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84-519: The Chilehaus building is famed for its top, which is reminiscent of a ship's prow, and the facades, which meet at a very sharp angle at the corner of the Pumpen- and Niedernstrasse . The best view of the building is from the east. Because of the accentuated vertical elements and the recessed upper stories, as well as the curved facade on the Pumpenstraße, the building has, despite its enormous size,

168-531: A company office but also as a showroom for the company's artificial stone products. It was constructed of Beton Coignet concrete, a precast stone material developed in the 1850s by Frenchman François Coignet. This material was manufactured by its original occupant, the Coignet Agglomerate Company, at its adjacent factory. Many of the building's innovations were introduced by Coignet Agglomerate Company vice president John C. Goodridge Jr., and

252-638: A deal in which it agreed to renovate the Coignet Building at an estimated cost of $ 1.3 million. Whole Foods agreed to buy the land surrounding the Coignet Building, but Kowalski would not sell the physical structure. The next year, on June 27, 2006, the LPC designated the Coignet Building as a city landmark. At the time, it was the oldest known example of ferro-concrete building construction still standing in New York City. A groundbreaking for

336-492: A low fence was to surround the lot, while the parapet was to be designed with carved urns and letters, but whether these features were built is not known. On the eastern and northern elevations, the facade consists of three vertical bays . Horizontal entablatures run above both the first and second stories. On both Third Avenue and Third Street, the center bay contains a stoop with curved sidewalls, leading up to an entrance underneath an Ionic -style portico . The outer bays on

420-453: A major role in the evolution of concrete construction as a proven and studied science. Without Hyatt's work, more dangerous trial and error methods might have been depended on for the advancement in the technology. Joseph Monier , a 19th-century French gardener, was a pioneer in the development of structural, prefabricated and reinforced concrete, having been dissatisfied with the existing materials available for making durable flowerpots. He

504-419: A reduction in its durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles may damage poorly designed or constructed reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the oxidation products ( rust ) expand and tends to flake, cracking the concrete and unbonding the rebar from the concrete. Typical mechanisms leading to durability problems are discussed below. Cracking of the concrete section is nearly impossible to prevent; however,

588-465: A touch of lightness. The building has a reinforced concrete structure and has been built with the use of 4.8 million dark Oldenburg bricks. The building is constructed on very difficult terrain, so to gain stability it was necessary to build on 16-meter-deep reinforced-concrete pilings. The location's close vicinity to the Elbe River necessitated a specially sealed cellar, and heating equipment

672-426: A well-chosen concrete mix will provide additional protection for many applications. Uncoated, low carbon/chromium rebar looks similar to standard carbon steel rebar due to its lack of a coating; its highly corrosion-resistant features are inherent in the steel microstructure. It can be identified by the unique ASTM specified mill marking on its smooth, dark charcoal finish. Epoxy-coated rebar can easily be identified by

756-658: Is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine (generally sand and/or crushed stone) aggregates with a paste of binder material (usually Portland cement ) and water. When cement is mixed with a small amount of water, it hydrates to form microscopic opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid shape. The aggregates used for making concrete should be free from harmful substances like organic impurities, silt, clay, lignite, etc. Typical concrete mixes have high resistance to compressive stresses (about 4,000 psi (28 MPa)); however, any appreciable tension ( e.g., due to bending ) will break

840-528: Is coating them with zinc phosphate . Zinc phosphate slowly reacts with calcium cations and the hydroxyl anions present in the cement pore water and forms a stable hydroxyapatite layer. Penetrating sealants typically must be applied some time after curing. Sealants include paint, plastic foams, films and aluminum foil , felts or fabric mats sealed with tar, and layers of bentonite clay, sometimes used to seal roadbeds. Corrosion inhibitors , such as calcium nitrite [Ca(NO 2 ) 2 ], can also be added to

924-504: Is located across the bay from San Francisco . Two years later, El Campanil survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake without any damage, which helped build her reputation and launch her prolific career. The 1906 earthquake also changed the public's initial resistance to reinforced concrete as a building material, which had been criticized for its perceived dullness. In 1908, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors changed

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1008-687: Is on the eastern bank of the Gowanus Canal and was leased from the Brooklyn Improvement Company, which developed sites along the canal in the mid-19th century. The company's founder, Edwin Clark Litchfield , was rumored to have built a tunnel from the Coignet Building to his Litchfield Villa in what is now Prospect Park , about 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from the Coignet Building. A search in 2014 failed to uncover evidence of any such tunnel. The building itself

1092-541: Is one in which both the compressive and tensile zones reach yielding at the same imposed load on the beam, and the concrete will crush and the tensile steel will yield at the same time. This design criterion is however as risky as over-reinforced concrete, because failure is sudden as the concrete crushes at the same time of the tensile steel yields, which gives a very little warning of distress in tension failure. Steel-reinforced concrete moment-carrying elements should normally be designed to be under-reinforced so that users of

1176-428: Is one in which the concrete element is only reinforced near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel, is designed to resist the tension. A doubly reinforced beam is the section in which besides the tensile reinforcement the concrete element is also reinforced near the compressive face to help the concrete resist compression and take stresses. The latter reinforcement is called compression steel. When

1260-430: Is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous. A balanced-reinforced beam

1344-579: Is the theoretical failure point with a certain probability. It is stated under factored loads and factored resistances. Reinforced concrete structures are normally designed according to rules and regulations or recommendation of a code such as ACI-318, CEB, Eurocode 2 or the like. WSD, USD or LRFD methods are used in design of RC structural members. Analysis and design of RC members can be carried out by using linear or non-linear approaches. When applying safety factors, building codes normally propose linear approaches, but for some cases non-linear approaches. To see

1428-446: Is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar along its length. This load transfer is achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface. The reasons that the two different material components concrete and steel can work together are as follows: (1) Reinforcement can be well bonded to

1512-404: Is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (known as rebar ) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of

1596-473: The Gowanus Canal . The building has a two-story cast-stone facade above a raised basement. It was created with a type of concrete patented by Frenchman François Coignet in the 1850s and manufactured at the Gowanus factory. The Coignet Agglomerate Company, for which it was erected, was the first United States firm to manufacture Coignet stone. Despite the popularity of Coignet stone at the time construction,

1680-608: The Pippen Building ) is a historical structure in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City , at the intersection of Third Street and Third Avenue . Designed by architects William Field and Son and constructed between 1872 and 1873, it is the city's oldest remaining concrete building. It is the last remaining structure of a five-acre concrete factory complex built for the Coignet Agglomerate Company along

1764-468: The tensile strength of concrete was improved by the reinforcing. Before the 1870s, the use of concrete construction, though dating back to the Roman Empire , and having been reintroduced in the early 19th century, was not yet a proven scientific technology. Ernest L. Ransome , an English-born engineer, was an early innovator of reinforced concrete techniques at the end of the 19th century. Using

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1848-507: The 1874 rendering, there were supposed to be decorative panels between the Third Avenue entrance and either of the outer bays, although it is unknown if that was built. On the western elevation, there are four bays. The northernmost bay (closest to Third Street) contains arched window openings identical to those of the outer bays on Third Avenue and Third Street. The other three bays have simple wall surfaces, as well as arched windows on

1932-719: The 1890s, Wayss and his firm greatly contributed to the advancement of Monier's system of reinforcing, established it as a well-developed scientific technology. One of the first skyscrapers made with reinforced concrete was the 16-story Ingalls Building in Cincinnati, constructed in 1904. The first reinforced concrete building in Southern California was the Laughlin Annex in downtown Los Angeles , constructed in 1905. In 1906, 16 building permits were reportedly issued for reinforced concrete buildings in

2016-697: The City of Los Angeles, including the Temple Auditorium and 8-story Hayward Hotel. In 1906, a partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach killed 10 workers during construction when shoring was removed prematurely. That event spurred a scrutiny of concrete erection practices and building inspections. The structure was constructed of reinforced concrete frames with hollow clay tile ribbed flooring and hollow clay tile infill walls. That practice

2100-470: The Coignet Agglomerate Company completely shuttered in 1882. It was subsequently used by the Brooklyn Improvement Company for seventy-five years until that company, too, closed in 1957. The facade was renovated in the 1960s, but the rest of was left to deteriorate for the rest of the 20th century. After Whole Foods Market bought the surrounding factory complex in 2005, the building became a New York City designated landmark on June 27, 2006. In conjunction with

2184-461: The Coignet Agglomerate Company hosted an exhibit that October at an industrial fair sponsored by the city of Brooklyn. The present Coignet Building, then the sales office and showroom adjoining the factory, was nearly completed by June 1873. At that point, the Coignet Agglomerate Company was conducting large amounts of business for churches and houses in Brooklyn and elsewhere. At its peak,

2268-477: The Coignet Agglomerate Company was originally the only Coignet stone manufacturer in the United States, its products were in high demand. In 1871, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that the company was considering expanding because there was so much demand; at the time, the company was able to manufacture the facade of a house in one day. By then, Goodridge was the company's vice president while Gillmore

2352-595: The Coignet Agglomerate Company was the first American firm to create artificial Coignet stone, a construction method already popular in Europe. Its officers, which included General Quincy Adams Gillmore , R. O. Glover, and John C. Goodridge Jr., went to France to observe stone manufacturing processes. The original factory was at Smith and Hamilton Streets in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn , and produced artificial stones for facades, decoration, and building blocks. Because

2436-520: The Coignet Building but, by 1988, the city filed a lis pendens against the building's owner, who had died. It ended up abandoned by the 1990s. The Coignet Building was purchased in 1992 by Richard Kowalski, a Beach Haven, New Jersey , resident. According to city records, that year Levanic Inc. took possession of the building for $ 975,000. The grocery chain Whole Foods Market bought the surrounding structures for $ 4,945,200 in 2005, in

2520-607: The English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. In 1877, Thaddeus Hyatt , published a report entitled An Account of Some Experiments with Portland-Cement-Concrete Combined with Iron as a Building Material, with Reference to Economy of Metal in Construction and for Security against Fire in the Making of Roofs, Floors, and Walking Surfaces , in which he reported his experiments on the behaviour of reinforced concrete. His work played

2604-841: The Evergreens' receiving tomb in Queens . Its high patronage prompted Edwin Litchfield to improve the Gowanus Canal as an industrial waterway. Despite its large number of orders, in October 1873, the Coignet Agglomerate Company declared bankruptcy. The company then auctioned off its patents in April 1876. The next year, it reorganized as the New York Stone Contracting Company, of which Goodridge

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2688-559: The German real-estate company Union Investment Real Estate AG . The Hamburg site of the Instituto Cervantes is one of the renters. Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete , also called ferroconcrete , is a composite material in which concrete 's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement

2772-501: The Gowanus Canal to Third Avenue. It provided the Coignet Stoneworks with 1,600 feet of wharf frontage. According to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle , in the year after the factory's completion (July 1872 to July 1873), the basin received forty deliveries of sand, 2,500 short tons (2,200 long tons; 2,300 t) in "sundry materials", and 8,800 barrels of Portland cement , and the basin shipped 765 stone pieces. Formed in 1869,

2856-534: The Whole Foods store, which was to replace much of the Coignet complex, occurred early that year. While the store and restoration were supposed to be completed in 2008, foundational work for the store had just begun that February. Work on the store stalled in 2008 and was ultimately abandoned in 2009. Complicating the project's development was the presence of toxins in the ground, which had to be cleaned before

2940-695: The actual available length is inadequate for full development, special anchorages must be provided, such as cogs or hooks or mechanical end plates. The same concept applies to lap splice length mentioned in the codes where splices (overlapping) provided between two adjacent bars in order to maintain the required continuity of stress in the splice zone. In wet and cold climates, reinforced concrete for roads, bridges, parking structures and other structures that may be exposed to deicing salt may benefit from use of corrosion-resistant reinforcement such as uncoated, low carbon/chromium (micro composite), epoxy-coated, hot dip galvanized or stainless steel rebar. Good design and

3024-461: The actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, current international codes of specifications use the concept of development length rather than bond stress. The main requirement for safety against bond failure is to provide a sufficient extension of the length of the bar beyond the point where the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length must be at least equal to its development length. However, if

3108-491: The agency initially rejected. The Whole Foods store opened in December 2013. The month of the store's opening, the city government fined Whole Foods $ 3,000 for not having restored the Coignet Building on time. Residents and preservationists also alleged that construction of the store had caused portions of the base to crack. The fine was annulled because the city had not presented the necessary paperwork to court when issuing

3192-479: The behavior of the final structure under working loads. In the United States , the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning . For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the following properties at least: François Coignet used iron-reinforced concrete as a technique for constructing building structures. In 1853, Coignet built

3276-543: The chief reasons for the failure of reinforcement bars in concrete. The relative cross-sectional area of steel required for typical reinforced concrete is usually quite small and varies from 1% for most beams and slabs to 6% for some columns. Reinforcing bars are normally round in cross-section and vary in diameter. Reinforced concrete structures sometimes have provisions such as ventilated hollow cores to control their moisture & humidity. Distribution of concrete (in spite of reinforcement) strength characteristics along

3360-756: The city's building codes to allow wider use of reinforced concrete. In 1906, the National Association of Cement Users (NACU) published Standard No. 1 and, in 1910, the Standard Building Regulations for the Use of Reinforced Concrete . Many different types of structures and components of structures can be built using reinforced concrete elements including slabs , walls , beams , columns , foundations , frames and more. Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-in-place concrete . Designing and implementing

3444-845: The company was commissioned for several large projects, including the St. Patrick's Cathedral 's arches and the Western Union Telegraph Building 's floor slabs in Manhattan . The company also worked on the Cleft Ridge Span at nearby Prospect Park , and it was a supplier for buildings such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan and the Cemetery of

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3528-576: The company's projects around the time were for structural elements for buildings in Upstate New York . Despite the reorganization, New York Stone Contracting closed in 1882. After New York Stone Contracting went defunct, the Brooklyn Improvement Company moved into the building. According to The New York Times , the Brooklyn Improvement Company Building did not appear on city maps until 1882. During

3612-422: The compression zone of a concrete is inadequate to resist the compressive moment (positive moment), extra reinforcement has to be provided if the architect limits the dimensions of the section. An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face). When

3696-521: The concrete protects the steel rebar from corrosion . Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (concrete in compression, reinforcement in tension), so as to improve

3780-541: The concrete resists compression and reinforcement " rebar " resists tension can be made into almost any shape and size for the construction industry. Three physical characteristics give reinforced concrete its special properties: As a rule of thumb, only to give an idea on orders of magnitude, steel is protected at pH above ~11 but starts to corrode below ~10 depending on steel characteristics and local physico-chemical conditions when concrete becomes carbonated. Carbonation of concrete along with chloride ingress are amongst

3864-412: The concrete roof and floors in the two-story house he was constructing. His positioning of the reinforcement demonstrated that, unlike his predecessors, he had knowledge of tensile stresses. Between 1869 and 1870, Henry Eton would design, and Messrs W & T Phillips of London construct the wrought iron reinforced Homersfield Bridge bridge, with a 50' (15.25 meter) span, over the river Waveney, between

3948-416: The concrete, thus they can jointly resist external loads and deform. (2) The thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are so close ( 1.0 × 10 to 1.5 × 10 for concrete and 1.2 × 10 for steel) that the thermal stress-induced damage to the bond between the two components can be prevented. (3) Concrete can protect the embedded steel from corrosion and high-temperature induced softening. Because

4032-530: The concrete, which occurs when compressive stresses exceed its strength, by yielding or failure of the rebar when bending or shear stresses exceed the strength of the reinforcement, or by bond failure between the concrete and the rebar. Carbonation, or neutralisation, is a chemical reaction between carbon dioxide in the air and calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium silicate in the concrete. New York and Long Island Coignet Stone Company Building The Coignet Stone Company Building (also called

4116-465: The construction of the adjacent Whole Foods store, its exterior was restored between 2014 and 2016. The Coignet Stone Company Building is at 360–370 Third Avenue and 230 Third Street, at the southwestern corner of the two streets, in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City . The building's land lot has an area of about 1,718 square feet (159.6 m ) and dimensions of approximately 34.5 by 49.8 feet (10.5 by 15.2 m). The site

4200-403: The cross-section of vertical reinforced concrete elements is inhomogeneous. The reinforcement in a RC structure, such as a steel bar, has to undergo the same strain or deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent discontinuity, slip or separation of the two materials under load. Maintaining composite action requires transfer of load between the concrete and steel. The direct stress

4284-554: The early 20th century, a "bagging works", a rope company, a coal yard, and the Pippin Radiator Company successively took up part of New York Stone Contracting's former factory. The Coignet Building was effectively forgotten, according to the LPC. In their respective writings about the history of concrete, historians Carl Condit and Theodore H. M. Prudon mentioned the Coignet Agglomerate Company but not its building. Architectural writer Lewis Mumford , speaking of

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4368-403: The examples of a non-linear numerical simulation and calculation visit the references: Prestressing concrete is a technique that greatly increases the load-bearing strength of concrete beams. The reinforcing steel in the bottom part of the beam, which will be subjected to tensile forces when in service, is placed in tension before the concrete is poured around it. Once the concrete has hardened,

4452-532: The fine. By that month, the Department of Buildings had approved new construction permits for the Coignet Building's restoration. As indicated by photographs published in early 2014, the interior had become dilapidated. Work on the building's renovation commenced in March 2014. The same month, the city fined Whole Foods again for failing to maintain the building. During the renovation, the faux-stucco facade

4536-452: The first concrete buildings constructed in the United States was a private home designed by William Ward , completed in 1876. The home was particularly designed to be fireproof. G. A. Wayss was a German civil engineer and a pioneer of the iron and steel concrete construction. In 1879, Wayss bought the German rights to Monier's patents and, in 1884, his firm, Wayss & Freytag , made the first commercial use of reinforced concrete. Up until

4620-415: The first floor; only one has a second-floor arched window. On the southern elevation are two bays, both with arched windows, as well as a simple wall surface. The building was likely constructed with floor plates made of reinforced concrete . François Coignet had tested such a construction method to determine whether it would add to the aggregate's tensile strength. The first floor was originally used as

4704-511: The first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house at 72 rue Charles Michels in the suburbs of Paris. Coignet's descriptions of reinforcing concrete suggests that he did not do it for means of adding strength to the concrete but for keeping walls in monolithic construction from overturning. The, 1872–1873, Pippen building in Brooklyn stands as a testament to his technique. In 1854, English builder William B. Wilkinson reinforced

4788-401: The interior of the building remained unrestored. After the renovation the building was placed for sale by agent Cushman & Wakefield for $ 5 million; The listing drew no buyers. In August 2019, the Coignet Building was placed for sale again, this time for $ 6.5 million. In September 2023, the building received a coat of white limewash , covering up the recently-restored cast stone, and

4872-660: The knowledge of reinforced concrete developed during the previous 50 years, Ransome improved nearly all the styles and techniques of the earlier inventors of reinforced concrete. Ransome's key innovation was to twist the reinforcing steel bar, thereby improving its bond with the concrete. Gaining increasing fame from his concrete constructed buildings, Ransome was able to build two of the first reinforced concrete bridges in North America. One of his bridges still stands on Shelter Island in New Yorks East End, One of

4956-824: The light green color of its epoxy coating. Hot dip galvanized rebar may be bright or dull gray depending on length of exposure, and stainless rebar exhibits a typical white metallic sheen that is readily distinguishable from carbon steel reinforcing bar. Reference ASTM standard specifications A1035/A1035M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-carbon, Chromium, Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, A767 Standard Specification for Hot Dip Galvanized Reinforcing Bars, A775 Standard Specification for Epoxy Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars and A955 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Bars for Concrete Reinforcement. Another, cheaper way of protecting rebars

5040-424: The materials were sourced directly from the stoneworks. Upon the building's completion, Brooklyn Society Magazine described the structure as "an ornament to the city", while The Brooklyn Daily Eagle called it a "very attractive" edifice in contrast to the surrounding wooden structures. Brooklyn Review said that, from a distance, the building's appearance was "almost irresistible". The Coignet Building

5124-438: The microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in cracking and separation of the concrete. For this reason, typical non-reinforced concrete must be well supported to prevent the development of tension. If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel , is placed in concrete, then the composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and other direct tensile actions. A composite section where

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5208-496: The mid-20th century and placed the onetime Coignet Building for sale in 1957. When the Brooklyn Improvement Company moved out of the building, Pippin moved in. Locally, the structure became known informally as the Pippin Building. The exterior was renovated in the mid-1960s and refaced with imitation red brick. Coats of cement wash were applied to clean the decorative features. Several businesses subsequently occupied

5292-656: The most efficient floor system is key to creating optimal building structures. Small changes in the design of a floor system can have significant impact on material costs, construction schedule, ultimate strength, operating costs, occupancy levels and end use of a building. Without reinforcement, constructing modern structures with concrete material would not be possible. When reinforced concrete elements are used in construction, these reinforced concrete elements exhibit basic behavior when subjected to external loads . Reinforced concrete elements may be subject to tension , compression , bending , shear , and/or torsion . Concrete

5376-464: The northern and eastern elevations are flanked by quoins . On the first story, the outer windows are composed of round-arched windows topped by ornate keystones . On the second story, all three windows on both sides are flanked by fluted vertical pilasters . The center window on either side is square-headed, with a curved pediment containing a central keystone, while the outer windows are round-arched, with decorative lintels atop them. According to

5460-411: The offices of the Coignet Agglomerate Company's superintendent and employees. The second story had a janitor's apartment and private offices. Inside there were examples of the company's inventory including statuary, panels, columns, pediments, and quoins. The Fourth Street basin gave waterway access to the complex. The 100-foot-wide (30 m) wide basin, between Fourth and Fifth Streets extended from

5544-448: The passivation of steel at the anodic oxidation sites. Nitrite is a much more active corrosion inhibitor than nitrate , which is a less powerful oxidizer of the divalent iron. A beam bends under bending moment , resulting in a small curvature. At the outer face (tensile face) of the curvature the concrete experiences tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experiences compressive stress. A singly reinforced beam

5628-433: The reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design. An over-reinforced beam

5712-468: The revived plans, Whole Foods agreed to renovate the Coignet Building. The LPC granted a petition from Whole Foods to reduce the landmark Coignet structure's land lot from 6,250 to 1,925 square feet (580.6 to 178.8 m ), despite opposition from preservationists, who objected that the store would be as close as 5 feet (1.5 m) from the landmark's facade. At the time, the facade was largely clad with false brick, while plywood boards had been placed over

5796-581: The size and location of cracks can be limited and controlled by appropriate reinforcement, control joints, curing methodology and concrete mix design. Cracking can allow moisture to penetrate and corrode the reinforcement. This is a serviceability failure in limit state design . Cracking is normally the result of an inadequate quantity of rebar, or rebar spaced at too great a distance. The concrete cracks either under excess loading, or due to internal effects such as early thermal shrinkage while it cures. Ultimate failure leading to collapse can be caused by crushing

5880-531: The store was built. The 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City said the Coignet Building was "in need of immediate architectural CPR". Plans for Whole Foods' store were revived in mid-2011, with the store to wrap around the Coignet Building. That year, the building's owner and Whole Foods made an agreement that restricted the possible usage of the landmark to certain commercial uses, namely offices, an auto supply shop, or an art gallery. As part of

5964-410: The structure in 1952, said the Brooklyn Improvement Company office stood "in ironic solitude – or should we say hopeful anticipation". Joseph K. Lane, who documented the Brooklyn Improvement Company's history, was the sole 20th-century commentator to recognize the building's significance, but even he recorded an inaccurate date in his writing. The Brooklyn Improvement Company sold off its properties by

6048-474: The structure will receive warning of impending collapse. The characteristic strength is the strength of a material where less than 5% of the specimen shows lower strength. The design strength or nominal strength is the strength of a material, including a material-safety factor. The value of the safety factor generally ranges from 0.75 to 0.85 in Permissible stress design . The ultimate limit state

6132-454: The tension on the reinforcing steel is released, placing a built-in compressive force on the concrete. When loads are applied, the reinforcing steel takes on more stress and the compressive force in the concrete is reduced, but does not become a tensile force. Since the concrete is always under compression, it is less subject to cracking and failure. Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate strength, leading to mechanical failure, or due to

6216-403: The water mix before pouring concrete. Generally, 1–2 wt. % of [Ca(NO 2 ) 2 ] with respect to cement weight is needed to prevent corrosion of the rebars. The nitrite anion is a mild oxidizer that oxidizes the soluble and mobile ferrous ions (Fe ) present at the surface of the corroding steel and causes them to precipitate as an insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3 ). This causes

6300-541: The window openings. In January 2013, Kowalski put the building for sale, with Massey Knakal as agent. Max Kutner published his documentary about the building's history, At the Corner of 3rd and 3rd, shortly afterward. Whole Foods declined to buy the Coignet Building. During mid-2013, Whole Foods submitted plans to the New York City Department of Buildings to install new windows and doors, which

6384-459: Was commissioned by the shipping magnate Henry B. Sloman , who made his fortune trading saltpeter from Chile , hence the name Chile House. The cost of construction is difficult to determine, as the Chile House was built during the period of hyperinflation that struck Germany during the early 1920s, but is estimated to have been more than 10 million reichsmark . Currently it is property of

6468-479: Was constructed from 1872 to 1873 and designed by William Field and Son for the New York and Long Island Coignet Stone Company. Contractors involved in the construction process included masons D. B. & A. Rutan; stone setter Riley Cocroft; and carpenter Henry Case. The Coignet Building measures 25 by 40 feet (7.6 by 12.2 m) with the longer frontage on Third Street. The building was designed not only as

6552-425: Was constructed in a caisson that can float within the building, so the equipment can't be damaged in the event of flooding. The sculptural elements in the staircases and on the facade were provided by the sculptor Richard Kuöhl . The building hosted 2 sets of paternoster lifts before being modernised in 1991. The Chilehaus building was designed by the architect Fritz Höger and built between 1922 and 1924. It

6636-479: Was designed as a two-story structure with a raised basement. A parapet atop the facade made the building appear as being almost three stories high. Both the eastern elevation on Third Avenue and the northern elevation on Third Street are decorated. The basement is made of a continuous concrete structure and is wider than the upper stories to reduce settlement into the ground. The first and second stories are made of concrete blocks. According to an 1874 rendering,

6720-404: Was granted a patent for reinforcing concrete flowerpots by means of mixing a wire mesh and a mortar shell. In 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of reinforcing concrete columns and girders, using iron rods placed in a grid pattern. Though Monier undoubtedly knew that reinforcing concrete would improve its inner cohesion, it is not clear whether he even knew how much

6804-508: Was president. It was under this company name that Goodridge submitted patents for a "Method of Repairing Structures with Beton or Concrete", as well as "Methods of Laying Out Concrete under Water". According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC), it is likely the company performed fewer commissions, but that it might have also kept making decorative stonework. Much of

6888-497: Was removed, and a contractor repaired and rebuilt damaged portions of the historic cast stone. By late 2015, the roof had been restored and the windows and doors were being replaced. The Coignet exterior renovation was completed in early 2016. The same year, the New York Landmarks Conservancy recognized the restoration with its Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for "excellence in restoration". However,

6972-422: Was strongly questioned by experts and recommendations for "pure" concrete construction were made, using reinforced concrete for the floors and walls as well as the frames. In April 1904, Julia Morgan , an American architect and engineer, who pioneered the aesthetic use of reinforced concrete, completed her first reinforced concrete structure, El Campanil, a 72-foot (22 m) bell tower at Mills College , which

7056-670: Was superintending engineer. In 1872, the Coignet Agglomerate Company acquired a five-acre site along Third Avenue between Third and Sixth Streets, facing the Fourth Street Basin of the then-new Gowanus Canal . On this site, the company erected a wooden factory, as well as a sales office at Third Avenue and Third Street. The Eagle reported in June 1872 that the nearly-complete factory covered 1 acre (0.40 ha), could employ 100 workers, and had enough resources to construct ten houses' facades each day. To advertise its business,

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