people , a Native American tribe Chickahominy River , a river in eastern Virginia Chickahominy, a neighborhood in Greenwich, Connecticut Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chickahominy . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

132-571: A confederacy of 30 or so Algonquian -speaking tribes. Records found within The National Archives (TNA) at Kew, West London, indicate the Chickahominy tribe may have served in a "police" role, used by Powhatan to quell rivalries and bring an end to infighting amongst other confederacy tribes. In return, they enjoyed some benefits, such as trading with the confederacy tribes. As part of the alliance between Powhatan's confederacy and

198-471: A result of English colonists encroaching on Powhatan lands. The first, known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 , destroyed colonial settlements such as Henricus and Wolstenholme Towne , and nearly wiped out the colony. Jamestown was spared in the attack of 1622 due to a warning. During each attack, about 350–400 settlers were killed. In 1622, the population had been 1,200, and in 1644, 8,000 prior to

264-679: A shorter timeframe to establish historical continuity. This has the potential of making it easier for tribes to establish recent historical continuity and gain recognition, as well as to speed up the Bureau's review of documentation. Pamunkey The Pamunkey Indian Tribe is one of 11 Virginia Indian tribal governments recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia , and the state's first federally recognized tribe , receiving its status in January 2016. Six other Virginia tribal governments,

330-566: A while, to send those people which were our mortal enemies to relieve us with victuals, as bread, corn fish, and flesh in great plenty, which was the setting up of our feeble men, otherwise we had all perished". The colonists generally mistrusted most Indian tribes, but they noted the Pamunkey did not steal. "Their custom is to take anything they can seize off; only the people of Pamunkey we have not found stealing, but what others can steal, their king receiveth." The Powhatan could not understand

396-651: Is located directly across from the tribal headquarters. The people of the Chickahominy Tribe Eastern Division shared a history with the Chickahominy until the late 20th century, when they decided to organize their own tribal government. As their community was based in New Kent County, some found it inconvenient always to travel to Charles City County for tribal meetings. Others say the split happened because of disagreements over religious practice and land use. Family ties have kept

462-761: The Anglo-Powhatan Wars of 1644–46, the tribe was forced to cede most of its land to gain a peace treaty. The tribe resettled on reservation land set aside by the treaty in the Pamunkey Neck area, alongside another Virginia Algonquian tribe, the Pamunkey , between the Mattaponi and Pamunkey Rivers. They stayed there until 1661, when they moved again to the headwaters of the Mattaponi, but their reserved holdings continued to be encroached upon by

528-603: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Moran and others supported the congressional process in part because the Virginia tribes lost their continuity of records due to discriminatory actions of the state government that destroyed their records of Indian identity, under the changes resulting from the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 and the orders of Walter Plecker , the state registrar for the Bureau of Vital Statistics at

594-895: The Chickahominy , the Eastern Chickahominy , the Upper Mattaponi , the Rappahannock , the Monacan , and the Nansemond , were similarly recognized through the passage of the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017 on January 12, 2018. The historical people were part of the Powhatan paramountcy , made up of Algonquian -speaking nations. The Powhatan paramount chiefdom

660-510: The Congressional Black Caucus , who noted that the tribe had historically forbidden intermarriage between its members and black people. The interracial marriage ban, which had long been unenforced and was formally rescinded in 2012, was a relic of the tribe's attempt to circumvent Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 , which recognized only "White" and "Colored" people. The Bureau of Indian Affairs initially said that

726-625: The Great Depression , the state of Virginia helped the Pamunkey develop their pottery as a source of income. The state set up a program for a pottery school and provided a teacher. The state furnished materials for the building, but the tribe built it themselves. Tribal members learned methods to increase the speed of manufacture. They incorporated firing pottery in a kiln and using glazes into their techniques. They learned to use squeeze molds to produce copies of pots quickly. Kiln firing produced finished pottery of more uniform brown tones than

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792-642: The Rappahannock and Chickahominy tribes, which had not formerly been under the paramount chiefdom of the Pamunkey. Completion of the treaty ushered in a time of peace between the Virginia tribes and the English. This treaty was signed by more tribal leaders than that of 1646. It reinforced the annual tribute payments and added the Siouan and Iroquoian tribes to the Tributary Indians of the colonial government. More reservation lands were established for

858-663: The Treaty of Middle Plantation . The treaty acknowledged her as leader of the Chickahominy and several other tribes. In the early 21st century, the Chickahominy tribe consists of about 840 people who live within a five-mile (8-km) radius of each other and the tribal center, in an area known as Chickahominy Ridge. Several hundred more live in other parts of the United States, including California, Florida, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Current tribal lands of about 110 acres (0.45 km ) are in

924-423: The 11 who have organized and been officially recognized by Virginia since 1983. Federal status was granted to the Chickahominy and Eastern Chickahominy tribes through passage of the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017 on January 30, 2018. The Chickahominy ("The Coarse Ground Corn People" ) were among numerous independent Algonquian -speaking tribes who had long occupied

990-463: The 1677 Treaty of Middle Plantation recognized the Pamunkey queen. As with other tribes in the Powhatan confederacy, the Pamunkey also had a weroance (chief) and a tribal council composed of seven members, elected every four years. The chief and council execute all the tribal governmental functions as set forth by their laws. Traditional elections used a basket, as well as peas and corn kernels, in

1056-458: The 20th century, descendants of these people organized to form the current Eastern Chickahominy and Chickahominy tribes, respectively. The migrations happened before the end of the 18th century, and few records survive in this " burnt-over district ," disrupted by major wars, by which to establish their dates of migration. While independent, the Chickahominy were at times allied in the 17th century with Chief Powhatan , and his paramount chiefdom ,

1122-483: The Black Laws supposedly being repealed in 2014, the tribe has yet to change their enrollment criteria. Due to this discrimination after the "Black laws" many mixed Black Pamunkey's moved to New Kent (these families were inaccurately referred to as "fringe Pamunkey" by Helen Rountree) and Cumberland Counties, Virginia, and despite the disenfranchisement they still maintained their Pamunkey identity. For example, during

1188-497: The Chickahominy, it appears they were to act as a buffer "warrior force" between the confederacy tribes and other less friendly or hostile tribes in the event of an attack, thus giving Powhatan's forces time to mobilize. Some 20th-century sources say the Chickahominy joined the Powhatan Confederacy in 1616. Others contend they did not become tributaries of the paramount chiefdom until 1677, when Cockacoeske signed

1254-607: The Commonwealth of Virginia in the administration of Governor Tim Kaine . Wayne Adkins is an assistant chief, along with Reggie Stewart. Most members of the Chickahominy Tribe are Christian ; many attend Samaria Baptist Church, formerly called Samaria Indian Church, in Charles City County. The church was built upon tribal grounds and once served as a school for the children of the tribe. The church

1320-496: The English). These boundaries could not be crossed unless it was on official business and badges had to be worn to illustrate the point. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, settlers continued to expand the colony of Virginia , further displacing the Pamunkey and making it impossible for them to sustain traditional practices. Bacon's Rebellion , which began in 1675, resulted in attacks on several tribes that were loyal to

1386-443: The English. The rebellion was a joint effort of white and black former indentured servants. The rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon against his relation, Governor Sir William Berkeley . The cause of the rebellion was Berkeley's refusal to come to the aid of colonists subjected to frequent raids and murder by natives. Bacon and other colonists, former indentured servants, were victims of raids by local Virginia tribes. Bacon's overseer

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1452-478: The Pamunkey had met its requirements for federal recognition in January 2014, but the final decision was repeatedly delayed until July 2, 2015, when the BIA granted them formal recognition. . In February 2016 the Pamunkey received a court victory over a challenge to their right to exist as a political entity. During the process of obtaining federal recognition controversy around the tribe's racist legacy came to light as

1518-568: The Pamunkey tribe, with formal relations dating back to the treaties of 1646 and 1677. However, since the United States did not exist at the time of those treaties, no formal relations existed between the Pamunkey and the federal government. In 1982, the Pamunkey began the process of applying for federal recognition . Their formal application met with opposition from MGM Casinos , which feared potential competition with its planned casino in Prince George's County, Maryland , and from members of

1584-550: The Senate added the bill to its legislative calendar. This was the farthest the bill had gotten in the congressional process to that date. This effort was supported by the Commonwealth of Virginia, and executives of the Baptist Church, among other groups. The bill was opposed by Senator Tom Coburn (R-OK), who cited "jurisdictional concerns". The senator believed requests for tribal recognition should be processed through

1650-596: The Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2017. Once signed by then President Donald J Trump, the legislation granted federal recognition of the following six Virginia tribes: the Chickahominy, the Eastern Chickahominy, the Upper Mattaponi , the Rappahannock , the Monacan , and the Nansemond . Since the 1990s, the tribes had been seeking federal recognition through an act of Congress. The most recent unsuccessful effort

1716-642: The Tidewater area. They were led by mungai ("great men"), who were part of a council of elders and religious leaders. The Chickahominy's original territory consisted of the land along the Chickahominy River (named by the English after them), from the mouth of the river at its confluence with the James River , near Jamestown in present-day Charles City County , to what is now known as New Kent County, Virginia . They encountered settlers from

1782-557: The Tribal Chief about serving a warrant. But, such action is not legally required. The tribe does not operate a police force or jail. Most tribal members obey the tribal laws out of respect for the chief and the council. The tribe discourages verbal attacks against members. As the former Chief Brown explains, they have strict slander laws because, "We're like a 400-year-old subdivision. If we didn't get along we'd have probably killed each other long before now." The chief continued to pay

1848-700: The Virginia tribes and English colonists. For native tribes, the land was "owned" only as long as it was farmed; after that, it was available for "public" use. The Englishmen had, instead, laws on private property and believed that the land was theirs as soon as the tribe sold it to them. As a result, when Englishmen allowed land to lie fallow, Native Americans assumed they were free to use it for hunting and gathering. Many Englishmen considered both as encroachments on their private property. Pamunkey homes, called yihakans (or yehakins ), were long and narrow; they were described as " longhouses " by English colonists. They were structures made from bent saplings lashed together at

1914-401: The animals, plants, and the geography of their homeland. Like other native tribes, they had techniques, such as controlled burning , to clear land for cultivation or hunting. The land belonged to the group as a whole. The chief and council would allot a parcel of cleared ground to a family head for life. Differing concepts of land and farm animal ownership and use caused some conflicts between

1980-431: The annual tribute to Virginia's governor. This consists of game, usually a deer, and pottery or a "peace pipe". The Pamunkey have been paying such tribute since the treaty of 1646. Making this annual payment has not always been easy. Former Chief Miles remembers one year that was particularly hard, "We couldn't find anything, no deer, no turkeys—nothing. My dad was chief then, and we knew we had to have something to present to

2046-563: The attacks. Captured in 1646, Opechancanough was killed by a settler assigned to guard him, against orders. His death contributed to the decline of the Powhatan chiefdom. In 1646, the first treaty was signed between the Opechancanough's successor, Necotowance , and the English. The treaty set up boundaries between lands set aside for the Virginia tribes and those that were now considered property of English colonists, reservations lands, and yearly tribute payment of fish and game (made to

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2112-472: The expanding English colony. In 1677, the Chickahominy were among the tribes signing a peace treaty with the King of England . The people lost title to the last part of their reservation lands in 1718, but continued to live in the area for some time. Those who did not merge with the Pamunkey and other tribes, slowly migrated back to New Kent County and Charles City County , closer to their original homeland. In

2178-403: The extensive ethnic mixing that occurred among the Pamunkey before 1844, it's possible that Dalrymple's list is from an inter-ethnic pidgin or even a language from an otherwise unknown language family, rather than from the original Pamunkey language. The traditional Pamunkey way of life was subsistence living. They lived through a combination of fishing, trapping, hunting, and farming. The latter

2244-416: The first permanent English settlement founded at Jamestown in 1607. The tribe helped the English survive during the first few winters by trading food for English goods, as the settlers were ill-prepared for farming and developing their frontier site. The Chickahominy taught the English how to grow and preserve crops in local conditions. By 1614, the tribe had signed a treaty with the colonists; it required

2310-486: The first successful English settlement, based at Jamestown, had a complicated relationship with Virginia's Native Americans. In the winter of 1607, Opechanacanough , chief of the Pamunkey tribe, captured Captain John Smith . Smith was brought to Opechancanough's brother, Chief Powhatan . This first meeting between Powhatan and Smith resulted in an alliance between the two people. Powhatan sent Smith back to Jamestown in

2376-418: The governor; so we went to a turkey farm, bought a live turkey, brought it back to the reservation and killed it. That way we were able to fulfill the terms of the treaty—after all it was killed on the reservation." As far as anyone knows, they have not missed a payment in 342 years. Based on archaeological evidence, scholars estimate that various distinct cultures of Native Americans occupied this part of

2442-476: The ground, about a foot high or more, with small poles attached. The framework was about four feet (1.2 m) wide, over which reeds were put. One or more mats were placed on top for bedding; more mats or skins served as blankets, with a rolled mat for a pillow. The bedding was rolled up and stored during the day to make the space available for other functions. The Pamunkey practice of matrilineal succession also created some confusion for Englishmen, who finally in

2508-447: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickahominy&oldid=974693128 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chickahominy people The Eastern Chickahominy split from

2574-498: The main tribe in 1983 and were recognized as a separate tribe by the state that year, and by the federal government in January 2018. They are based in New Kent County , about 25 miles (40 km) east of Richmond. Neither tribe has an Indian reservation , having been displaced from their land by colonial settlement in the 17th century, but they have purchased lands that they devote to communal purposes. Both tribes are among

2640-474: The mid-Atlantic coast for more than 10,000 years before European contact. Evidence has been collected by archaeologists, anthropologists , and historians . Varying cultures of indigenous peoples of the Americas lived in the areas later occupied by the historic Pamunkey. The Pamunkey are part of the larger Algonquian -speaking language family. This was composed of a number of tribes who spoke variations of

2706-483: The new fish are grown enough, usually after 21 days, they are flushed back into the river. Chief Miles estimated that seven million fry were put back into the river in 1998 and probably triple that number in 1999. The Pamunkey tradition of pottery making dates back to before the English settled Jamestown. They have been using clay from the banks of the Pamunkey River since prehistoric times. Many continue to use

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2772-471: The north side of the James River near Chesapeake Bay . The Pamunkey Tribe is one of only two that retain the reservation lands assigned by the 1646 and 1677 treaties with the English colonial government. The Pamunkey reservation is located on some of its ancestral land on the Pamunkey River adjacent to present-day King William County, Virginia . The Mattaponi reservation, the only other in

2838-425: The old methods for fishing, part of the tribe's traditional heritage. They also continue to hunt and trap on reservation lands. In 1998, the tribe built a shad hatchery to ensure continuation of an important food source. When shad are caught, the eggs of females are taken and placed into a bucket. Sperm from males are put into the same bucket. At holding tanks, the fertilized eggs are allowed to grow and hatch. Once

2904-413: The peace). Instead of using corporal punishment, incarceration, or chastisement, anyone who broke a tribal law was fined or banished. Because the Pamunkey resented that, in the past, outsiders picked out some laws for ridicule, no outsiders are now allowed to see tribal laws. Tribal laws govern all civil matters. In criminal matters, outside authorities such as a Sheriff or Police, may respectfully notify

2970-553: The release of some English prisoners and ammunitions held by her father. Initial contact with Europeans was around 1570. "And from [1570] on at ever briefer intervals until the first permanent English colony was established at Jamestown in 1607, the Powhatan Confederacy was visited by white men: Spanish, French, and English." (Barbour, 5). Scholars estimate that when the English arrived in 1607, this paramount chiefdom numbered about 14,000–21,000 people. Colonists of

3036-581: The same language, a language now mostly lost. By 1607, more than 30 tribes were tributaries of the Algonquian Powhatan Confederacy , of which the Pamunkey were the largest and one of the most powerful. Chief Powhatan and his daughter Matoaka (better known as Pocahontas to historians), who achieved historical fame, were Pamunkey Native Americans. Captain Samuel Argall abducted her as a hostage in an attempt to secure

3102-412: The same number as voters. Members first voted for the chief, followed by votes for the seven council members. For each candidate, a corn kernel signified approbation and a pea a "no" vote, or if there were but two candidates, each could be indicated by a type of seed. The same 1896 study noted that tribal laws were concerned with, but not limited to, controlling land use, stealing, and fighting (breaking

3168-470: The shades of gray from traditional pottery techniques. Pamunkey pottery-makers learned how to paint and glaze pots. The teacher taught them designs and pictographs based on well-known and popular Southwestern Native American traditions. Two pictographs represent important stories to the tribe: the story of Captain John Rolfe and Pocahontas and the story of the treaty that set up payments of game. After

3234-449: The spring of 1608 and started sending gifts of food to the colonists. If not for Powhatan's donations, the settlers would not have survived through the first winters. As the settlement expanded, competition for land and other resources, and conflict between the settlers and Virginia tribes, increased. The story of Pocahontas (Matoaka) tells a piece of Pamunkey history, but from an English colonial perspective. Study of primary documents from

3300-534: The state, is nearby on the Mattaponi River . The Pamunkey language is generally assumed to have been similar in nature to Algonquian languages , but only fourteen words have been preserved. The words, which were recorded in 1844 by Reverend E.A. Dalrymple S.T.D. , are, Except for nikkut 'one', which is clearly similar to Powhatan nekut , none of the words correspond to any known Algonquian language, or to reconstructions of proto-Algonquian . Given

3366-512: The teacher left the school, some members returned to traditional pottery techniques. Today, Pamunkey use both traditional and newer techniques to create their pieces. To differentiate, pots made the traditional way are called 'blackware'. The Pamunkey Indian Museum has a variety of vessels, as well as videos and exhibits, that explain the differences in construction methods, types of temper, and decorating techniques. The Pamunkey ensured their Pamunkey Indian Tribe Museum , built in 1979, resembled

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3432-445: The time of English arrival shows that initial contact was characterized by mutual cultural misunderstanding. Colonists portrayed the Virginia tribes by contrasts. They had respect for Powhatan, but characterized other Native Americans by terms such as "naked devils". Their fear and appreciation of Native Americans was coupled with distrust and unease. George Percy 's account of the early years expresses such duality: "It pleased God, after

3498-418: The time. The Pamunkey and Mattaponi , also state-recognized, gained recognition in separate processes, through the BIA's administrative process. They believed their continuing residency on and control of their reservations demonstrated their historical continuity as tribes. Working to improve its process, in 2013, the BIA announced proposed changes to regulations, which include allowing tribes to document

3564-454: The top to make a barrel shape. Indians covered the saplings with woven mats or bark. The 17th-century historian William Strachey thought that bark was harder to acquire, as he noticed that only higher-status families owned bark-covered houses. In summer, when the heat and humidity increased, the mats could be rolled up or removed to allow more air circulation. Inside the house, they built bedsteads along both walls. They were made of posts put in

3630-670: The traditional yehakin . Located on the reservation, the museum provides visitors with insight into the tribe's long history and culture. Included are artifacts from more than 10,000 years of indigenous settlement, replicas of prehistoric materials, and stories. The Smithsonian Institution recently selected the Pamunkey as one of 24 tribes to be featured in the National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. The Commonwealth of Virginia has always recognized

3696-566: The traditional method. To do so, they let the clay dry, then break it into smaller pieces. These pieces are soaked in water until reaching the consistency of cream. The clay is strained to remove rocks or debris. The water is drained and pressed out until the clay is like dough. It is then ready to be made into pots. Traditional pottery by Pamunkey ancestors of the Woodland Period was strengthened with crushed or burned shells, crushed steatite, river pebbles, or quartz sand. In 1932, during

3762-536: The tribe disenfranchised and outlawed their members from intermarrying with Black families such as the Dungey's/Dungee families during their the 1861 "Black laws". Therefore, using the 1900 and 1910 censuses as their only base rolls has been considered problematic by many because it excludes those Pamunkey Indians who were disenfranchised and forced to move from the Reservation before those censuses were taken. Despite

3828-543: The tribe to provide 300 warriors to fight the Spanish , which had an established colony in Florida and the lower East Coast. Over time, the English began to expand their settlements and crowded out the Chickahominy from their homeland. The peoples had earlier come into conflict over uses of land, as the Chickahominy expected to travel freely for hunting, and the English wanted to preserve some property as private. Following

3894-413: The tribe's traditional territory, present-day Charles City County. The tribal center on the land is the location of an annual Powwow and Fall Festival. The Chickahominy are led by a tribal council of 12 men and women, including a chief and two assistant chiefs. These positions are elected by members of the tribe, by vote. The current chief is Stephen Adkins. He served as Director of Human Resources for

3960-559: The tribes, but the treaty required Virginia Native American leaders to acknowledge they and their peoples were subjects of the King of England . Today, about 430 tribal members remain, some of whom live on their 1,200-acre (4.9 km ) reservation. Others are spread out across the United States. The Pamunkey have been able to survive because of their ability to adapt as a tribe. Withstanding pressure to give up their reservation lands has helped them maintain traditional ways. Men use some of

4026-476: The two tribes intertwined. Today, the Eastern Chickahominy have about 132 members and own about 41 acres (17 ha) of land. Tribe members have served in the United States military since World War I . The tribe serves the needs of its community as a nontaxable organization. This is supported through contributions and from members who pay dues. The Chickahominy were recognized on January 11, 2018. U.S. Senators Tim Kaine and Mark Warner secured passage of

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4092-645: The violent tactics employed by the colonists. As one noted, "What it will avail you to take by force you may quickly have by love, or to destroy them that provide you food? What can you get by war, when we can hide our provisions and fly to the woods? Whereby you must famish by wronging us your friends. And why are you thus jealous of our loves seeing us unarmed, and both do, and are willing still to feed you, with that you cannot get but by our labors?" Smith included this translation of Powhatan's questions in his writings. Powhatan's maternal half-brother and ultimate successor, Opechancanough, launched attacks in 1622 and 1644 as

4158-591: Was developed in the late Woodland Period of culture, roughly the years 900 to 1600. The peoples used the Pamunkey River as a main mode of transportation and food source. The river also provided access to hunting grounds, and other tribes. Access to the river was crucial, because Pamunkey villages were seldom permanent settlements. Because the Pamunkey people did not use fertilizers , they moved their fields and homes about every ten years to allow land to lie fallow and recover from cultivation. The Pamunkey, and all Virginia tribes, had an intimate, balanced relationship with

4224-542: Was in March 2009, when Representative Jim Moran of Virginia sponsored a bill to grant federal recognition to these six Virginia Indian "landless" tribes. By June the bill had passed the House of Representatives. A day after it was voted on in the House, a companion bill was sent to the Senate. The Senate referred this bill to their Committee on Indian Affairs , which approved the bill on October 22, 2009. On December 23, 2009,

4290-453: Was made up of over 30 nations, estimated to total about 10,000–15,000 people at the time the English arrived in 1607. The Pamunkey nation made up about one-tenth to one-fifteenth of the total, as they numbered about 1,000 persons in 1607. When the English arrived, the Pamunkey were one of the most powerful groups of the Powhatan chiefdom. They inhabited the coastal tidewater of Virginia on

4356-539: Was murdered by raiding Indians. Cockacoeske ( weroansqua of the Pamunkey), who succeeded her husband after he was killed fighting for the English, was an ally of Berkeley against Bacon. To the English, she was known as "Queen of the Pamunkey". She is known for having signed the Articles of Peace ( Treaty of Middle Plantation ) in 1677, after Bacon's Rebellion ended. As a result of the treaty, she gained authority over

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