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69-655: In the north and west of the protected area the Narayani -Rapti river system forms a natural boundary to human settlements. Adjacent to the east of Chitwan National Park is Parsa National Park , contiguous in the south is the Indian Tiger Reserve Valmiki National Park . The coherent protected area of 2,075 km (801 sq mi) represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU) Chitwan-Parsa-Valmiki , which covers

138-786: A 1998 report by the Zoological Survey of India , the sanctuary has 53 mammals, 145 birds, 26 reptile and 13 amphibians and a Tiger Reserve. The notable species of wild fauna include: tiger, leopard, wild dog, wild boar, bison, bear, peacock, partridge, hornbill, hill mynah , woolly-necked stork, python, crocodile, deer, sambar , blue bull, barking deer, hog deer. As per the Botanical Survey of India report of 1998 there are seven types of vegetation consisting of seven classes of forests; home to 84 species of trees (subtropical trees such as sal , sagwan, bamboo, and cane), 32 shrubs and climbers and 81 herbs and grasses. Between

207-506: A 3,549 km (1,370 sq mi) huge block of alluvial grasslands and subtropical moist deciduous forests. Since the end of the 19th century Chitwan – Heart of the Jungle – used to be a favorite hunting ground for Nepal's ruling class during the cool winter seasons. Until the 1950s, the journey from Kathmandu to Nepal's south was arduous as the area could only be reached by foot and took several weeks. Comfortable camps were set up for

276-658: A collection of some 10,000 human-made caves dug into the sides of valleys in the Mustang District of Nepal . The caves lie on the steep valley walls near the Kali Gandaki River in Upper Mustang . Several groups of archaeologists and researchers have explored these stacked caves and found partially mummified human bodies and skeletons that are at least 2,000-3,000 years old. Explorations of these caves by conservators and archaeologists have also led to

345-513: A few days in February on their way north. As soon as the winter visitors have left in spring, the summer visitors arrive from southern latitudes. The calls of cuckoos herald the start of spring. The colourful pitta and several sunbird species are common breeding visitors during monsoon. Among the many flycatcher species the Indian paradise flycatcher with his long undulating tail in flight

414-425: A long-term study carried out from 1995 to 2002 tiger researchers identified a relative abundance of 82 breeding tigers and a density of 6 females per 100 km (39 sq mi). Information obtained from camera traps in 2010 and 2011 indicated that tiger density ranged between 4.44 and 6.35 individuals per 100 km (39 sq mi). They offset their temporal activity patterns to be much less active during

483-637: A power station in Nepal and eastern canal system. As a part of this bilateral agreement, the Gandak Barrage, a part of Gandak Project, was built in 1968–69 over the Gandak river for providing irrigation to Nepal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The irrigation potential of this project is 11,510 km (4,440 sq mi), spread in the district of West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj. The Eastern Gandak Canal Project

552-606: A single block of polished sandstone, measuring 35 feet (11 m) in height with a diameter of 35" at the base and 22" at the top, which is believed to be over 2,300 years old, is in an excellent condition. Its massiveness and exquisite finish furnish striking proof of the skill and resources of the masons of Ashokan age. Two more such pillars with their capitals removed have been discovered in Rampurwa village, close to Gandhi's Bhitiharawa Ashram in Gaunaha block. One of their capitals,

621-430: A situation of landlessness and poverty. When the national park was designated, Nepalese soldiers destroyed the villages located inside the boundary of the park, burning down houses and trampling fields using elephants. The Tharu people were forced to leave at gunpoint. In 1977, the park was enlarged to its present area of 952.63 km (367.81 sq mi). In 1997, a bufferzone of 766.1 km (295.8 sq mi)

690-459: A wide variety of species. Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover about 20% of the park's area. More than 50 species are found here including some of the world's tallest grasses like the elephant grass called Saccharum ravennae , giant cane ( Arundo donax ) , khagra reed ( Phragmites karka ) and several species of true grasses . Kans grass ( Saccharum spontaneum ) is one of the first grasses to colonise new sandbanks and to be washed away by

759-558: Is a small town with scattered habitation, mostly within the forest area and has a railroad station in the district of West Champaran, close to the railhead of Bagaha . It has diverse landscapes, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition with the prime protected carnivores and was included in the National Conservation Programme of the Project Tiger in the year 1994. According to

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828-564: Is a spectacular sight. The park's unique rhino herd was featured on The Jeff Corwin Experience in season 2, episode 11. Gandaki River The Gandaki River , also known as the Narayani and Gandak , is one of the major rivers in Nepal and a left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India. Its total catchment area is 46,300 km (17,900 sq mi), most of it in Nepal. In

897-592: Is habitat for 113 recorded species of fish and mugger crocodiles . In the early 1950s, about 235 gharials occurred in the Narayani River. The population has dramatically declined to only 38 wild gharials in 2003. Every year gharial eggs are collected along the rivers to be hatched in the breeding center of the Gharial Conservation Project , where animals are reared to an age of 6–9 years. Every year young gharials are reintroduced into

966-539: Is in a ruined state but its remains are well defined. The Bhitiharawa Ashram of Mahatma Gandhi near Gaunaha in the eastern end of the Valmiki reserve. It is a village in Gaunaha block in Bihar from where Gandhiji started his freedom movement that came to be known as 'Champaran Satyagraha' in India history. The village houses the hut which is called Ashram and has become a place of Gandhian pilgrimage. Mustang caves are

1035-779: Is located along this stretch of the river. Turning south again and breaking through the Mahabharats, Kali Gandaki is then joined by a major tributary, the Trishuli , at Devghat , which is larger than the Kali Gandaki. Gandaki is then joined by the East Rapti River draining the Inner Terai valley known as Chitwan . The Gandaki then crosses the outermost foothills of the Himalayas— Sivalik Hills —into

1104-547: Is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forces the mountains higher, the river has cut through the uplift. South of the gorge, the river is joined by Rahughat Khola at Galeshwor, Myagdi Khola at Beni , Modi Khola near Kushma and Badigaad at Rudrabeni above Ridi Bazaar. The river then turns east to run along the northern edge of the Mahabharat Range . One of the largest hydroelectricity project in Nepal

1173-559: Is one of the few known breeding sites of the globally threatened spotted eagle . Peafowl and jungle fowl scratch their living on the forest floor. Apart from the resident birds about 160 migrating and vagrant species arrive in Chitwan in autumn from northern latitudes to spend the winter here, among them the greater spotted eagle , eastern imperial eagle and Pallas's fish-eagle . Common sightings include brahminy ducks and goosanders . Large flocks of bar-headed geese just rest for

1242-551: The Bardia National Park and the Shuklaphanta National Park since 1986. However, the population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching: in 2002 alone, poachers killed 37 individuals in order to saw off and sell their valuable horns. Chitwan has the largest population of Indian rhinoceros in Nepal, estimated at 605 of 645 individuals in total in the country as of 2015. Gaurs spend most of

1311-585: The Dhaulagiri and Annapurna mountain ranges, the Gandaki River flows through the village of Muktinath and by the Ashram of Pulaha. In ancient times, the mountain range surrounding Pulaha was called Salagiris due to the vast forests of sal trees. The stones found in this region are therefore called Saligrama – Silas. It has great significance to Hindus, particularly to Brahmins. Smarthas uses this as

1380-548: The Fauna Preservation Society and the International Union for Conservation of Nature , he recommended extension of the sanctuary to the south. By the end of the 1960s, 70% of Chitwan's jungles had been cleared, malaria eradicated using DDT , thousands of people had settled there, and only 95 rhinos remained. The dramatic decline of the rhino population and the extent of poaching prompted

1449-682: The Gangetic plain of Bihar state through West Champaran , Gopalganj , East Champaran , Saran , Muzaffarpur and Vaishali districts. It joins the Ganga near Patna just downstream of Hajipur at Sonpur . Its drainage area in India is 7,620 km (2,940 sq mi). From its exit from the outermost Siwaliks foothills to the Ganga , the Gandak has built an immense megafan comprising Eastern Uttar Pradesh and North Western Bihar in

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1518-599: The Mustang region of Nepal. The headwaters stream on some maps is named the Chhuama Khola and then, nearing Lo Manthang , the Nhichung Khola or Choro Khola. The Kali Gandaki then flows southwest (with the name of Mustang Khola on old, outdated maps) through a sheer-sided, deep canyon before widening at the steel footbridge at Chele, where part of its flow funnels through a rock tunnel, and from this point

1587-536: The Oriental white-backed vulture and the slender-billed vulture . Chitwan has a humid subtropical monsoon influenced climate (Cwa) with high humidity all through the year. The area is located in the central climatic zone of the Himalayas , where monsoon starts in mid-June and eases off in late September. During these 14–15 weeks most of the 2,500 mm (98 in) annual precipitation falls. After mid-October,

1656-631: The Outer Himalayan Range , and includes several forest types traversing an east to west moisture gradient. The ecoregion covers an area of 38,200 km (14,700 sq mi) and is bisected by the Kali Gandaki River , which has gouged the world's deepest river valley through the Himalayan Range. It forms a critical link in the chain of interconnected Himalayan ecosystems, where altitudinal connectivity between

1725-500: The monsoons that sweep in from the Bay of Bengal , and most of this rainfall is expended in the eastern Himalayas. Therefore, the western Himalayas are drier, a trend reflected in the timberline that declines from 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the east to about 3,500 m (11,500 ft) in the west. The ecoregion hosts a broad range of plant communities, based on its complex topography, differing soils, and variations in rainfall from

1794-594: The Dig Tsho glacier outburst, which took place in 1985, has triggered detailed study of this phenomenon. In 1996, the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig Tsho, Imja , Lower Barun, Tsho Rolpa , and Thulagi, all lying above 4,100 metres (13,500 ft). A recent study done by ICIMOD and UNEP (UNEP, 2001) reported 27 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal. In ten of them GLOF events have occurred in

1863-476: The Gandak basin projects contribute more than 266 MW, about 44%. The hydropower projects built are the Trisuli at Nuwakot (21 MW), Devighat at Nuwakot (14 MW), Pokhra (1 MW) and Western Gandak HEP, at Nawalparasi (15 MW), Marsyangdi at Tanahu (69 MW), Kali Gandaki at Syanja (144 MW), and Syange (2 MW). Middle Marsyangdi HE Project (70 MW) at Lamjung is under final stage of construction. Several major projects are on

1932-455: The Ganges 10  km from Patna) and Sonepur (also Known as Harihar Kshetra), near Patna. Chitwan National Park of Nepal and Valmiki National Park of India are adjacent to each other in the vicinity of Valmikinagar around the Gandak Barrage. Chitwan National Park covers an area of 932 square kilometres (360 sq mi). Established in 1973, it is the oldest national park of Nepal. It

2001-557: The Middle Gangetic Plains . The Gandaki river basin is reported to contain 1025 glaciers and 338 lakes. These contribute substantially to the lean season flows of the river. Glacier lakes, among the most hazardous features of high mountains, are usually formed behind dams of moraine debris left behind by retreating glaciers, a trend that is observed all over the world. Even though glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events have been occurring in Nepal for many decades,

2070-653: The Narayani-Rapti river system, of which sadly only very few survive. Chitwan National Park is home to 68 mammal species . The "king of the jungle" is the Bengal tiger . The alluvial floodplain habitat of the Terai is one of the best tiger habitats anywhere in the world. Since the establishment of Chitwan National Park the initially small population of about 25 individuals increased to 70–110 in 1980. In some years this population has declined due to poaching and floods. In

2139-593: The Nepal Himalayas , the Gandaki is notable for its deep canyon . The basin also contains three mountains over 8,000 m (26,000 ft), namely Dhaulagiri , Manaslu and Annapurna Massif . Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin. In its upper reaches, the river is known as Kali Gandaki (or Gandaki) as it flows through the Mustang district and the famous Kali Gandaki Gorge in Nepal. When

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2208-471: The Terai plains of Nepal. From Devghat, the river flows southwest of Gaindakot town. The river later curves back towards the southeast as it enters India where it is called the Gandak. Below Gaindakot the river is known as the Narayani or Sapt Gandaki (Seven Gandakis), for seven tributaries rising in the Himalaya or further north along the main Ganges - Brahmaputra divide. These are the Kali Gandaki,

2277-519: The Thulagi Glacier and have concluded that even assuming the worst case, a disastrous outburst of the lake can be excluded in the near future. The important towns in the Indian part of the Gandak river are Valmikinagar (Bhainsalotan) - location of Gandak Barrage, Bagaha , Bettiah (district headquarters & field directorate of Valmiki Tiger Project), Harinagar (Ramnagar), Hajipur (across

2346-1019: The Trishuli River, and the five main tributaries of the Trishuli known as the Daraudi, Seti , Madi, Marsyandi and Budhi Gandaki . The entry point of the river at the Indo – Nepal border is also the confluence called Triveni with rivers Pachnad and Sonha descending from Nepal . Pandai river flows into Bihar from Nepal in the eastern end of the Valmiki Sanctuary and meets Masan . The Gandak enters India at first in Maharajganj District of Uttar Pradesh for around 25 km (16 mi); it also passes through Kushinagar District before entering Bihar . The Gandak flows southeast 300 km (190 mi) across

2415-771: The adjacent Parsa Wildlife Reserve . The animals move freely between these parks. Apart from numerous wild boars , there are also herds of chital , sambar , red muntjac and Indian hog deer that inhabits the park. Choushingas and Himalayan serows reside predominantly in the hills. Rhesus macaques , gray langurs , Indian pangolins , Indian crested porcupines , several species of flying squirrels , black-naped hares and endangered hispid hares are also present. Chitwan National Park received 18 wild water buffalo from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in 2016. The park has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International . Every year dedicated bird watchers and conservationists survey bird species occurring all over

2484-474: The adverse situation which could arise due to increased irrigation use in dry seasons which could restrict the river level for maintaining possible navigation. The Gandaki river is mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Its evolution is described in Shiva Purana, Kumarakhand, in the chapter of the killing of Shankhachuda. A part of episode 1 of the documentary series " The Living Planet "

2553-504: The anvil for implementation in the near future. With Government of Nepal now according priority to private-sector participation in a multi-pronged approach, the pace of hydropower development will get accelerated. A major Indian firm has entered into a share purchase and joint venture agreement with a Nepalese firm to acquire 80 per cent stake of Nepalese Company for development of the Upper Marsyangdi HEP (250MW). Achieving

2622-532: The area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. In 1957, the country's first conservation law inured to the protection of rhinos and their habitat . In 1959, Edward Pritchard Gee undertook a survey of the area, recommending creation of a protected area north of the Rapti River and of a wildlife sanctuary south of the river for a trial period of ten years. After his subsequent survey of Chitwan in 1963, this time for both

2691-609: The bull is now in the National Museum at New Delhi and the other, the lion, is at Calcutta Museum. At Nandan Garh there are also Baudh ( Buddha ) stupas made out of bricks and about 80 feet (24 m) high which according to the authoritative source are Ashoka Stupas, in which ashes of Lord Buddha's funeral pyre are enshrined. Someshwar Fort is situated in Narkatiaganj sub-division, near Nepal border, on top of Someshwar Hill at 2,884 ft (879 m) elevation. It

2760-529: The country. In 2006 they recorded 543 species in the Chitwan National Park, much more than in any other protected area in Nepal and about two-thirds of Nepal's globally threatened species . Additionally, 20 black-chinned yuhina , a pair of Gould's sunbird , a pair of blossom-headed parakeet and one slaty-breasted rail , an uncommon winter visitor, were sighted in spring 2008. Especially the park's alluvial grasslands are important habitats for

2829-418: The critically endangered Bengal florican , the vulnerable lesser adjutant , grey-crowned prinia , swamp francolin and several species of grass warblers . In 2005 more than 200 slender-billed babblers were sighted in three different grassland types. The near threatened Oriental darter is a resident breeder around the many lakes, where egrets , bitterns , storks and kingfishers also abound. The park

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2898-401: The day when human activity peaked. Indian leopards are most prevalent on the peripheries of the park. They co-exist with tigers, but being socially subordinate are not common in prime tiger habitat. In 1988, a clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) was captured and radio-collared outside the protected area. It was released into the park, but did not stay there. Chitwan is considered to have

2967-448: The discovery of valuable religious paintings, sculptures, manuscripts and numerous artifacts belonging to the 12th to 14th century. In Nepal, Sapta Gandaki alone has a huge hydropower potential of 20,650 MW (economic exploitable potential is 5,270 MW) out of a total estimated potential of 83,290 MW (economically exploitable potential is 42,140 MW). The country has so far been able to generate only around 600 MW of hydropower out of which

3036-834: The drier west to the more humid east. Its location on the south slope of the Himalaya allows the intermingling of plants and animals from the Indomalayan and Palearctic biogeographic realms . The most dominant trees in this ecoregion and every main forest types in ecoregion is Pinus roxburghii , Pinus hwangshanensis , Juniperus tibetica , and Taxus sumatrana . The main forest types include Dodonaea scrub, subtropical dry evergreen forests of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata , northern dry mixed deciduous forests, dry Siwalik sal ( Shorea robusta ) forests, moist mixed deciduous forests, subtropical broadleaf wet hill forests, northern tropical semi-evergreen forests, and northern tropical wet evergreen forests. Several mammals native to

3105-428: The east. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the river height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, this gorge is the world's deepest. The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I, 7 kilometres (4 mi) downstream from Tukuche ), is at an elevation of 2,520 metres (8,270 ft), which is 5,571 metres (18,278 ft) lower than Annapurna I. The river

3174-493: The economically exploitable potential need would no more be a mirage. Reportedly there are several other major projects being pursued by the Government of Nepal for private sector participation on IPP basis. The Gandak Project at Valmikinagar (Bhainsaloton) intercepts water of a catchment area of 37,410 km (23,250 mi), which is mostly in Nepal and partly in India. An agreement was signed on 4 December 1959 between

3243-495: The ecoregion are threatened , including the Bengal tiger , Indian elephant , smooth-coated otter , clouded leopard , gaur , Sumatran serow , Irrawaddy squirrel , and particoloured flying squirrel . The endemic golden langur is distributed in a small range and limited to the broadleaf forest north of the Brahmaputra River . The bird fauna is very rich with more than 340 species. The chestnut-breasted partridge

3312-532: The effects of all magnitudes of floods, which is neither practicable from economic considerations nor even necessary, keeping in view other realities that are faced in the Indian context. Thus, a multi-pronged strategy ranging from modifying the floods by means of structural measures to learning to live with the floods by means of other non-structural measures is the goal of flood management. Measures for protection against extreme floods of low frequency are seldom economically feasible. The term "flood management" refers to

3381-476: The feudal big game hunters and their entourage, where they stayed for a couple of months shooting hundreds of tigers , rhinoceroses , elephant , leopards and sloth bears . In 1950, Chitwan's forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land,

3450-683: The government to institute the Gaida Gasti – a rhino reconnaissance patrol of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos, the Chitwan National Park was gazetted in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973, initially encompassing an area of 544 km (210 sq mi). When the first protected areas were established in Chitwan, Tharu communities were forced to relocate from their traditional lands. They were denied any right to own land and thus forced into

3519-487: The governments of Nepal and of India on the Gandak Irrigation and Power Project. It encompassed the construction of a barrage, canal head regulators and other appurtenant works about 33 m (108 ft) below the existing Triveni Canal Head Regulator. The agreement was modified in 1964 for the protection of Nepal's riparian rights. Basically there is an agreed share of water for ‘western canal system including

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3588-603: The habitat types is important for ecosystem function. The soil is composed of alluvium deposited over the ages by the rivers that drain this young mountain range. At lower elevations, the ecoregion is flanked by the Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands . Above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), it yields to the Himalayan subtropical pine forests . Rainfall varies from east to west, but annual rainfall can be as much as 2,000 mm (79 in). The Himalayas capture moisture from

3657-466: The highest population density of sloth bears with an estimated 200 to 250 individuals. Smooth-coated otters inhabit the numerous creeks and rivulets. Bengal foxes , spotted linsangs and honey badgers roam the jungle for prey. Striped hyenas prevail on the southern slopes of the Churia Hills. During a camera trapping survey in 2011, dholes were recorded in the southern and western parts of

3726-513: The monsoon clouds retreat, humidity drops off, and the top daily temperature gradually subsides from around 36 °C (97 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F). Nights cool down to 5 °C (41 °F) until late December, when it usually rains softly for a few days. Then temperatures start rising gradually. The typical vegetation of the Inner Terai is Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests with predominantly sal trees covering about 70% of

3795-731: The national park area. The purest stands of sal occur on well drained lowland ground in the centre. Along the southern face of the Churia Hills sal is interspersed with chir pine ( Pinus roxburghii ) . On northern slopes sal associates with smaller flowering tree and shrub species such as beleric ( Terminalia bellirica ) , rosewood ( Dalbergia sissoo ) , axlewood ( Anogeissus latifolia ) , elephant apple ( Dillenia indica ) , grey downy balsam ( Garuga pinnata ) and creepers such as Bauhinia vahlii and Spatholobus parviflorus . Seasonal bushfires , flooding and erosion evoke an ever-changing mosaic of riverine forest and grasslands along

3864-485: The now wide river is called the Kali Gandaki on all maps. In Kagbeni a major tributary named Johng Khola, Kak Khola or Krishnaa descends from Muktinath . The river then flows southward through a steep gorge known as the Kali Gandaki Gorge , or Andha Galchi , between the mountains Dhaulagiri , elevation 8,167 metres (26,795 ft) to the west and Annapurna I , elevation 8,091 metres (26,545 ft) to

3933-498: The park there is canoeing, elephant rides, and guided jungle walks. Valmiki Sanctuary covers about 800 square kilometres (310 sq mi) of forest and was the 18th tiger reserve established in India. It is ranked fourth in terms density of tiger population. Valmikinagar is located nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Bettiah in the northernmost part of the West Champaran district , Bihar, bordering Nepal. Valmikinagar

4002-437: The park, as well as Indian jackals , fishing cats , jungle cats , leopard cats , crab-eating mongooses , yellow-throated martens , large , small Indian and Asian palm civets . Indian rhinoceros : since 1973 the population has recovered well and increased to 544 animals around the turn of the century. To ensure the survival of the endangered species in case of epidemics animals are translocated annually from Chitwan to

4071-702: The past few years and some have been regenerating after the event. The Thulagi glacier , which is located in the Upper Marsyangdi River basin, is one out of the two moraine-dammed lakes (supra-glacial lakes), identified as a potentially dangerous lake. The KfW , Frankfurt , the BGR (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany), in cooperation with the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in Kathmandu, have carried out studies on

4140-518: The provision of a reasonable degree of protection against floods by measures to mitigate the recurring havoc caused by floods. This is what is being done in flood plains of Gandak River in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh which are affected by floods. Nepal has carried out studies on the feasibility of having navigational use of the Gandaki river. Studies indicate that (a) it is feasible only in the lower reaches, (b) link it with India's number 1 highway from Allahabad to Haldia, and (c) cognizance has to be taken of

4209-479: The replica of lord Narayana. Srivaisnavas, and Madhvacharya sects who consider the place where one can find saligrama silas in the river bed of the Gandaki River, and the Mukthinath temple as one of the 108 Divyakshetrams. Archaeologically important places around Valmikinagar are Lauriya-Nandangarh and Someshwar Fort. In Lauria block, about 1 km east of Nandan Garh, a lion pillar of Ashoka, made out of

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4278-477: The river banks. On recently deposited alluvium and in lowland areas groups of catechu ( Acacia catechu ) with rosewood ( Dalbergia sissoo ) predominate, followed by groups of kapok ( Bombax ceiba ) with rhino apple trees ( Trewia nudiflora ) , the fruits of which rhinos savour so much. Understorey shrubs of velvety beautyberry ( Callicarpa macrophylla ) , hill glory bower ( Clerodendrum sp.) and gooseberry ( Phyllanthus emblica ) offer shelter and lair to

4347-715: The river reaches the Terai plains of Nepal, it is referred to as the Narayani River. This name change typically occurs near the confluence with the Trishuli River at Devghat in Chitwan . Upon entering India, the river is known as the Gandak River. The Kali Gandaki river source is at the border with Tibet at an elevation of 6,268 metres (20,564 ft) at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in

4416-413: The year in the less accessible Churia Hills in the south of the national park. But when the bush fires ease off in springtime and lush grasses start growing up again, they descend into the grassland and riverine forests to graze and browse. The Chitwan population of the world's largest wild cattle species has increased from 188 to 368 animals in the years 1997 to 2016. Furthermore, 112 animals were counted in

4485-424: The yearly monsoon floods. The wide range of vegetation types in the Chitwan National Park is haunt of more than 700 species of wildlife and a not yet fully surveyed number of butterfly , moth and insect species. Apart from king cobra and rock python , 17 other species of snakes , starred tortoise and monitor lizards occur. The Narayani-Rapti river system, their small tributaries and myriads of oxbow lakes

4554-450: Was added to the north and west of the Narayani-Rapti river system, and between the south-eastern boundary of the park and the international border to India. The park's headquarters is in Kasara. Close by the gharial and turtle conservation breeding centres have been established. In 2008, a vulture breeding centre was inaugurated aiming at holding up to 25 pairs of each of the two Gyps vultures species now critically endangered in Nepal -

4623-465: Was filmed in the Kali Gandaki Gorge . Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests The Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests is an ecoregion that extends from the middle hills of central Nepal through Darjeeling into Bhutan and also into the Indian States of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar . It represents the east–west-directed band of subtropical broadleaf forest at an altitude of between 500 and 1,000 m (1,600 and 3,300 ft) along

4692-413: Was granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. It is located in Chitwan, one of the Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal . The park is rich in flora and fauna, including Bengal Tigers and one of the last populations of single-horned Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ). The area used to be known as the Chitwan Valley. It was a place for big game hunting and until 1951 it was a hunting reserve. At

4761-427: Was taken up in 1960 and Main Canal system was completed in 1975 for flow irrigation in Nepal for the gross commanded area estimated to be 103,500 acres (419 km ). A Gandak Hydropower Station with an installed capacity of 15 MW has also been constructed and commissioned on the bypass to Eastern Gandak Canal. Flood management does not aim at total elimination or control of floods or providing total immunity from

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