The Chiappa Rhino is a series of revolver s produced by Italian manufacturer Chiappa Firearms . The Rhino's frames are CNC -machined from a solid block of high-tensile aluminium alloy and all internal parts are CNC-machined from steel .
113-471: Chambered for the .357 Magnum / .38 Special , 9mm Parabellum , .40 S&W , or 9×21mm cartridges , their most distinctive feature is that the barrel is on a much lower bore axis , as the Rhino fires from the lowermost chamber of the cylinder rather than from the topmost chamber in conventional revolvers. Designed by Emilio Ghisoni and Antonio Cudazzo, the Rhino differs from traditional revolvers in
226-414: A competitive Olympic sport prior to World War I . For smoothbore weapons such as shotguns, small metallic balls known as shots are typically used, which is usually contained inside a semi-flexible, cup-like sabot called " wadding ". When fired, the wadding is launched from the gun as a payload-carrying projectile, loosens and opens itself up after exiting the barrel, and then inertially releases
339-460: A spring -loaded hammer to strike a percussion cap placed over a conical "nipple", which served as both an " anvil " against the hammer strike and a transfer port for the sparks created by crushing the cap, and was easier and quicker to load, more resilient to weather conditions, and more reliable than the preceding flintlocks. Modern primers are basically improved percussion caps with shock-sensitive chemicals (e.g. lead styphnate ) enclosed in
452-562: A barrel tip-down, remove the plug and reload actions. The later breech-loaders included the Ferguson rifle , which used a screw-in/screw out action to reload, and the Hall rifle , which tipped up at 30 degrees for loading. The better breech loaders, however, used percussion caps , including the Sharps rifle , using a falling block (or sliding block ) action to reload. And then later on came
565-465: A brass case can be work-hardened to withstand the high pressures, and allow for manipulation via extraction and ejection without rupturing. The neck and body portion of a brass case is easily annealed to make the case ductile enough to allow reshaping so that it can be handloaded many times, and fire forming can help accurize the shooting. Steel casing is used in some plinking ammunition, as well as in some military training ammunition (mostly from
678-569: A brass pin projecting from the side and struck by the hammer. This pin also afforded the means of extracting the cartridge case. This cartridge was introduced in England by Lang, of Cockspur Street, London, about 1845. In the American Civil War (1861–1865) a breech-loading rifle, the Sharps , was introduced and produced in large numbers. It could be loaded with either a ball or a paper cartridge . After that war, many were converted to
791-475: A bullet attached to the top. Flobert then made what he called " parlor guns " for this cartridge, as these rifles and pistols were designed to be shot in indoor shooting parlors in large homes. These 6mm Flobert cartridges do not contain any powder. The only propellant substance contained in the cartridge is the percussion cap. In English-speaking countries, the 6mm Flobert cartridge corresponds to .22 BB Cap and .22 CB Cap ammunition. These cartridges have
904-545: A bullet fit in a percussion cap. Usually derived in the 6 mm and 9 mm calibres, it is since then called the Flobert cartridge but it does not contain any powder; the only propellant substance contained in the cartridge is the percussion cap itself. In English-speaking countries the Flobert cartridge corresponds to the .22 BB and .22 CB ammunitions. In 1846, yet another Frenchman, Benjamin Houllier , patented
1017-479: A bullet in a paper cartridge. Thick paper is still known as " cartridge paper " from its use in these cartridges. Another source states the cartridge appeared in 1590. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden had his troops use cartridges in the 1600s. The paper formed a cylinder with twisted ends; the ball was at one end, and the measured powder filled the rest. This cartridge was used with muzzle-loading military firearms, probably more often than for sporting shooting,
1130-419: A confined space—such as the cartridge casing (reinforced by the chamber wall) occluded from the front by the projectile (bullet, or wadding containing shots / slug ) and from behind by the primer (supported by the bolt / breechblock ). When the pressure builds up high enough to overcome the crimp friction between the projectile and the case, the projectile separates from the case and gets propelled down
1243-418: A container for the propellant powders and also serves as a protective shell against the elements; it attaches the projectile either at the front end of the cartridge ( bullets for pistols , submachine guns , rifles , and machine guns ) or inside of the cartridge ( wadding / sabot containing either a quantity of shot (pellets) or an individual slug for shotguns ), and align it with the barrel bore to
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#17327870411051356-417: A copper base with integrated mercury fulminate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly. Pauly made an improved version, which
1469-563: A cylindrical breech plug secured by a horizontal wedge in 1837. In the 1850s and 1860s, Whitworth and Armstrong invented improved breech-loading artillery. The M1867 naval guns produced in Imperial Russia at the Obukhov State Plant used Krupp technology. A breech action is the loading sequence of a breech loading naval gun or small arm . The earliest breech actions were either three-shot break-open actions or
1582-543: A few years later. The carbine was used extensively by the Forest Rangers, an irregular force led by Gustavus von Tempsky that specialized in bush warfare and reconnaissance. Von Tempsky liked the short carbine, which could be loaded while lying down. The waterproofed cartridge was easier to keep dry in the New Zealand bush. Museums in New Zealand hold a small number of these carbines in good condition. During
1695-401: A firing, the round is first inserted into a "ready" position within the chamber aligned with the bore axis (i.e. "in battery "). While in the chamber, the cartridge case obturates all other directions except the bore to the front, reinforced by a breechblock or a locked bolt from behind, designating the forward direction as the path of least resistance . When the trigger is pulled,
1808-413: A frame that is made from polymer instead of aluminum. Cartridge (firearms) A cartridge , also known as a round , is a type of pre-assembled firearm ammunition packaging a projectile ( bullet , shot , or slug ), a propellant substance ( smokeless powder , black powder substitute , or black powder ) and an ignition device ( primer ) within a metallic , paper , or plastic case that
1921-681: A license for his patent, and this is how the S&;W Model 1 saw the light of day in 1857. The patent didn't definitely expire until 1870, allowing Smith & Wesson competitors to design and commercialize their own revolving breech-loaders using metallic cartridges. Famous models of that time are the Colt Open Top (1871–1872) and Single Action Army "Peacemaker" (1873). But in rifles, the lever-action mechanism patents were not obstructed by Rollin White's patent infringement because White only held
2034-403: A mixture of highly energetic gases and generates a very high pressure inside the case, often fire-forming it against the chamber wall. When the pressure builds up sufficiently to overcome the fastening friction between the projectile (e.g. bullet) and the case neck, the projectile will detach from the case and, pushed by the expanding high-pressure gases behind it, move down the bore and out
2147-426: A modern gun must not only load and fire the piece but also provide a method of removing the spent case, which might require just as many added moving parts. Many malfunctions occur during this process, either through a failure to extract a case properly from the chamber or by allowing the extracted case to jam the action. Nineteenth-century inventors were reluctant to accept this added complication and experimented with
2260-477: A number of ways. Stylistically it resembles Ghisoni's earlier design, the Mateba Autorevolver , and was his last design before his death in 2008. In order to reduce weight, the frame of the Rhino is made of Ergal (an aluminium alloy ), and the receiver is CNC-machined from a solid block of high-tensile aluminium. Virtually all components are CNC-machined as well; this manufacturing process yields
2373-613: A patent concerning drilled cylinders and revolving mechanisms. Thus, larger caliber rimfire cartridges were soon introduced after 1857, when the Smith & Wesson .22 Short ammunition was introduced for the first time. Some of these rifle cartridges were used in the American Civil War, including the .44 Henry and 56-56 Spencer (both in 1860). However, the large rimfire cartridges were soon replaced by centerfire cartridges, which could safely handle higher pressures. In 1867,
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#17327870411052486-555: A relatively low muzzle velocity of around 700 ft/s (210 m/s). French gunsmith Benjamin Houllier improved the Lefaucheux pinfire cardboard cartridge and patented in Paris in 1846, the first fully metallic pinfire cartridge containing powder in a metallic cartridge. He also included in his patent claims rim and centerfire primed cartridges using brass or copper casings. Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with
2599-543: A revolver using rimfire cartridges. The first centrefire cartridge was introduced in 1855 by Pottet, with both Berdan and Boxer priming . In 1842, the Norwegian Armed Forces adopted the breech-loading caplock, the Kammerlader , one of the first instances in which a modern army widely adopted a breech-loading rifle as its main infantry firearm. The Dreyse Zündnadelgewehr ( Dreyse needle gun )
2712-435: A round bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated centerfire breech-loading gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter. Pauly made an improved version, protected by a patent, on 29 September 1812. Probably no invention connected with firearms has wrought such changes in the principle of gun construction as those effected by
2825-427: A simple capsule, and the corresponding case has two small flash holes with a bulged bar in between, which serves as the "anvil" for the primer. Boxer primers, patented by Royal Artillery colonel Edward Mounier Boxer also in 1866, are more complex and have an internal tripedal "anvil" built into the primer itself, and the corresponding case has only a single large central flash hole. Commercially, Boxer primers dominate
2938-525: A small button-shaped capsule. In the early paper cartridges , invented not long after the percussion cap, the primer was located deep inside the cartridge just behind the bullet, requiring a very thin and elongated firing pin to pierce the paper casing. Such guns were known as needle guns , the most famous of which was decisive in the Prussian victory over the Austrians at Königgrätz in 1866. After
3051-495: A smaller hammer that had a hollow to fit on the nipple when released by the trigger. The shooter placed a percussion cap (now made of three parts of potassium chlorate , two of fulminate of mercury and powdered glass) on the nipple. The detonating cap thus invented and adopted brought about the invention of the modern cartridge case, and rendered possible the general adoption of the breech-loading principle for all varieties of rifles, shotguns, and pistols . This greatly streamlined
3164-467: A solid head of thicker metal, has been generally substituted. Breechloading A breechloader is a firearm in which the user loads the ammunition from the breech end of the barrel (i.e., from the rearward, open end of the gun's barrel), as opposed to a muzzleloader , in which the user loads the ammunition from the ( muzzle ) end of the barrel . The vast majority of modern firearms are generally breech-loaders, while firearms made before
3277-413: A specific cartridge type is tightly controlled and few types are interchangeable in any way. Exceptions do exist but generally, these are only where a shorter cylindrical rimmed cartridge can be used in a longer chamber, (e.g., .22 Short in .22 Long Rifle chamber, .32 H&R Magnum in .327 Federal Magnum chamber, and .38 Special in a .357 Magnum chamber). Centerfire primer type (Boxer or Berdan, see below)
3390-417: A squib load obstructing the barrel will generate dangerously high pressure, leading to a catastrophic failure and potentially causing severe injuries when the gun blows apart in the shooter's hands. Actor Brandon Lee 's infamous accidental death in 1993 was believed to be caused by an undetected squib that was dislodged and shot out by a blank . Beginning in the 1860s, early metallic cartridges (e. g. for
3503-419: A steel frizzen , or a shock-sensitive brass or copper percussion cap ( caplock ) placed over a conical-shaped cone piece with a hollow pipe to create sparks . When the primer powder starts combusting, the flame is transferred through an internal touch hole called a flash hole to provide activation energy for the main powder charge in the barrel. The disadvantage Is that the flash pan cAN still be exposed to
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3616-543: A variety of caseless or self-consuming cartridges before finally accepting that the advantages of brass cases far outweighed this one drawback. The first integrated cartridge was developed in Paris in 1808 by the Swiss gunsmith Jean Samuel Pauly in association with French gunsmith François Prélat . Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges: the cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated mercury fulminate primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly),
3729-419: A very precise fit with minimal tolerances . For models other than the 20D, the trigger may be used in either single-action or double-action mode. Only the 2-inch 20D model comes in double-action only . The external cocking lever is not actually a hammer as on most revolvers. Instead, it is merely a linkage handle used to cock an internal hammer, and immediately falls back into place after cocking
3842-451: A wadding, as the wadding obturates the bore better and typically slides less frictionally within the barrel. When a propellant is ignited and begins to combust , the resulting chemical reaction releases the chemical energy stored within. At the same time, a significant amount of gaseous products are released, which are highly energetic due to the exothermic nature of the reaction. These combustion gases become highly pressurized in
3955-414: Is called a dummy ; one that failed to ignite and shoot off the projectile is called a dud ; and one that ignited but failed to sufficiently push the projectile out of the barrel is called a squib . The cartridge was invented specifically for breechloading firearms. Prior to its invention, the projectiles and propellant were carried separately and had to be individually loaded via the muzzle into
4068-457: Is complete, minimizing the number of externally moving parts and reciprocating mass. An additional feature of this gun is, unlike most revolvers, it comes with an accessory rail (except for the 2-inch and 3-inch models), on which tactical lights and laser sights can be mounted. The aluminium-based revolver is available in anodized finishes resembling traditional bluing , as well as a version resembling electroless nickel finish referred as
4181-649: Is interchangeable, although not in the same case. Deviation in any of these specifications can result in firearm damage and, in some instances, injury or death. Similarly, the use of the wrong type of cartridge in any given gun can damage the gun, or cause bodily injury. Cartridge specifications are determined by several standards organizations, including SAAMI in the United States, and C.I.P. in many European states. NATO also performs its own tests for military cartridges for its member nations; due to differences in testing methods, NATO cartridges ( headstamped with
4294-479: Is known as its external ballistics , and its behavior upon impacting an object is known as its terminal ballistics . A bullet can be made of virtually anything (see below ), but lead is the traditional material of choice because of its high density, malleability , ductility , and low cost of production . However, at speeds greater than 300 m/s (980 ft/s), pure lead will melt more and deposit fouling in rifled bores at an ever-increasing rate. Alloying
4407-420: Is located: at the center of the case head ( centerfire ); or inside the rim ( rimfire ); or inside the walls on the fold of the case base that is shaped like a cup (cupfire); or in a sideways projection that is shaped like a pin ( pinfire ) or a lip (lipfire); or in a small bulge shaped like a nipple at the case base ( teatfire ). Only small-caliber rimfire cartridges and centerfire cartridges have survived into
4520-409: Is much easier as well, as the ammunition can be unloaded from the breech end and is often doable by hand; unloading muzzle loaders requires drilling into the projectile to drag it out through the whole length of the barrel, and in some cases the guns are simply fired to facilitate unloading process. After breech-loading became common, it also became common practice to fit counter-recoil systems, such as
4633-485: Is precisely made to fit within the barrel chamber of a breechloading gun, for convenient transportation and handling during shooting. Although in popular usage the term "bullet" is often used to refer to a complete cartridge, the correct usage only refers to the projectile. Cartridges can be categorized by the type of primer. This can be accomplished by igniting a small charge of an impact -sensitive explosive compound or by an electric-sensitive chemical mixture that
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4746-841: Is that propellant gas can blow back past the neck and leak into the chamber. Constituents of these gases condense on the (relatively cold) chamber wall, and this solid propellant residue can make extraction of fired cases difficult. This is less of a problem for small arms of the former Warsaw Pact nations, which were designed with much looser chamber tolerances than NATO weapons. Aluminum-cased cartridges are available commercially. These are generally not reloaded, as aluminum fatigues easily during firing and resizing. Some calibers also have non-standard primer sizes to discourage reloaders from attempting to reuse these cases. Plastic cases are commonly used in shotgun shells , and some manufacturers offer polymer -cased centerfire pistol and rifle cartridges. As firearms are projectile weapons ,
4859-415: Is to cover the bare lead in a protective powder coat , as seen in some rimfire ammunitions. Another solution is to encase a lead core within a thin exterior layer of harder metal (e.g. gilding metal , cupronickel , copper alloys or steel), known as a jacketing . In modern days, steel, bismuth , tungsten , and other exotic alloys are sometimes used to replace lead and prevent release of toxicity into
4972-405: The American Civil War , at least nineteen types of breech-loaders were fielded. The Sharps used a successful dropping block design. The Greene used rotating bolt-action, and was fed from the breech. The Spencer , which used lever-actuated bolt-action, was fed from a seven-round detachable tube magazine . The Henry and Volcanic used rimfire metallic cartridges fed from a tube magazine under
5085-532: The Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company , Rollin White , had been the first in America to conceive the idea of having the revolver cylinder bored through to accept metallic cartridges ( circa 1852), with the first in the world to use bored-through cylinders probably having been Lefaucheux in 1845, who invented a pepperbox-revolver loaded from the rear using bored-through cylinders. Another possible claimant for
5198-545: The Montigny mitrailleuse or the Snider–Enfield rifle ) were produced similarly to the paper cartridges, with sides made from thick paper, but with copper (later brass) foil supporting the base of the cartridge and some more details in it holding the primer. In the 1870s, brass foil covered all of the cartridge, and the technology to make solid cases, in which the metallic cartridges described below were developed, but before
5311-465: The former Soviet republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan), along with Russia and China. Steel is less expensive to make than brass, but it is far less corrosion-resistant and not feasible to reuse and reload. Military forces typically consider service small arms cartridge cases to be disposable, single-use devices. However,
5424-430: The gas seal , and are thus clumsy and inconvenient, severely restricting the practical rate of fire of the weapon, leaving the shooter vulnerable to the threat of close combat (particularly cavalry charges ) as well as complicating the logistics of ammunition. The primary purpose of using a cartridge is to offer a handy pre-assembled "all-in-one" package that is convenient to handle and transport, easily loaded into
5537-407: The gun barrel before firing, then have a separate ignitor compound (from a burning slow match , to a small charge of gunpowder in a flash pan , to a metallic percussion cap mounted on top of a "nipple" or cone), to serve as a source of activation energy to set off the shot. Such loading procedures often require adding paper/cloth wadding and ramming down repeatedly with a rod to optimize
5650-409: The gun barrel , imparting high kinetic energy from the propellant gases and accelerating the projectile to its muzzle velocity . The projectile motion driven by the propellant inside the gun is known as the internal ballistics . Because the main propellant charge are located deep inside the gun barrel and thus impractical to be directly lighted from the outside, an intermediate is needed to relay
5763-404: The handloader market due to the ease of depriming and the ability to transfer sparks more efficiently. Due to their small size and charge load, primers lack the power to shoot out the projectile by themselves, but can still put out enough energy to separate the bullet from the casing and push it partway into the barrel – a dangerous condition called a squib load . Firing a fresh cartridge behind
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#17327870411055876-451: The hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism on the Canon de 75 modèle 1897 , onto field guns and howitzers to prevent the recoil from rolling the carriage back and forth with every shot and ruining the aim. This provided faster rates of fire, but this is not directly related to whether the gun is breech-loading or not. Now that guns were able to fire without the entire carriage recoiling, the crew
5989-399: The ignition . In the earliest black powder muzzleloaders , a fuse was used to direct a small flame through a touch hole into the barrel, which was slow and subjected to disturbance from environmental conditions. The next evolution was to have a small separate charge of finer gunpowder poured into a flash pan , where it could start a "priming" ignition by an external source, when ignited
6102-432: The muzzle at extremely high speed . After the bullet exits the barrel, the gases are released to the surroundings as ejectae in a loud blast , and the chamber pressure drops back down to ambient level . The case, which had been elastically expanded by high pressure, contracts slightly, which eases its removal from the chamber when pulled by the extractor . The spent cartridge, with its projectile and propellant gone but
6215-404: The sear disengages and releases the hammer / striker , causing the firing pin to impact the primer embedded in the base of the cartridge. The shock-sensitive chemical in the primer then creates a jet of sparks that travels into the case and ignites the main propellant charge within, causing the powders to deflagrate (but not detonate ). This rapid exothermic combustion yields
6328-413: The "White Rhino". A gold-colored version was displayed at the 2014 SHOT Show . Firing from the lowermost chamber in the cylinder as opposed to the uppermost is intended to reduce muzzle flip by aligning the recoil more into the shooter's wrist, rather than above it. A downside of this design is that it increases the vertical distance between the sight line and the bore axis (sight height), meaning
6441-449: The "case neck ") has a noticeably smaller diameter than the main part of the case ("case body "), with a noticeably angled slope ("case shoulder ") in between; or a "straight-walled" one, where there is no narrowed neck and the whole case looks cylindrical . The case shape is meant to match exactly to the chamber of the gun that fires it, and the "neck", "shoulder", and "body" of a bottleneck cartridge have corresponding counterparts in
6554-589: The "expansive cartridge case". This invention has completely revolutionized the art of gun making, has been successfully applied to all descriptions of firearms and has produced a new and important industry: that of cartridge manufacture. Its essential feature is preventing gas from escaping the breech when the gun is fired, by means of an expansive cartridge case containing its own means of ignition. Previous to this invention shotguns and sporting rifles were loaded by means of powder flasks and shot bags or flasks, bullets, wads, and copper caps, all carried separately. One of
6667-411: The 1880s, it was far too expensive and time-consuming for mass production and the metallurgy was not yet perfected. To manufacture cases for cartridges, a sheet of brass is punched into disks. These disks go through a series of drawing dies . The disks are annealed and washed before moving to the next series of dies. The brass needs to be annealed to remove the work-hardening in the material and make
6780-589: The British military musket (the Brown Bess ) in 1842, a quarter of a century after the invention of percussion powder and after an elaborate government test at Woolwich in 1834. The invention that made the percussion cap possible was patented by the Rev. A. J. Forsyth in 1807 and consisted of priming with a fulminating powder made of potassium chlorate , sulfur, and charcoal, which ignited by concussion. This invention
6893-569: The British war office adopted the Eley – Boxer metallic centerfire cartridge case in the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifles, which were converted to Snider-Enfield breech-loaders on the Snider principle. This consisted of a block opening on a hinge, thus forming a false breech against which the cartridge rested. The priming cap was in the base of the cartridge and was discharged by a striker passing through
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#17327870411057006-509: The Ferguson rifle. About the same time and later on into the mid-19th century, there were attempts in Europe at an effective breech-loader. There were concentrated attempts at improved cartridges and methods of ignition. In Paris in 1808, in association with French gunsmith François Prélat , Jean Samuel Pauly created the first fully self-contained cartridges : the cartridges incorporated
7119-495: The NATO cross) may present an unsafe combination when loaded into a weapon chambered for a cartridge certified by one of the other testing bodies. Bullet diameter is measured either as a fraction of an inch (usually in 1/100 or in 1/1000) or in millimeters. Cartridge case length can also be designated in inches or millimeters. Paper cartridges have been in use for centuries, with a number of sources dating their usage as far back as
7232-453: The advantage of reduced reloading time because it is far quicker to load the projectile and propellant into the chamber of a gun or cannon than to reach all the way over to the front end to load ammunition and then push them back down a long tube – especially when the projectile fits tightly and the tube has spiral ridges from rifling . In field artillery , the advantages were similar – crews no longer had to get in front of
7345-521: The barrel. These held a significant advantage over muzzle-loaders. The improvements in breech-loaders had spelled the end of muzzle-loaders. To make use of the enormous number of war surplus muzzle-loaders, the Allin conversion Springfield was adopted in 1866. General Burnside invented a breech-loading rifle before the war, the Burnside carbine . The French adopted the new Chassepot rifle in 1866, which
7458-476: The base of the cartridge being ripped or bitten off by the soldier, the powder poured into the barrel, and the paper and bullet rammed down the barrel. In the Civil War era cartridge, the paper was supposed to be discarded, but soldiers often used it as a wad. To ignite the charge an additional step was required where a finer-grained powder called priming powder was poured into the pan of the gun to be ignited by
7571-404: The bore axis, contributing to accuracy. The front opening of the case neck, which receives and fastens the bullet via crimping , is known as the case mouth . The closed-off rear end of the case body, which holds the primer and technically is the case base , is called the case head as it is the most prominent and frequently the widest part of the case. There is a circumferential flange at
7684-590: The bored-through cylinder is a Frenchman by the name of Perrin, who allegedly produced in 1839 a pepperbox revolver with a bored-through cylinder to order. Other possible claimants include Devisme of France in 1834 or 1842 who claimed to have produced a breech-loading revolver in that period though his claim was later judged as lacking in evidence by French courts and Hertog & Devos and Malherbe & Rissack of Belgium who both filed patents for breech-loading revolvers in 1853. However, Samuel Colt refused this innovation. White left Colt, went to Smith & Wesson to rent
7797-420: The brass malleable again ready for the next series of dies. Manufacturing bullet jackets is similar to making brass cases: there is a series of drawing steps with annealing and washing. Critical cartridge specifications include neck size, bullet weight and caliber , maximum pressure, headspace , overall length, case body diameter and taper, shoulder design, rim type , etc. Generally, every characteristic of
7910-407: The breech (rear end) of the barrel, as well as preventing potential propellant loss, contamination or degradation from moisture and the elements. In modern self-loading firearms , the cartridge case also enables the action mechanism to use part of the propellant 's energy (carried inside the cartridge itself) and cyclically load new rounds of ammunition to allow quick repeated firing. To perform
8023-458: The breech block. Other European powers adopted breech-loading military rifles from 1866 to 1868, with paper instead of metallic cartridge cases. The original Eley-Boxer cartridge case was made of thin-coiled brass—occasionally these cartridges could break apart and jam the breech with the unwound remains of the case upon firing. Later the solid-drawn, centerfire cartridge case, made of one entire solid piece of tough hard metal, an alloy of copper, with
8136-444: The case dimensions of a cartridge, this is usually referring to the cartridge's overall length (COL), which in turn dictates the minimal receiver size and operating space ( bolt travel) needed by the action , into either "mini-action", "short-action", "long-action" ("standard-action"), or " magnum -action" categories. The most popular material used to make cartridge cases is brass due to its good corrosion resistance . The head of
8249-436: The case head called a rim , which provides a lip for the extractor to engage. Depending on whether and how the rim protrudes beyond the maximum case body diameter, the case can be classified as either "rimmed", "semi-rimmed", "rimless", "rebated", or "belted". The shape of a bottleneck cartridge case (e.g. body diameter, shoulder slant angle and position, and neck length) also affects the amount of attainable pressure inside
8362-417: The case still containing a used-up primer, then gets ejected from the gun to clear room for a subsequent new round. A modern cartridge consists of four main components: the case , the projectile , the propellant , and the primer . The main defining component of the cartridge is the case, which gives the cartridge its shape and serves as the integrating housing for other functional components, it acts as
8475-414: The case, which in turn influences the accelerative capacity of the projectile. Wildcat cartridges are often made by reshaping the case of an existing cartridge. Straight-sided cartridges are less prone to rupturing than tapered cartridges , in particular with higher pressure propellant when used in blowback-operated firearms. In addition to case shape, rifle cartridges can also be grouped according to
8588-409: The chamber known as the "chamber neck", "chamber shoulder", and "chamber body". Some cartridges, like the .470 Capstick , have what is known as a "ghost shoulder" which has a very slightly protruding shoulder, and can be viewed as a something between a bottleneck and straight-walled case. A ghost shoulder, rather than a continuous taper on the case wall, helps the cartridge to line up concentrically with
8701-690: The contained shots as a hail of sub-projectiles. Shotgun shots are usually made from bare lead, though copper/ zinc – coated steel balls (such as those used by BB guns ) can also be used. Lead pollution of wetlands has led to the BASC and other organizations campaigning for the phasing out of traditional lead shot. There are also unconventional projectile fillings such as bundled flechettes , rubber balls , rock salt and magnesium shards, as well as non-lethal specialty projectiles such as rubber slugs and bean bag rounds . Solid projectiles (e.g. slugs , baton rounds , etc.) are also shot while contained within
8814-417: The earliest efficient modern cartridge cases was the pinfire cartridge , developed by French gunsmith Casimir Lefaucheux in 1836. It consisted of a thin weak shell made of brass and paper that expanded from the force of the explosion. This fit perfectly in the barrel and thus formed an efficient gas check. A small percussion cap was placed in the middle of the base of the cartridge and was ignited by means of
8927-512: The early 14th century in Burgundy and various other parts of Europe, breech-loading became more successful with improvements in precision engineering and machining in the 19th century. The main challenge for developers of breech-loading firearms was sealing the breech. This was eventually solved for smaller firearms by the development of the self-contained metallic cartridge in the mid-19th century. For firearms too large to use cartridges,
9040-743: The environment. In armor-piercing bullets , very hard and high-density materials such as hardened steel , tungsten , tungsten carbide , or depleted uranium are used for the penetrator core. Non-lethal projectiles with very limited penetrative and stopping powers are sometimes used in riot control or training situations, where killing or even wounding a target at all would be undesirable. Such projectiles are usually made from softer and lower-density materials, such as plastic or rubber . Wax bullets (such as those used in Simunition training) are occasionally used for force-on-force tactical trainings , and pistol dueling with wax bullets used to be
9153-460: The firing mechanism. The evolving nature of warfare required a firearm that could load and fire more rapidly, resulting in the flintlock musket (and later the Baker rifle), in which the pan was covered by furrowed steel. This was struck by the flint and fired the gun. In the course of loading, a pinch of powder from the cartridge would be placed into the pan as priming, before the rest of the cartridge
9266-519: The first fully metallic cartridge containing powder in a metallic shell. Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert. But the subsequent Houllier and Lefaucheux cartridges, even if they were the first full-metal shells, were still pinfire cartridges, like those used in the LeMat (1856) and Lefaucheux (1858) revolvers, although the LeMat also evolved in
9379-406: The flame passed through a small hole in the side of the barrel to ignite the main gunpowder charge. The last evolution was to use a small metallic cap filled with a shock sensitive explosive compound that would ignite with a hammer strike. The source of ignition could be a burning slow match ( matchlock ) placed onto a touch hole , a piece of pyrite ( wheellock )/ flint ( flintlock ) striking
9492-405: The front; it holds the primer at the back end, which receives an impact from a firing pin and is responsible for igniting the main propellant charge inside the case. While historically paper had been used in the earliest cartridges , almost all modern cartridges use metallic casing. The modern metallic case can either be a "bottleneck" one, whose frontal portion near the end opening (known as
9605-399: The gun and pack ammunition in the barrel with a ramrod , and the shot could now tightly fit the bore, greatly increasing its power, range, and accuracy. It also made it easier to load a previously fired weapon with a fouled barrel. Gun turrets and emplacements for breechloaders can be smaller since crews don't need to retract the gun for loading into the muzzle end. Unloading a breechloader
9718-708: The gun had numerous deficiencies; specifically, serious problems with gas leaking. However, the rifle was used to great success in the Prussian army in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. This, and the Franco-Prussian war of 1870–71, eventually caused much interest in Europe for breech-loaders and the Prussian military system in general. In 1860, the New Zealand government petitioned the Colonial Office for more soldiers to defend Auckland . The bid
9831-401: The gun will have a greater parallax error when aiming at close range. Another distinctive feature is that the cross-section of its cylinder is hexagonal (though with rounded corners) instead of circular ; this is intended to narrow the weapon's profile in concealed carry applications. Chiappa manufactures the Rhino in a number of sizes, barrel lengths, finishes, and calibers, including
9944-450: The gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert. In the United States, in 1857, the Flobert cartridge inspired the .22 Short , specially conceived for the first American revolver using rimfire cartridges, the Smith & Wesson Model 1 . A year before, in 1856, the LeMat revolver was the first American breech-loading firearm, but it used pinfire cartridges, not rimfire. Formerly, an employee of
10057-484: The late 14th and early 15th centuries. Historians note their use by soldiers of Christian I, Elector of Saxony and his son in the late 16th century, while the Dresden Armoury has evidence dating their use to 1591. Capo Bianco wrote in 1597 that paper cartridges had long been in use by Neapolitan soldiers. Their use became widespread by the 17th century. The 1586 round consisted of a charge of powder and
10170-412: The latter half of the 19th Century, but were slowly replaced by various designs for repeating rifles , first used in the American Civil War. Manual breech-loaders gave way to manual magazine feed and then to self-loading rifles . Breech-loading is still commonly used in shotguns and hunting rifles . The first modern breech-loading rifled gun is a breech-loader invented by Martin von Wahrendorff with
10283-421: The lead with a small percentage of tin or antimony can reduce such fouling, but grows less effective as velocities are increased. A cup made of harder metal (e.g. copper), called a gas check , is often placed at the base of a lead bullet to decrease lead deposits by protecting the rear of the bullet against melting when fired at higher pressures, but this too does not work at higher velocities. A modern solution
10396-442: The lower end of the power spectrum, although due to the low manufacturing cost some of them (e.g. .22 Long Rifle ) are among the most popular and prolific ammunitions currently being used. Centerfire primers are a separately manufactured component, seated into a central recess at the case base known as the primer pocket , and have two types: Berdan and Boxer. Berdan primers, patent by American inventor Hiram Berdan in 1866, are
10509-453: The mainstream primer designs, while the pinfire also still exists but only in rare novelty miniature guns and a few very small blank cartridges designed as noisemakers. In rimfire ammunitions, the primer compound is moulded integrally into the interior of the protruding case rim , which is crushed between the firing pin and the edge of the barrel breech (serving as the "anvil"). These ammunitions are thus not reloadable , and are usually on
10622-409: The mass of the cartridges can affect how much ammunition a soldier can carry, so the lighter steel cases do have a logistic advantage. Conversely, steel is more susceptible to contamination and damage so all such cases are varnished or otherwise sealed against the elements. One downside caused by the increased strength of steel in the neck of these cases (compared to the annealed neck of a brass case)
10735-438: The metallic cartridge was invented, the primer was relocated backward to the base of the case, either at the center of the case head ( centerfire ), inside the rim ( rimfire ), inside a cup-like concavity of the case base (cupfire), in a pin-shaped sideways projection ( pinfire ), in a lip-like flange ( lipfire ), or in a small nipple-like bulge at the case base ( teat-fire ). Today, only the centerfire and rimfire have survived as
10848-667: The mid-19th century were mostly smoothbore muzzle-loaders. Only a few muzzleloading weapons, such as mortars , rifle grenades , some rocket launchers , such as the Panzerfaust 3 and RPG-7 , and the GP series grenade launchers, have remained in common usage in modern military conflicts. However, referring to a weapon specifically as breech-loading is mostly limited to non-repeating firearms, including single-shots , derringers , double-barreled shotguns , double-barreled rifles , combination guns , and volley guns . Breech-loading provides
10961-404: The modern day. Military and commercial producers continue to pursue the goal of caseless ammunition . Some artillery ammunition uses the same cartridge concept as found in small arms . In other cases, the artillery shell is separate from the propellant charge. A cartridge without a projectile is called a blank ; one that is completely inert (contains no active primer and no propellant)
11074-630: The outside, making it difficult (or even impossible) to fire the gun in rainy or humid conditions as wet gunpowder burns poorly. After Edward Charles Howard discovered fulminates in 1800 and the patent by Reverend Alexander John Forsyth expired in 1807, Joseph Manton invented the precursor percussion cap in 1814, which was further developed in 1822 by the English-born American artist Joshua Shaw , and caplock fowling pieces appeared in Regency era England. These guns used
11187-415: The problem was solved by the development of the interrupted screw . Breech-loading swivel guns were invented in the 14th century. They were a particular type of swivel gun , and consisted in a small breech-loading cannon equipped with a swivel for easy rotation, loaded by inserting a mug-shaped chamber already filled with powder and projectiles. The breech-loading swivel gun had a high rate of fire, and
11300-450: The projectile is the effector component of the cartridge, and is actually responsible for reaching, impacting, and exerting damage onto a target. The word "projectile" is an umbrella term that describes any type of kinetic object launched into ballistic flight , but due to the ubiquity of rifled firearms shooting bullets, the term has become somewhat a technical synonym for bullets among handloaders . The projectile's motion in flight
11413-448: The reloading procedure and paved the way for semi- and full-automatic firearms. However, this big leap forward came at a price: it introduced an extra component into each round – the cartridge case – which had to be removed before the gun could be reloaded. While a flintlock, for example, is immediately ready to reload once it has been fired, adopting brass cartridge cases brought in the problems of extraction and ejection. The mechanism of
11526-607: The rifles were manufactured and used in the Battle of Brandywine , during the American Revolutionary War , but shortly after they were retired and replaced with the standard Brown Bess musket . In turn the American army, after getting some experience with muzzle-loaded rifles in the late 18th century, adopted the second standard breech-loading firearm in the world, M1819 Hall rifle , and in larger numbers than
11639-442: The use of metal cartridges. The development by Smith & Wesson (among many others) of revolver handguns that used metal cartridges helped establish cartridge firearms as the standard in the United States by the late 1860s and early 1870s, although many continue to use percussion revolvers well after that. Most of the early all-metallic cartridges were of the pinfire and rimfire types. The first centerfire metallic cartridge
11752-495: Was a limitation and danger present in the weapon's mechanism. More breech-loading firearms were made in the early 18th century. One such gun known to have belonged to Philip V of Spain , and was manufactured circa 1715, probably in Madrid . It came with a ready-to load reusable cartridge. Patrick Ferguson , a British Army officer, developed in 1772 the Ferguson rifle , a breech-loading flintlock firearm. Roughly two hundred of
11865-419: Was a single-shot breech-loading rifle using a rotating bolt to seal the breech. It was so called because of its .5-inch needle-like firing pin, which passed through a paper cartridge case to impact a percussion cap at the bullet base. It began development in the 1830s under Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse and eventually an improved version of it was adopted by Prussia in the late 1840s. The paper cartridge and
11978-408: Was able to remain grouped closely around the gun, ready to load and put final touches on the aim, prior to firing the next shot. That led to the development of an armored shield fitted to the carriage of the gun, to help shield the crew from long-range area or sniper fire from the new, high-velocity, long-range rifles, or even machine guns. Although breech-loading firearms were developed as far back as
12091-611: Was especially effective in anti-personnel roles. Breech-loading firearms are known from the 16th century. Henry VIII possessed one, which he apparently used as a hunting gun to shoot birds. Meanwhile, in China, an early form of breech-loading musket, known as the Che Dian Chong , was known to have been created in the second half of the 16th century for the Ming dynasty's arsenals . Like all early breech-loading fireams, gas leakage
12204-404: Was gradually developed, and used, first in a steel cap, and then in a copper cap, by various gunmakers and private individuals before coming into general military use nearly thirty years later. The alteration of the military flint-lock to the percussion musket was easily accomplished by replacing the powder pan with a perforated nipple and by replacing the cock or hammer that held the flint with
12317-419: Was invented by Jean Samuel Pauly in the first decades of the 19th century. However, although it was the first cartridge to use a form of obturation , a feature integral to a successful breech-loading cartridge, Pauly died before it was converted to percussion cap ignition. Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented the first rimfire metallic cartridge in 1845. His cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with
12430-655: Was much improved over the Dreyse needle gun as it had dramatically fewer gas leaks due to its de Bange sealing system. The British initially took the existing Enfield and fitted it with a Snider breech action (solid block, hinged parallel to the barrel) firing the Boxer cartridge. Following a competitive examination of 104 guns in 1866, the British decided to adopt the Peabody -derived Martini-Henry with trap-door loading in 1871. Single-shot breech-loaders would be used throughout
12543-483: Was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812. The Pauly cartridge was further improved by the French gunsmith Casimir Lefaucheux in 1828, by adding a pinfire primer, but Lefaucheux did not register his patent until 1835: a pinfire cartridge containing powder in a cardboard shell. In 1845, another Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented, for indoor shooting , the first rimfire metallic cartridge , constituted by
12656-416: Was rammed down the barrel, providing charge and wadding. Later developments rendered this method of priming unnecessary, as, in loading, a portion of the charge of powder passed from the barrel through the vent into the pan, where it was held by the cover and hammer. The next important advance in the method of ignition was the introduction of the copper percussion cap . This was only generally applied to
12769-559: Was unsuccessful and the government began instead making inquiries to Britain to obtain modern weapons. In 1861 they placed orders for the Calisher and Terry carbine , which used a breech-loading system using a bullet consisting of a standard Minié lead bullet in .54 calibre backed by a charge and tallowed wad, wrapped in nitrated paper to keep it waterproof. The carbine had been issued in small numbers to English cavalry ( Hussars ) from 1857. About 3–4,000 carbines were brought into New Zealand
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