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84-638: Chinaman ( / ˈ tʃ aɪ n ə . m ə n / ) is an offensive term referring to a Chinese man or person , or widely a person native to geographical East Asia or of perceived East Asian ethnicity. The term is noted as having pejorative overtones by modern dictionaries. Its derogatory connotations evolved from its use in pejorative contexts regarding Chinese people and other East Asians, as well as its grammatical incorrectness which resembles stereotypical characterizations of Chinese accents in English-speaking associated with discrimination. The usage of

168-651: A criminal prosecution . In the French language , the existential concept of negritude ('blackness') was developed by the Senegalese politician Léopold Sédar Senghor . The word can still be used as a synonym of sweetheart in some traditional Louisiana French creole songs. The word nègre as a racial term fell out of favor around the same time as its English equivalent negro . Its usage in French today ( nègre littéraire ) has shifted completely, to refer to

252-468: A ghostwriter ( écrivain fantôme ), i.e. one who writes a book on behalf of its nominal author, usually a non-literary celebrity. However, French Ministry of Culture guidelines (as well as other official entities of Francophone regions ) recommend the usage of alternative terms. In Haitian Creole , the word nèg (derived from the French nègre referring to a dark-skinned man), can also be used for any man, regardless of skin color, roughly like

336-544: A "Chinaman". Addressing the governor, he writes, "Sir: I am a Chinaman, a republican, and a lover of free institutions." Chinaman was also often used in complimentary contexts, such as "after a very famous Chinaman in old Cassiar Rush days, (who was) known & loved by whites and natives". As the Chinese in the American West began to encounter discrimination and hostile criticism of their culture and mannerisms,

420-537: A "Chinaman". He issued an apology alongside the Mets organization. Children's book author and illustrator Dr. Seuss used the word "Chinaman" along with a racial caricature of a bright- yellow man with a queue and chopsticks in his 1937 book And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street . It was initially changed to "Chinese man" and his queue and bright skin color was removed, but the controversy ensued. In March 2021, Dr. Seuss's estate announced that Mulberry Street

504-469: A Boy", an 1870 essay written by Mark Twain , a sympathetic and often flattering account about the circumstances of Chinese people in 19th-century United States society, the term is used throughout the body of the essay to refer to Chinese people. Over a hundred years later, the term would again be used during the Civil Rights era in the context of racial injustice in literary works. The term was used in

588-521: A great extent that it prompted writers of the 1920s and 1930s (during Britain's Golden Age of Detective Fiction ) to eschew stereotypical characterizations, either by removing them from their stories entirely (as suggested by Ronald Knox in his "Ten Commandments" of Detective Fiction) or by recasting them in non-stereotypical roles. This "Rule of Rule Subversion" became an important part of Golden Age detective fiction, challenging readers to think more critically about characters using only information given in

672-711: A more political or ideological aspect in its use; while many in China may use Zhongguoren to mean the Chinese ethnicity, some in Taiwan would refuse to be called Zhongguoren . Negro Around 1442, the Portuguese first arrived in Southern Africa while trying to find a sea route to India. The term negro , literally meaning 'black', was used by the Spanish and Portuguese as a simple description to refer to

756-495: A person whose name is not known, and added that other ethnic groups were also identified by generic terms as well, such as Spaniard and Kanaka , which refers to a Hawaiian . In a notable 1853 letter to Governor of California John Bigler which challenges his proposed immigration policy toward the Chinese, restaurant owner Norman Asing, at the time a leader in San Francisco 's Chinese community, refers to himself as

840-483: A significant breakthrough." W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 by David Levering Lewis Negro superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. In 17th-century colonial America , the term Negro had been also, according to one historian, used to describe Native Americans . John Belton O'Neall 's The Negro Law of South Carolina (1848) stipulated that "the term negro

924-448: A term which has at times been used in doggerel verse with racist overtones. Artistic Producing Director Tisa Chang explained that " Ching Chong Chinaman takes its controversial title from the late 19th century pejorative jingle and uses irony and satire to reverse prejudicial attitudes towards Asians and other outsiders." In 2014, New York Mets pitching coach Dan Warthen referred to Daisuke Matsuzaka 's Japanese American interpreter as

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1008-777: Is a locality in South Australia , also off the Yorke Peninsula. The town of Timor in central Victoria has gone through several different names over its history, one of them being "Chinaman's Flat". There are two bays in Tasmania whose names contain the term, Chinaman Bay and Little Chinaman Bay. There are two Australian places (one in New South Wales and one in Victoria) named "Chinaman's Knob". On July 7, 1998, Canada 's province of Alberta changed

1092-709: Is an islet off the coast of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Archipelago named Sombrero Chino , which can be translated from Spanish as either "Chinaman Hat" or "Chinese Man Hat". Historically, there was a pub in Dublin known as "The Old Chinaman". Chinaman Bay is a bay on Tiritiri Matangi Island , a small island of the coast of Auckland . Chinaman's Bluff is a crag in Queenstown known for hiking. The basalt islet of Mokoliʻi in Hawaii

1176-656: Is an identification card issued to residents of the Republic of China who do not hold a National Identification Card. The relationship between ROC nationality and PRC nationality is disputed. Overseas Chinese refers to people of Chinese ethnicity or national heritage who live outside the People's Republic of China or Taiwan as the result of the continuing diaspora . People with one or more Chinese ancestors may consider themselves overseas Chinese. Such people vary widely in terms of cultural assimilation . In some areas throughout

1260-734: Is an island in the Murray River near Yarrawonga , Victoria named "Chinaman's Island", as well as an island named " Chinaman Island " in Western Port , Victoria. There is a lagoon in Miles , Queensland named "Chinaman's Lagoon". There is a campsite in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales known as "Chinaman's Gully". The name "Chinaman's Hill" is used by two hills in New South Wales, one in East Kurrajong , Sydney and

1344-595: Is commonly known as "Chinaman's Hat", although this term is discouraged by many. A proposal to request that the Hawaii Tourism Authority officially disfavour the name Mokoliʻi over Chinaman's Hat failed. There are two places in the continental United States named "Chinaman's Hat", located in Oregon and Texas . There is a ranch in Tecopa, California that was once named "China Man's Ranch". Presently,

1428-511: Is confined to slave Africans, (the ancient Berbers) and their descendants. It does not embrace the free inhabitants of Africa, such as the Egyptians, Moors, or the negro Asiatics, such as the Lascars." The American Negro Academy was founded in 1897, to support liberal arts education. Marcus Garvey used the word in the names of black nationalist and pan-Africanist organizations such as

1512-641: Is described as being offensive in most modern dictionaries and studies of usage. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage considers Chinaman to have a "derogatory edge", The Cambridge Guide to English Usage describes it as having "derogatory overtones", and Philip Herbst's reference work The Color of Words notes that it may be "taken as patronizing". This distinguishes it from similar ethnic names such as Englishman and Irishman , which are not used pejoratively. This also differs in vernacular as terms such as Englandman , Irelandman , and Chineseman (compounded) are not commonly used. In its original sense, Chinaman

1596-485: Is made), whereas the various recognized and unrecognized (by Taiwan) Taiwanese indigenous peoples are collectively recognized (by China) to be " Gaoshanren " (i.e. "High Mountain People"). The Gaoshanren are one of the 56 officially-recognized ethnic groups of China . The Nationality law of the People's Republic of China regulates nationality within the PRC. A person obtains nationality either by birth when at least one parent

1680-588: Is more common in recent decades. Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), recognizes 17 native Taiwanese ethnic groups as well as numerous other "New Immigrant" ethnic groups (mostly originating from mainland China and Southeast Asia). Of the 17 native Taiwanese ethnic groups, 16 are considered to be indigenous ( Taiwanese indigenous peoples ), whereas one is considered to be non-native ( Han Taiwanese ). There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in Taiwan. The Han Taiwanese, who are Han Chinese people living in Taiwan, are usually categorized by

1764-515: Is named after them. The term Negrito has entered scientific usage in the English language based on the original Spanish/Filipino usage to refer to similar populations in South and Southeast Asia. However, the appropriateness of using the word to bundle people of similar physical appearances has been questioned as genetic evidence show they do not have close shared ancestry. In Italian , negro

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1848-576: Is not usually intended as malicious. On April 9, 1998, television sitcom show Seinfeld aired an episode in which a character referred to opium as "the Chinaman's nightcap". The episode prompted many Asian American viewers, including author Maxine Hong Kingston , to send letters of protest. In her letter, Kingston wrote that the term is "equivalent to niggers for blacks and kikes for Jews ". Media watchdog Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) called on NBC , broadcasting network for

1932-418: Is now almost entirely absent from British English, with the word shifting from its former descriptive use to a more derogatory usage some time before 1965. However, chinaman (not capitalized) remained in use in an alternative sense to describe a left-arm unorthodox spin bowler in cricket , although the use of the term is declining due to the racial overtones associated with it. Most British dictionaries see

2016-506: Is of Chinese nationality or by naturalization . All people holding nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the Republic. The Resident Identity Card is the official form of identification for residents of the People's Republic of China. Within the People's Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport or Macao Special Administrative Region passport may be issued to permanent residents of Hong Kong or Macao, respectively. The Nationality law of

2100-459: Is provided. As in English, this Spanish word is often used figuratively and negatively, to mean 'irregular' or 'undesirable', as in mercado negro (' black market '). However, in most Spanish-speaking countries, negro and negra are commonly as a form of endearment, when used to refer to partners or close friends. In the Philippines , which historically had almost no contact with

2184-485: Is repeated by a young boy in John Steinbeck's 1945 novel Cannery Row in mockery of a Chinese man. In this version, "wall" is replaced with "rail", and the phrase "chopped his tail off" is changed to "chopped off his tail": Ching Chong, Chinaman, Sitting on a rail. Along came a white man, And chopped off his tail. Literary and musical works have used the term as well. In "Disgraceful Persecution of

2268-474: Is to use zwarte persoon/man/vrouw ('black person/man/woman') to denote race instead. In German , Neger was considered to be a neutral term for black people, but gradually fell out of fashion since the 1970s. Neger is now mostly thought to be derogatory or racist. In Denmark, usage of neger is up for debate. Linguists and others argue that the word has a historical racist legacy that makes it unsuitable for use today. Mainly older people use

2352-544: The Kielitoimiston sanakirja shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory". The name of a popular Finnish brand of chocolate-coated marshmallow treats was changed by the manufacturers from Neekerinsuukko (lit. 'negro's kiss', like the German version) to Brunbergin suukko ('Brunberg's kiss') in 2001. A study conducted among native Finns found that 90% of research subjects considered

2436-554: The Atlantic slave trade , the Spanish-derived term negro (feminine negra ) is still commonly used to refer to black people, as well as to people with dark-colored skin (both native and foreign). As in Spanish usage, it has no negative connotations when referring to black people. However, it can be mildly pejorative when referring to the skin color of other native Filipinos due to traditional beauty standards. The use of

2520-583: The Bantu peoples that they encountered. Negro denotes 'black' in Spanish and Portuguese, derived from the Latin word niger , meaning 'black', which itself is probably from a Proto-Indo-European root * nekw- , "to be dark", akin to * nokw- , 'night'. Negro was also used for the peoples of West Africa in old maps labelled Negroland , an area stretching along the Niger River . From

2604-812: The Brisbane suburb of Albany Creek being formerly known as "Chinaman's Creek", the local state school (Albany Creek State School, renamed in 1887) went through two different names: Chinaman's Creek State School (from 25 January 1875) and Chinaman's Creek Provisional School (from 1883), plus a local road (Albany Creek Road) was formerly named "Chinaman's Creek Road". There are also three beaches named "Chinaman's Beach", one in Evans Head , New South Wales, another in Mosman , New South Wales (a suburb of Sydney ) and another in Jervis Bay , Jervis Bay Territory . There

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2688-602: The Council of Europe noted in its 2016 report, "the wording of the Reale Act does not include language as ground of discrimination, nor is [skin] color included as a ground of discrimination." However, the Supreme Court , in affirming a lower-court decision, declared that the use of the term negro by itself, if it has a clearly offensive intention, may be punishable by law, and is considered an aggravating factor in

2772-659: The Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club . Clampett, working the Internet broadcast of Amen Corner , made the comment after Liang missed the cut. According to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch , Clampett was taken off the broadcast after the comment. In 2010, the Pan Asian Repertory Theatre released a statement explaining their decision to produce a play by Lauren Yee titled Ching Chong Chinaman ,

2856-572: The Nation of Islam . Which in th e 1980s became more broadly accepted due to Jesse Jackson Since the late 1960s, various other terms have been more widespread in popular usage. These include Black , Black African , Afro-American (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and African American . The word Negro fell out of favor by the early 1970s and major media including Associated Press and The New York Times stopped using it that decade. However, many older African Americans initially found

2940-573: The Newark riots in the summer of 1967, one third to one half of young Black males polled in Newark self-identified as Black . The term coexisted for a while with Negro , with the newer term initially referring only to progressive or radical Blacks, while Negro was used more for the Black establishment. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro , but also started using the term Afro-American after leaving

3024-966: The Taiwanese government into three main ethnic groups; the Taiwanese Hoklos , Taiwanese Hakkas , and waishengren (i.e. " Mainland Chinese people in Taiwan"). The Kinmenese and Matsunese peoples are two other significant Han Taiwanese ethnic groups. The Taiwanese Hoklos and Hakkas are both considered to be "native" populations of Taiwan since they first began migrating to Taiwan in significant numbers from Fujian and Guangdong over 400 years ago (they first began migrating to Taiwan in minor numbers several centuries earlier). They are often collectively referred to in Taiwanese Mandarin as "Benshengren" (meaning "people from this province "). Those self-identifying as Hoklo culturally comprise approximately 70% of Taiwan's total population and

3108-921: The Universal Negro Improvement Association (founded 1914), the Negro World (1918), the Negro Factories Corporation (1919), and the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World (1920). W. E. B. Du Bois and Dr. Carter G. Woodson used it in the titles of their non-fiction books, The Negro (1915) and The Mis-Education of the Negro (1933) respectively. Du Bois also used in

3192-693: The Zhuang , Hui , Manchus , Uyghurs , and Miao , who make up the five largest ethnic minorities in mainland China, with populations of approximately 10 million or more. In addition, the Yi , Tujia , Tibetans and Mongols each have populations between five and ten million. China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), recognizes 56 native Chinese ethnic groups. There are also several unrecognized ethnic groups in China . The term "Chinese people" (Chinese: 中國之人 ; lit. 'People of China' Zhōngguó zhī rén ; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma )

3276-427: The " Mancino Act") and Act No. 85 of 24 February 2006, criminalizes incitement to and racial discrimination itself, incitement to and racial violence itself, the promotion of ideas based on racial superiority or ethnic or racist hatred and the setting up or running of, participation in or support to any organisation, association, movement or group whose purpose is the instigation of racial discrimination or violence. As

3360-482: The 1870s, was called "Johnny Chinaman" by his British comrades. Civil rights pioneer Takuji Yamashita took a case to the United States Supreme Court in 1922 on the issue of the possibility of allowing Japanese immigrants to own land in the state of Washington . Washington's attorney general, in his argument, stated that Japanese people could not fit into American society because assimilation

3444-455: The 18th century to the late 1960s, negro (later capitalized) was considered to be the proper English-language term for people of black African origin. According to Oxford Dictionaries, use of the word "now seems out of date or even offensive in both British and US English". A specifically female form of the word, negress (sometimes capitalized), was occasionally used. However, like Jewess , it has completely fallen out of use. Negroid

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3528-505: The 1950s and 1960s in the African-American upper class . African-American linguist John McWhorter has bemoaned attacks on the use of Negro in "utterances or written reproductions of the word when referring to older texts and titles". He cites reports that performances or publishing of certain works ( William L. Dawson 's Negro Folk Symphony , and an anthology of Norman Mailer 's works) have been avoided, "out of wariness of

3612-457: The 1970s it had been replaced with nero and di colore . Nero was considered a better translation of the English word black , while di colore is a loan translation of the English word colored . The noun is considered offensive today, but some attestations of the previous use can still be found. In Italian law , Act No. 654 of 13 October 1975 (known as the " Reale Act"), as amended by Act No. 205 of 25 June 1993 (known as

3696-595: The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (founded 1915) became the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History in 1973, and is now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History ; its publication The Journal of Negro History became The Journal of African American History in 2001. Margo Jefferson titled her 2015 book Negroland: A Memoir to evoke growing up in

3780-561: The Hakkas comprise approximately 14% of Taiwan's total population. Meanwhile, the so-called Mainlanders (Taiwanese) are mostly descended from people who migrated from mainland China to Taiwan during the 1940s and 1950s. They are often referred to in Taiwanese Mandarin as "Waishengren" (meaning "people from outside of this province"). The Mainlanders (Taiwanese) comprise approximately 14% of Taiwan's total population. Collectively,

3864-666: The Han Chinese ethnic group) are all unrecognized by the Chinese government . Furthermore, the sixteen Taiwanese indigenous peoples that are officially recognized by the Taiwanese government are also all unrecognized by the Chinese government. The Chinese government also doesn't recognize the ethnic designation "New Immigrant". The Chinese government instead has its own ethnic designations for Taiwanese people. Han Taiwanese people are considered to be Han Chinese people (no distinction

3948-413: The People's Republic of China. It includes established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of premodern China. The term zhonghua minzu was used during the Republic of China from 1911 to 1949 to refer to five primary ethnic groups in China. The term zhongguo renmin ( Chinese : 中国人民 ), "Chinese people", was the government's preferred term during the early communist era; zhonghua minzu

4032-503: The Republic of China regulates nationality within the Republic of China (Taiwan). A person obtains nationality either by birth or by naturalization. A person with at least one parent who is a national of the Republic of China, or born in the ROC to stateless parents qualifies for nationality by birth. The National Identification Card is an identity document issued to people who have household registration in Taiwan. The Resident Certificate

4116-399: The Republic of China (ROC), may also be referred to as "Chinese" in various contexts, though they are usually referred to as " Taiwanese ". The territory of Taiwan is disputed and the ROC has limited recognition of its sovereignty . The term " Overseas Chinese " is used to refer to people of Chinese origin living overseas as well as Chinese citizens residing outside China, but more commonly

4200-527: The Republic. In Spanish , negro (feminine negra ) is most commonly used for the color black, but it can also be used to describe people with dark-colored skin. In Spain, Mexico, and almost all of Latin America, negro (lower-cased, as ethnonyms are generally not capitalized in Romance languages ) means just 'black colour' and does not refer by itself to any ethnic or race unless further context

4284-440: The former. A number of ethnic groups as well as other racial minorities of China are referred to as Chinese people. Han Chinese people, the largest ethnic group in China, are often wrongly referred to as "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English. The Han Chinese also form a majority or notable minority in other countries, and they comprise approximately 18% of the global human population. Other ethnic groups in China include

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4368-595: The grouping "Black, African-American, or Negro". Negro was used in an effort to include older African Americans who more closely associate with the term. In 2013, the census removed the term from its forms and questionnaires. The term has also been censored by some newspaper archives. The constitution of Liberia limits Liberian nationality to Negro people (see also Liberian nationality law ). People of other racial origins , even if they have lived for many years in Liberia , are thus precluded from becoming citizens of

4452-521: The name of a peak in the Rocky Mountains from "Chinaman's Peak" to " Ha Ling Peak " due to pressure from the province's large Chinese community. The new name was chosen in honour of the railway labourer who scaled the peak's 2,408-metre (7,900 ft)-high summit in 1896 to win a $ 50 bet to commemorate all his fellow Chinese railway labourers. Ha Ling himself had named it "Chinaman's Peak" on behalf of all his fellow Chinese railway workers. There

4536-589: The only testimony against them was from other Chinese. Legal documents such as the Geary Act of 1892, which barred the entry of Chinese people to the United States , referred to Chinese people both as "Chinese persons" or "Chinamen". The term has also been used to refer to Japanese men, despite the fact that they are not Chinese. The Japanese admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , during his training in England in

4620-702: The other located in the Great Dividing Range , west of Byron Bay . The former is named after the Chinese Australians who settled the area in the 20th century. Chinaman's Hat is a structure in Port Phillip Bay , Victoria. This is also the name of a rock formation on Mount Wilson in New South Wales. Chinamans Hat Island is an island off the south coast of the Yorke Peninsula of South Australia. Chinaman Wells

4704-466: The person and context. The former term is commonly (but not exclusively) used to refer to the citizens of the People's Republic of China — especially mainland China. The term Huaren is used to refer to ethnic Chinese, and is more often used for those who reside overseas or are non-citizens of China. The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in China, comprising approximately 92% of its Mainland population . They comprise approximately 95% of

4788-604: The population of Taiwan, 92% in Hong Kong, and 89% in Macau . They are also the world's largest ethnic group , comprising approximately 18% of the global human population . Outside China, the terms "Han Chinese" and "Chinese" are often wrongly conflated since those identifying or registered as Han Chinese are the dominant ethnic group in China. There are 55 officially-recognized ethnic minorities in China who are also Chinese by nationality. People from Taiwan, officially

4872-799: The ranch operates as a date farm , which was opened to the public as "China Ranch" in 1996. There is a lake in northern Minnesota named "Chinaman's Lake". There is a campsite in Helena, Montana named "Chinamen's Gulch". Chinese people The Chinese people , or simply Chinese , are people or ethnic groups identified with China , usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren ( simplified Chinese : 中国人 ; traditional Chinese : 中國人 ) or as Huaren ( simplified Chinese : 华人 ; traditional Chinese : 華人 ) by speakers of standard Chinese , including those living in Greater China as well as overseas Chinese. Although both terms both refer to Chinese people, their usage depends on

4956-414: The show, to issue a public apology. NBC did not issue an apology, but it removed the offending term from the episode in the episode's rerun in May 1998. NBC's executive vice president for broadcast standards and content policy sent MANAA a letter stating that the network never intended to offend. MANAA was pleased with the studio's response despite the lack of an apology, and Kingston, while disappointed there

5040-463: The story. In musical works, the term appears in Mort Shuman 's 1967 translation of the Jacques Brel song "Jacky": "Locked up inside my opium den / Surrounded by some Chinamen." (The phrase used in Brel's original French lyric was vieux Chinois , meaning "old Chinese".) The term was also used in the hit 1974 song Kung Fu Fighting , by Carl Douglas ; the song's first verse begins "They were funky Chinamen from funky Chinatown ." The term Chinaman

5124-506: The term Chinaman as old-fashioned, and this view is backed up by data from the British National Corpus . According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage , in American English Chinaman is most often used in a "knowing" way, either satirically or to evoke the word's historical connotations. It acknowledges, however, that there is still some usage that is completely innocent. In addition, Herbst notes in The Color of Words that despite Chinaman 's negative connotations, its use

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5208-1027: The term Chinaman is strongly discouraged by Asian American organizations. Historically, words such as Chinaman , chink and yellow have been used in Australia to refer to Chinese Australians during the Australian gold rushes and when the White Australia policy was in force. The term Chinaman has been historically used in a variety of ways, including legal documents, literary works, geographic names, and in speech. Census records in 19th-century North America recorded Chinese men by names such as " John Chinaman ", "Jake Chinaman" or simply as "Chinaman". Chinese American historian Emma Woo Louie commented that such names in census schedules were used when census takers could not obtain any information and that they "should not be considered to be racist in intent". One census taker in El Dorado County wrote, "I found about 80 Chinese men in Spanish Canion who refused to give me their names or other information." Louie equated "John Chinaman" to "John Doe" in its usage to refer to

5292-433: The term black more offensive than Negro. The term Negro is still used in some historical contexts, such as the songs known as Negro spirituals , the Negro leagues of baseball in the early and mid-20th century, and organizations such as the United Negro College Fund . The academic journal published by Howard University since 1932 still bears the title Journal of Negro Education , but others have changed: e.g.

5376-517: The term for the color black is restricted to Spanish phrases or nouns. Negrito (feminine negrita ) is also a term used in the Philippines to refer to the various darker-skinned native ethnic groups that partially descended from early Australo-Melanesian migrations. These groups include the Aeta , Ati , Mamanwa , and the Batak , among others. Despite physical appearances, they all speak Austronesian languages and are genetically related to other Austronesian Filipinos. The island of Negros

5460-439: The term in a public speech before the Bay Area Council of San Francisco, California . Community leaders and officials objected to his use of the term, and immediately called for an apology. In a statement released by his spokesman on March 13, 2007, Turner apologized for having used the term, stating that he was unaware that the term was derogatory. Vincent Pan, director of the organization Chinese for Affirmative Action , said it

5544-463: The term would begin to take on negative connotations. The slogan of the Workingman's Party was "The Chinese Must Go!", coined in the 1870s before Chinaman acquired a derogatory association. The term Chinaman's chance evolved as the Chinese began to take on dangerous jobs building the railroads or ventured to exploit mine claims abandoned by others, and later found themselves victims of injustice as accused murderers (of Chinese) would be acquitted if

5628-487: The terms neekeri and ryssä among the most derogatory epithets for ethnic minorities. In Turkish , zenci is the closest equivalent to negro . The appellation was derived from the Arabic zanj for Bantu peoples . It is usually used without any negative connotation. In Russia, the term негр ( negr ) was commonly used in the Soviet period without any negative connotation, and its use continues in this neutral sense. In modern Russian media, negr

5712-445: The terms guy or dude in American English . In the Romanian language , negru can refer to either the color or a black person (as a neutral term). The Dutch word neger was considered to be a neutral term, but since the start of the 21st century it is increasingly considered to be hurtful, condescending and/or discriminatory. The consensus among language advice services of the Flemish Government and Dutch Language Union

5796-443: The title of Chinese American writer Frank Chin 's first play, The Chickencoop Chinaman , written in 1972, and also in the translated English title of Bo Yang 's work of political and cultural criticism The Ugly Chinaman and the Crisis of Chinese Culture . During the 1890s detective fiction often portrayed Chinese characters as stereotypically conniving, tending to use the term "Chinaman" to refer to them. This occurred to such

5880-400: The titles of his books The Study of the Negro Problems (1898) and The Philadelphia Negro (1899). Negro was accepted as normal, both as exonym and endonym , until the late 1960s, after the later Civil Rights Movement . One example is Martin Luther King Jr. self-identification as Negro in his famous " I Have a Dream " speech of 1963. However, during the late 1950s and early 1960s,

5964-483: The various Taiwanese indigenous peoples comprise approximately 2% of Taiwan's total population. The various Taiwanese indigenous peoples are believed to have been living in Taiwan for up to 6000 years prior to the colonization of Taiwan by China which began during the 17th century ( CE ). The Han Taiwanese, Native Taiwanese (Benshengren), Hoklo Taiwanese, Hakka Taiwanese, Mainlander Taiwanese (Waishengren), Kinmenese, and Matsunese ethnic groups (all subtypes or branches of

6048-478: The word neger is largely considered to be a neutral term for black people with African roots. The word nikker (evil water spirit) is considered to be offensive and derogatory, but not necessarily racist due to the term's historic definition. In the Finnish language the word neekeri (cognate with negro ) was long considered a neutral equivalent for negro . In 2002, neekeri 's usage notes in

6132-415: The word neger with the notion that it is a neutral word paralleling negro . Relatively few young people use it, other than for provocative purposes in recognition that the word's acceptability has declined. In Swedish and Norwegian , neger used to be considered a neutral equivalent to negro . However, the term gradually fell out of favor between the late 1960s and 1990s. In West Frisian ,

6216-476: The word Negro began to be criticized as having been imposed by white people, and having connotations of racial subservience and Uncle Tomism . The term Black , in contrast, denoted pride, power, and a rejection of the past. It took root first in more militant groups such as the Black Muslims and Black Panthers , and by 1967, SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael pushed for the abandonment of Negro . After

6300-480: The word Negro ], Du Bois and Washington were in total agreement; each of them consistently urged the adoption of upper-case treatment by mainstream publications. Du Bois's Suppression and Philadelphia Negro monographs had been among the first to have the noun placed in capitals, and Washington's success in getting Doubleday, Page and Company to capitalize the word in Up From Slavery represented

6384-425: The word 'Negro'” used in titles; and of "two cases" between 2020-2021 "of white college professors having complaints filed against them by students for using the word 'Negro' in class when quoting older texts." The United States Census Bureau included Negro on the 2010 Census , alongside Black and African-American , because some older black Americans still self-identify with the term. The U.S. Census used

6468-409: The world ethnic enclaves known as Chinatowns are home to populations of overseas Chinese. In Southeast Asia, people of Chinese descent call themselves 華人 ( Huárén ) instead of ( 中國人 Zhōngguórén ) which commonly refers to the citizens of the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China. This is especially so in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia. The term Zhongguoren has

6552-447: Was "a bit suspect" for someone involved in domestic and world politics like Turner to be unaware that the term is derogatory. Yvonne Lee, a former commissioner of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission , said the apology was the first step, but wanted Turner to agree to further "dialogue between different communities". On April 11, 2008, golf announcer Bobby Clampett apologized for referring to golfer Liang Wen-Chong as "the Chinaman" during

6636-673: Was no apology, was pleased that the term was removed from the episode. In 2001, the Chicago Sun-Times was chastised by William Yashino, Midwest director of the Japanese American Citizens League , for using the term Chinaman in two of its columns. Yashino wrote, in a letter to the editor on May 16, 2001, that the term is derogatory and demeaning to Chinese Americans and Asian Americans, and that it marginalizes these communities and inflames public sentiment. In March 2007, media mogul Ted Turner used

6720-578: Was not possible for "the Negro , the Indian and the Chinaman". Mary Paik Lee , a Korean immigrant who arrived with her family in San Francisco in 1906, writes in her 1990 autobiography Quiet Odyssey that on her first day of school, girls circled and hit her, chanting: Ching Chong , Chinaman, Sitting on a wall. Along came a white man, And chopped his tail off. A variation of this rhyme

6804-567: Was one of six Dr. Seuss books that would no longer be published due to insensitive portrayals . Multiple examples of other cartoons widely considered to contain anti-Asian racism by Dr. Seuss can be found in his banned books and political cartoons. There are many places in Australia named "Chinaman's Creek". These are located in New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Victoria , and Western Australia . For example, due to

6888-528: Was the archaic form of the adjective nero ; as such, the previous form can still be found in literary texts or in surnames (cfr. the English-language surname Black ), while the latter form is the only one currently used today. However, the word could also be used as a noun and at a certain point it was commonly used as term equivalent to English negro , but without its offensive connotation. However, under influence from English-speaking cultures, by

6972-460: Was used by the Qing government to refer to all traditionally native subjects of the empire, including Han, Manchu, and Mongols. Zhonghua minzu ( simplified Chinese : 中华民族 ; traditional Chinese : 中華民族 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínzú ), the "Chinese nation", is a supra-ethnic concept which includes all 56 ethnic groups living in China that are officially recognized by the government of

7056-411: Was used within physical anthropology to denote one of the three purported races of humankind, alongside Caucasoid and Mongoloid . The suffix " -oid " means "similar to". Negroid as a noun was used to designate a wider or more generalized category than Negro ; as an adjective, it qualified a noun as in, for example, "negroid features". "If on no other issue than this one [the capitalization of

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