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123-474: Christopher Julius Rock (born February 7, 1965) is an American comedian, actor, and filmmaker. He first gained prominence for his stand-up routines in the 1980s in which he tackled subjects including race relations , human sexuality , and observational comedy . His success branched off into productions in film , television, and on-stage, having received multiple accolades including three Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and

246-816: A l   a g e C h r o n o l o g i c a l   a g e ∗ 100 {\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100} Many physical health factors associated with developmental disabilities. For some specific syndromes and diagnoses, these are inherent, such as poor heart function in people with Down syndrome. People with severe communication difficulties find it difficult to articulate their health needs and, without adequate support and education, might not recognize ill health. Epilepsy , sensory problems (such as poor vision and hearing), obesity , and poor dental health are over-represented in this population. Life expectancy among people with developmental disabilities as

369-512: A 2013 episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee with Jerry Seinfeld , Rock and Seinfeld are pulled over by the police for speeding while Seinfeld was driving. In the episode Rock admits to Seinfeld that "If you weren't here, I'd be scared. Yeah, I'm famous – still black." In 2015, Rock was pulled over three times in the first three months of the year. Each time Rock posted a selfie of the incident, without further comment as to

492-545: A Golden Globe Award nomination. Rock was ranked No. 5 on Comedy Central 's list of the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time. He also ranked No. 5 on Rolling Stone ' s list of the 50 Best Stand-Up Comics of All Time. After years working as a stand-up comedian and appearing in minor film roles including Beverly Hills Cop II (1987), Rock gained prominence as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1990 to 1993. While at SNL , he appeared in

615-476: A differential diagnosis may be used to diagnose an underlying disease, which may include a physical examination and genetic tests . The degree of disability can be quantified by assigning a developmental age to a person, who may be classified by age group resulting from their test scores. This, in turn, can be used to calculate a developmental quotient (DQ) as follows: D Q = D e v e l o p m e n t

738-507: A "snake pit" and the publication the next year of Christmas in Purgatory, a photoessay featuring photos covertly taken of institutions, shone a light on the inhumane conditions in public institutions. Initial efforts focused around reforming the institution; however, that began to change by the late 1960s. The normalization movement began to gain ground in the US and internationally. In the US

861-612: A 2016 case study, therapists used a metaphor to describe post-traumatic stress disorder and aid treatment for a young man diagnosed with an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. They explained his symptoms by describing his brain as a kitchen cupboard and his traumatic memories as tins that had not been organized properly, and therefore kept falling out. The young man had a significant improvement in mood and symptoms after 12 sessions of adapted trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing

984-580: A Funeral (2010) a remake of the British comedy of the same name . The film starred Peter Dinklage , Martin Lawrence , Tracy Morgan , Kevin Hart , Zoe Saldana , and Luke Wilson . The film received mixed reviews, although Roger Ebert , critic of The Chicago Sun-Times , praised the film writing: "I laughed all the way through, in fact. This is the best comedy since The Hangover , and although it's almost

1107-673: A Special Jury Prize. The National Board of Review named it one of the five best documentaries of the year. Rock was also nominated for the Gotham Award for Best Documentary and for the Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America . Rock has since stated working on a documentary about debt called Credit Is the Devil . Some of his 2010s film appearances include the black comedy Death at

1230-487: A Variety Special . In 2023, it was announced that Rock would direct a biopic on civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. with Steven Spielberg producing. The film will be based on the biography King: A Life by Jonathan Eig . In 2024, it was announced that Rock would direct an English language adaptation of Thomas Vinterberg 's Academy Award -winning film Another Round (2020). Rock also wrote and

1353-417: A better education in a better neighborhood. What I actually got was a worse education in a worse neighborhood. And a whole bunch of ass-whippings." Rock has not wavered from a position explored in his 1996 Roll With The New show, and reiterated in his 1997 memoir: "Why does the public expect entertainers to behave better than everybody else? It's ridiculous   [ . . . of] course, this

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1476-410: A burden to society. Heavy tranquilization and assembly line methods of support (such as "birdfeeding" and cattle herding) were the norm, and the medical model of disability prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the human needs of the individual. Early in the twentieth century, the eugenics movement became popular throughout the world. This led to

1599-500: A child's development is sometimes referred to as global developmental delay . The most common developmental disabilities are: The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and remain unknown in a large proportion of cases. Even in cases of known etiology, the line between "cause" and "effect" is not always clear, leading to difficulty in categorizing causes. Genetic factors have long been implicated in causing developmental disabilities. These conditions are also believed to have

1722-585: A developmental pathway model in the behavior analysis literature to prevent challenging behavior from occurring. This method is controversial according to the Autistic Self Advocacy Network , saying that this type of therapy can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and worsening of symptoms later in life. Throughout history, people with developmental disabilities have been viewed as incapable and incompetent in their capacity for decision-making and development. Until

1845-868: A fire or using a telephone) or for people with potentially dangerous medical conditions (such as asthma or diabetes) who are unable to manage their conditions without assistance. In the United States , a support worker is known as a direct support professional (DSP). The DSP works in assisting the individual with their ADLs and also acts as an advocate for the individual with a developmental disability, in communicating their needs, self-expression and goals . Supports of this type also include assistance to identify and undertake new hobbies or to access community services (such as education), learning appropriate behavior or recognition of community norms, or with relationships and expanding circles of friends. Most programs offering at-home and community support are designed with

1968-440: A group is estimated at 20 years below average, although this is improving. Society has advanced in its adaptive and medical technologies, and other methods to help people lead healthier, more fulfilling lives. In addition, some conditions (such as Freeman–Sheldon syndrome ) do not affect life expectancy. Mental health issues, and psychiatric illnesses , are more likely to occur in people with developmental disabilities than in

2091-512: A higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than children within the general population. Child-parent psychotherapy can accommodate non-verbal communication, making it a good fit for children with a wide range of abilities. Child-parent psychotherapy has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children with developmental disabilities and may help enhance caregivers' understanding of their children's disabilities and individual needs. Two 2014 case studies demonstrated

2214-459: A large environmental component, and the relative contributions of nature versus nurture have been debated for decades. Preterm birth is known to be a predictor for potential developmental disabilities later in childhood, which complicates the question of nature versus nurture, as premature birth could already have resulted from earlier and longer existing difficulties. Second, being born at such an immature gestation could immediately have damaged

2337-546: A live audience for the same reason. Jessica Delfino holds the record for most comedy sets performed in one night by a female comedian. Phyllis Diller holds the Guinness World Record for most laughs per minute, with 12. Taylor Goodwin holds the Guinness World Record for most jokes told in an hour with 550. Lee Evans sold £7 million worth of tickets for his 2011 tour in a day,

2460-402: A means of communication. A lot of the time, challenging behavior is learned and brings rewards and it is very often possible to teach people new behaviors to achieve the same aims. Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities can often be associated with specific mental health problems. Experience and research suggest that what professionals call "challenging behavior" is often

2583-733: A move. That's not a place to be. You know, we should have the right to fail because failure   . . . failure is a part of art." Rock has said that he was influenced by the performing style of his paternal grandfather, Allen Rock, a preacher. Rock's comedy influences are Bill Cosby , Redd Foxx , Dick Gregory , Flip Wilson , Richard Pryor , Steve Martin , Pigmeat Markham , Woody Allen , Bill Maher , Eddie Murphy , Sam Kinison , George Carlin , Mort Sahl , and Rodney Dangerfield . Comedians who have cited Rock as an influence include Dave Chappelle , Christian Finnegan , George Lopez , Kevin Hart , and Trevor Noah . Rock married Malaak Compton-Rock on November 23, 1996. Compton-Rock

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2706-456: A production company, Chris Rock Enterprises (or CR Enterprises ) for short. In 2012, he starred in the ensemble romantic comedy film What to Expect When You're Expecting alongside Cameron Diaz , Jennifer Lopez , Anna Kendrick , and Elizabeth Banks . Despite earning negative reviews, the film was a financial success. Rock earned a Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy nomination for his performance. That same year he starred in

2829-422: A rapid clip in overlapping languages that Preston Sturges or Howard Hawks would have admired." In 2014, Rock scripted, directed and starred in the film Top Five , which critics have drawn comparison to Woody Allen 's Stardust Memories (1980). The film is a social commentary on fame and society. The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival . Scott Foundas, critic for Variety praised

2952-439: A reaction to the challenging environments that those providing services create around people with developmental disabilities. "Challenging behavior" in this context is a method of communicating dissatisfaction with the failure of those providing services to focus on what kind of life makes the most sense to the person and is often the only recourse a developmentally disabled person has against unsatisfactory services or treatment and

3075-726: A reboot of the Saw franchise , Spiral (2021), which dabbled into the territory of the horror film genre . Rock responded to the Will Smith slap in his March 4, 2023, Netflix special Chris Rock: Selective Outrage ; it was Netflix's first-ever live event. The show streamed live from the Hippodrome Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland. The special received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations including two for Rock for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) and Outstanding Writing for

3198-611: A scene-by-scene remake of a 2007 British movie with the same title, it's funnier than the original." Rock also starred in the summer comedy Grown Ups (2010) alongside Adam Sandler , Kevin James , David Spade and Maya Rudolph , and reunited with them for a sequel in 2013 . In 2011, Rock appeared on Broadway in Stephen Adly Guirgis ' play The Motherfucker with the Hat with Bobby Cannavale and Annabella Sciorra . Rock

3321-401: A shield analogy, in which they encouraged the client to envision newly learned relaxation techniques and coping statements as a shield protecting her. They used modified exposure to reduce the risk of re-traumatizing the client; she imagined her nightmares and flashbacks rather than the trauma itself. Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy

3444-421: A specified number of paying guests with them to receive stage time. As well as being a mainstay of the comedy circuit, festivals often also showcase up-and-coming acts, with promoters and agents using the festivals to seek out new talent. Experienced comics with a following may produce a television special or a comedy album . It may be recorded on tour or at a show advertised and performed specifically for

3567-590: A stand-up has finally found its way to the screen, enhanced by a bracing vulnerability. Top Five is Rock's best movie by a mile." In 2015 Rock attended the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special on NBC where he introduced and paid tribute to fellow comedian and former SNL cast member Eddie Murphy . Also in 2015, Rock appeared as himself in Sofia Coppola 's Christmas musical special, A Very Murray Christmas starring Bill Murray . In

3690-417: A support worker with identified aspects of daily living (such as budgeting , shopping or paying bills) to full 24-hour support (including assistance with household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning , and personal care such as showering, dressing and the administration of medication). The need for full 24-hour support is usually associated with difficulties recognizing safety issues (such as responding to

3813-530: A total of three Emmy Awards and 15 nominations. By the end of the decade, Rock was established as one of the preeminent stand-up comedians and comic minds of his generation. During this time, Rock also translated his comedy into print form in the book Rock This! and released the Grammy Award -winning comedy albums, Roll with the New , Bigger & Blacker and Never Scared . Rock's fifth HBO special, Kill

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3936-419: A wide range of developmental disabilities. Abuse is a significant issue for people with developmental disabilities. They are regarded as a vulnerable people in most jurisdictions. Common types of abuse include: Lack of education, lack of self-esteem and self-advocacy skills, lack of understanding of social norms and appropriate behavior and communication difficulties are strong contributing factors to

4059-610: Is a psychological treatment in which the patient's stress is reduced by associating traumatic experiences with bilateral stimulation such as rapid, rhythmic eye movements or tapping. Eye-movement desensitization is demonstrated to be highly effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder across individuals with varying severity of intellectual disabilities; it has the most evidence for treating individuals with developmental disabilities based on numerous case studies. Eye-movement desensitization can be adapted for individuals with limited language abilities, making it accessible to

4182-432: Is a relational treatment that focuses on improving child-parent relationships and functioning following a young child's exposure to one or more traumatic experiences. This treatment is designed to enhance the attachment relationships between children between the ages of zero and five and their caregivers, eliciting a sense of safety and improving emotional regulation and behavior. Children with developmental disabilities have

4305-584: Is a short-term treatment that focuses on reducing and changing negative and unhelpful thought processes related to traumatic experiences and processing and managing associated negative emotions. Differences in language and thinking can make cognitive-based interventions challenging for individuals with developmental, and particularly intellectual, disabilities. Still, there is evidence that trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be adapted using metaphors and simplified examples to be accessible and beneficial for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities. In

4428-454: Is also increasing for people with these types of disabilities, although many programs offer only segregated "access" courses in areas such as literacy , numeracy and other basic skills. Legislation (such as the UK's Disability Discrimination Act 1995 ) requires educational institutions and training providers to make "reasonable adjustments" to curriculum and teaching methods in order to accommodate

4551-424: Is believed to be approximately 1.4%. Such disabilities are twice as common in males as in females, and some researchers have found that the prevalence of mild developmental disabilities is likely to be higher in areas of poverty and deprivation, and among people of certain ethnicities. Developmental disabilities can be initially suspected when a child does not reach expected child development stages . Subsequently,

4674-455: Is difficult to successfully sue for joke theft regardless due to the idea–expression distinction . According to Anna Spagnolli, stand-up comedy audiences "are both 'co-constructors of the situation' and 'co-responsible for it ' ". In stand-up comedy, an unspoken contract with the audience allows for the exploration of unexpected, controversial, or scandalous subjects. The reception of a joke, whether met with laughter or disapproval, hinges on

4797-494: Is just for black entertainers. You don't see anyone telling Jerry Seinfeld he's a good role model. Because everyone expects whites to behave themselves   [ . . . nowadays,] you've got to be an entertainer and a leader. It's too much." Often the subject of tabloids, when asked about paparazzi and the other negative aspects of fame, Rock says he accepts the bad with the good: "You can't be happy that fire cooks your food and be mad it burns your fingertips." At

4920-691: Is recognized as a significant, if misunderstood, problem. Rates of criminal offenses among people with developmental disabilities are also disproportionately high, and it is widely acknowledged that criminal justice systems throughout the world are ill-equipped for the needs of people with developmental disabilities, both as perpetrators and victims of crime. Failings in care have been identified in one in eight deaths of people with learning difficulties under NHS England. People with developmental disabilities (particularly autistic spectrum disorders) can exhibit challenging behavior, defined as "culturally abnormal behaviours of such intensity, frequency or duration that

5043-630: Is set to direct the upcoming film Misty Green , which debuts in November 2024 at the American Film Market . Neon International is handling foreign rights, while CAA Media Finance is responsible for domestic rights. In February 2005, Rock hosted the 77th Academy Awards ceremony. The decision to have Rock host the awards was seen by some as a chance to bring an "edge" to the ceremony, and to make it more relevant or appealing to younger audiences. Jokingly, Rock opened by saying "Welcome to

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5166-466: Is the founder and executive director of StyleWorks, a non-profit, full-service hair salon that provides free services for women leaving welfare and entering the workforce. The couple lived in Alpine, New Jersey with their two daughters. In December 2014, Rock filed for divorce from Compton-Rock. Rock admitted to infidelity in the marriage, as well as struggling with a pornography addiction . The divorce

5289-496: The Bad Boys of SNL . In 1991, he released his first comedy album, Born Suspect and won acclaim for his role as a crack addict in the film New Jack City . His tenure on SNL gave Rock national exposure. (Rock has hosted SNL three times; in 1996, 2014 and 2020.) With plans to leave Saturday Night Live after the 1992–93 season, Rock was effectively "fired" from the show. Beginning that fall, he appeared in six episodes of

5412-579: The Enlightenment in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the Church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of basic physical needs such as food, shelter and clothing. Stereotypes such as the dimwitted village idiot , and potentially harmful characterizations (such as demonic possession for people with epilepsy) were prominent in social attitudes of

5535-656: The Los Angeles Police Department regarding the incident. The next day, amid public backlash, Smith issued a formal apology to Rock via a public Instagram post, adding that "a joke about Jada's medical condition was too much for me to bear and I reacted emotionally." He also stated that "I was out of line" and that his behavior was "unacceptable and inexcusable." During a stand-up performance in Boston later that month, Rock stated that Smith had not reached out to him personally and they had not spoken since

5658-535: The New York Mets baseball team since childhood. He complained that his team "had no money" during a 2011 interview with David Letterman . During a 2008 rant on his Kill the Messenger tour, Rock labeled George W. Bush as "the worst president ever". Rock has campaigned against the racial profiling of African-Americans, and often speaks of the everyday racism he experiences “despite being famous”. In

5781-755: The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF). Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities may be caused by a number of factors, including biological (pain, medication, the need for sensory stimulation), social (boredom, seeking social interaction, the need for an element of control, lack of knowledge of community norms, insensitivity of staff and services to the person's wishes and needs), environmental (physical aspects such as noise and lighting, or gaining access to preferred objects or activities), psychological (feeling excluded, lonely, devalued, labelled, disempowered, living up to people's negative expectations) or simply

5904-624: The Steve Martin comedy Sgt. Bilko (1996) as well as Beverly Hills Ninja (1997), and Lethal Weapon 4 (1998). He also appeared in the Kevin Smith fantasy comedy film Dogma (1999). The film received positive reviews and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival . The film starred an ensemble cast with actors such as Ben Affleck , Matt Damon , Alan Rickman , Salma Hayek , and George Carlin . He then starred in

6027-550: The UPN television network premiered a comedy series called Everybody Hates Chris , loosely based on Rock's school days, for which he was the executive producer and narrator. The show garnered both critical and ratings success. The series was nominated for a 2006 Golden Globe for Best TV Series (Musical or Comedy), a 2006 People's Choice Award for Favorite New Television Comedy, and two 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards for costuming and cinematography. Starting in 2005, Rock has also voiced

6150-563: The United States Colored Troops , then later was elected to two terms in the South Carolina House of Representatives . During the 1940s, Rock's paternal grandfather moved from South Carolina to New York City to become a taxicab driver and preacher. Rock was bused to schools in predominantly white neighborhoods of Brooklyn, where he endured bullying and beatings from white students. As he grew older,

6273-550: The dark comedy Nurse Betty (2000) starring Renée Zellweger , Greg Kinnear and Morgan Freeman which also debuted at the Cannes Film Festival on May 11, 2000. The film was a critical success. In the later 2000s, Rock started to work increasingly behind the camera. He wrote the film Down to Earth (2001) along with friend and comedian Louis C.K. The film was based on the Warren Beatty film, Heaven Can Wait (1978). That same year Rock also produced and starred in

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6396-480: The forced sterilization and prohibition of marriage for those with developmental disabilities in most of the developed world and was later used by Hitler as rationale for the mass murder of intellectually disabled individuals during the Holocaust . The eugenics movement was later thought to be seriously flawed and in violation of human rights and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage

6519-507: The jester's privilege , which is the right to discuss and mock anything freely without being punished. Social commentators have referred to the concepts of "punching up" and "punching down" in attempting to describe who should be the "butt of the joke". This carries the assumption that, relative to the comedian's own socio-political identity , comedy should "punch up" at the rich and powerful without "punching down" at those who are marginalized and less fortunate. Many comedians have criticized

6642-533: The working class area of Bedford–Stuyvesant . His mother, Rosalie ( née Tingman), was a teacher and social worker for people with developmental disabilities ; his father, Julius Rock, was a truck driver and newspaper deliveryman. Julius died in 1988 after ulcer surgery. Rock is the eldest of his parents' seven children (six boys and one girl), and he had an older paternal half-brother, Charles Ledell Rock, who died in 2006 after suffering from alcoholism. Rock's younger brothers Tony , Kenny, and Jordan are also in

6765-481: The 1960s), many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued to focus solely on the provision of basic needs. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as

6888-659: The 2011 Stephen Adly Guirgis play The Motherfucker with the Hat . He has hosted the Academy Awards twice; in 2005 and 2016 , and was involved in a highly controversial incident in which he was slapped on stage by Will Smith at the 2022 Awards. Rock was born in Andrews, South Carolina , on February 7, 1965. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved to the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York. A few years later, they relocated and settled in

7011-439: The 77th and LAST Academy Awards!" During one segment Rock asked, "Who is this guy?" in reference to actor Jude Law seemingly appearing in every movie Rock had seen that year and implied Law was a low-rent Tom Cruise (he made a joke about filmmakers rushing production when unable to get the actors they want: "If you want Tom Cruise and all you can get is Jude Law, wait [to make the film]!"). Subsequently, an angry Sean Penn took

7134-465: The C.K. directed film Pootie Tang (2001). Rock also would work as a writer and director of the political comedy Head of State (2003) and marital comedy I Think I Love My Wife (2007). He also played the lead in both films. He also went on to star in films like The Longest Yard (2005) opposite Adam Sandler , and the action comedy film Bad Company (2002) opposite Anthony Hopkins . Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009) In September 2005,

7257-660: The London Live Earth concert on July 7, 2007, which was broadcast live on the BBC , before introducing the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rock called the crowd "motherfuckers" and said "shit", and after a brief pause said he was joking. Due to the broadcast being at 5:45   p.m., Rock was immediately cut off, and the BBC made several apologies for his use of the word "motherfucker". Chris Rock has been an avid fan of

7380-475: The Messenger , premiered on September 27, 2008, and won him another Emmy for outstanding writing for a variety or music program. It was not until the success of his stand-up act in the late 1990s that Rock began receiving leading man status in films. He began the decade with supporting roles in such films as New Jack City (1991) as crack addict Pookie, in the Eddie Murphy comedy Boomerang (1992),

7503-482: The Pain , made Rock one of the most acclaimed and commercially successful comedians in the industry. Rock won two Emmy Awards for the special and gained large critical acclaim. A controversial part of the special was " Niggas vs. Black People ". For his much-publicized role as a commentator for Comedy Central 's Politically Incorrect during the 1996 Presidential elections , he earned another Emmy nomination. Rock also

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7626-614: The Sandwich Islands . Charles Farrar Browne (April 26, 1834 – March 6, 1867), better known by his nom de plume , Artemus Ward, is considered America's first stand-up comedian. The first documented use of "stand-up" appeared in The Stage in 1911, describing Nellie Perrier delivering 'stand-up comic ditties in a chic and charming manner'. However, this referred to a performance of comedy songs rather than stand-up comedy in its modern form. The term appeared again in

7749-559: The appeal of stand up is in appreciation of the skill of the performer, as studies have shown that many people find the idea of standing on stage daunting; research on the subject has consistently found that the fear of public speaking is more intense than the fear of dying . The audience is integral to live comedy, both as a foil to the comedian and as a contributing factor to the overall experience. The use of canned laughter in television comedy reveals this, with shows often seeming "dry" or dull without it. Shows may be filmed in front of

7872-593: The aspiring comic. Murphy gave Rock his first film role and big break in Beverly Hills Cop II (1987). Rock rose up the ranks of the comedy circuit in addition to earning bit roles in the film I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988) and the TV series Miami Vice . Rock was a cast member of the sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1990 to 1993. He and other new cast members Chris Farley , Adam Sandler , Rob Schneider and David Spade became known as

7995-399: The audience's understanding of the premise and appreciation of the punchline. A seasoned comic is able to instantly react to the audience's reaction and use it to further the narrative. Stand-up comedy, distinct from traditional performing arts, features a lone comedian directly engaging the audience. Success hinges on creating spontaneity, fostering intimacy, and deterring heckling. Part of

8118-410: The barriers they have to being included in their community. Education and training opportunities for people with developmental disabilities have expanded greatly in recent times, with many governments mandating universal access to educational facilities, and more students moving out of special schools and into mainstream classrooms with support. Post-secondary education and vocational training

8241-949: The biggest first-day sale of a British comedy tour. Ricky Gervais set a new Guinness World Record for the highest gross from a single stand-up performance with his tour "Armageddon." The performance at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California, on May 6, 2023, garnered £1,410,000 ($ 1,790,206.50). Developmental disability Developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living". Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of

8364-505: The bullying worsened and Rock's parents pulled him out of James Madison High School . He dropped out of high school altogether, but he later earned a General Educational Development (GED). Rock then worked various jobs at fast-food restaurants including Red Lobster . Rock began working as a stand-up comic during 1984 in New York City's Catch a Rising Star . Upon seeing his act at a nightclub, Eddie Murphy befriended and mentored

8487-616: The ceremony. Rock's subject matter typically involves family, politics, romance, music, celebrities, and race relations in the United States. Though not strictly autobiographical, much of his comic standpoint seems rooted in his teenage experience; his strict parents, concerned about the inadequacies of the local school system, arranged to have the adolescent Rock bused to a nearly all-white high school in Bensonhurst . In his memoir Rock This , he recalls, "My parents assumed I'd get

8610-517: The ceremony. Rock was also criticized for referring to the Oscars as "idiotic", and asserting that heterosexual men do not watch them, in an interview prior to Oscar night. On October 21, 2015, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced Rock would host the 88th Academy Awards the following February. When the subsequent acting nominations turned out to include no racial minorities, Rock

8733-736: The continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with a developmental disability label , encouraging a focus on the person as someone with capacities and gifts, as well as support needs. Today, support services are provided by government agencies, non-governmental organizations and by private sector providers. Support services address most aspects of life for people with developmental disabilities, and are usually theoretically based in community inclusion, using concepts such as social role valorization and increased self-determination (using models such as Person Centred Planning ). Support services are funded through government block funding (paid directly to service providers by

8856-514: The cultural rhetoric concerning "punching up" and "punching down", including Colin Quinn , who described the terms as a product of activism and "not created by humorous people." Appropriation and plagiarism are considered "social crimes" by most stand-ups. There have been several high-profile accusations of joke theft, some ending in lawsuits for copyright infringement. Those accused will sometimes claim cryptomnesia or parallel thinking, but it

8979-460: The development of routines, which they construct and refine with jokes and interconnected "bits." These bits form an interwoven narrative, leading to the "closer," the final joke that ties the show's themes together for a satisfying conclusion. Most jokes are the juxtaposition of two incongruous things and are made up of the premise, set-up, and punchline , often adding a twist, topper ,or tagline for an intensified or extra laugh. Delivery relies on

9102-581: The eccentric zebra Marty in DreamWorks ' animated film franchise Madagascar . He starred in two of the film's sequels, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008), and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2013). In 2007 Rock voiced Mooseblood the Mosquito in the Jerry Seinfeld animated film, Bee Movie . In 2009, Rock released his first documentary, 2009's Good Hair . The film focuses on

9225-657: The efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy with two children who were exposed to traumatic events. One of the children was 14 months with global developmental delays, and the other was six with autism spectrum disorder. At the time of this study, most studies that evaluated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy did not include any information about children with autism or intellectual disabilities. Both children and their families had about one year of weekly therapy, and both saw improvements in attachment relations, decreased trauma symptoms, and overall improvements in functioning. Exposure therapy Exposure-based therapies are among

9348-568: The entertainment business. Rock's family history was profiled on the PBS series African American Lives 2 in 2008. A DNA test showed that he is of Cameroonian descent, specifically from the Udeme  [ fr ] people of northern Cameroon . Rock's great-great-grandfather, Julius Caesar Tingman , was enslaved for 21 years before serving in the American Civil War as part of

9471-642: The feminine term stand-up comedienne . Performances can take place in various venues, including comedy clubs , comedy festivals , bars, nightclubs , colleges, or theaters . Stand-up comedy originated in various traditions of popular entertainment in the late 19th century. These include vaudeville , the stump-speech monologues of minstrel shows, dime museums , concert saloons , freak shows , variety shows , medicine shows , American burlesque , English music halls , circus clown antics , Chautauqua , and humorist monologues, such as those delivered by Mark Twain in his 1866 touring show Our Fellow Savages of

9594-431: The film writing: "Rock has finally found a big-screen vehicle for himself that comes close to capturing the electric wit, shrewd social observations and deeply autobiographical vein of his standup comedy." In Rolling Stone magazine, Peter Travers wrote in his review: "Rock delivers the laughs, big ones, laced with razor-sharp observations on everything from pop culture to racial politics... His confident, prowling wit as

9717-536: The film, Rock sings " Do You Hear What I Hear? " with Murray. The film debuted on Netflix and received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie . He also appeared as himself in another Netflix film, Sandy Wexler (2017) starring Adam Sandler . In 2018, he starred in the Netflix comedy The Week Of directed by Robert Smigel starring Sandler. The film follows two fathers during

9840-468: The films New Jack City (1991) and Boomerang (1992). In 1993, he appeared in CB4 , which he also wrote and produced. He reached mainstream stardom with Bring the Pain in 1996. Rock continued making specials which include Bigger & Blacker (1999), Never Scared (2004), Kill the Messenger (2008), Tamborine (2018), and Selective Outrage (2023). He developed, wrote, produced and narrated

9963-427: The general community, in line with the principles of normalization . In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including Massachusetts. Individuals with developmental disabilities are not fully integrated into society. Person-centered planning and person-centered approaches are seen as methods of addressing

10086-746: The general population due to heightened vulnerability to negative life experiences, including: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing trauma and is characterized by negative thoughts, memories, or dreams about the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, adverse changes in thinking and mood, and heightened acute stress response. Post-traumatic stress disorder often goes undiagnosed among individuals with developmental disabilities due to providers' and caregivers' lack of understanding and differences in communication ability. Individuals with developmental disabilities may develop more intense symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared to

10209-429: The general population due to maladaptive coping and neurological differences. These symptoms may manifest differently depending on the severity of the disability; post-traumatic stress disorder may present as challenging behaviors such as aggression and self-harm, and communication of symptoms may be limited by verbal ability. Mental health problems are often reported by proxy rather than self-report, which can increase

10332-540: The general population, including amongst children who need the support of caregivers who have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support. A number of factors are attributed to the high incidence rate of dual diagnoses: These problems are exacerbated by difficulties in diagnosis of mental health issues, and in appropriate treatment and medication, as for physical health issues. Risks and development Individuals with developmental disabilities have an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder compared to

10455-407: The government), through individualized funding packages (paid directly to the individual by the government, specifically for the purchase of services) or privately by the individual (although they may receive certain subsidies or discounts, paid by the government). There also are a number of non-profit agencies dedicated to enriching the lives of people living with developmental disabilities and erasing

10578-435: The high incidence of abuse among this population. A study on the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism has also shown that physical neglect during childhood plays a critical role in the repeated crime, independent of mental-health problems for high-risk adults involved with the criminal justice system. In addition to abuse from people in positions of power, peer abuse

10701-663: The host, compere, or emcee "warms up" the audience and introduces the other performers. This is followed by the opener, the feature, and then the headliner. The host may also act as the opener for smaller shows. Proven comics tend to earn regular bookings at clubs that are part of a chain and comedy venues. Jobbing stand-ups may perform sets at two or more venues on the same day. Clubs and small venues often run open mic events; these slots may be booked in advance or left for walk-ins. Comedians use open mics to work on material or to show off their skills to get an opener slot. "Bringer shows" are shows that require amateur performers to bring

10824-944: The individual. Some individuals with developmental disabilities may have difficulty understanding and articulating negative thought processes and emotions associated with traumatic events. Metaphors, simplified explanations, and explicit examples may help elucidate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and improve understanding of treatment approaches. Frequent prompting, repetition of explanations, and developing detailed timelines of life events may also improve focus and engagement in psychological treatment. Providers should clearly understand individual needs and abilities and ensure that expectations for treatment are consistent with individual abilities and functioning. The following trauma-specific treatments have demonstrated efficacy among individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly when tailored to individual needs and presentation. Child–parent psychotherapy Child-parent psychotherapy

10947-421: The issue of how African-American women have perceived their hair and historically styled it. The film explores the current styling industry for black women, images of what is considered acceptable and desirable for African American women's hair in the United States, and their relation to African American culture . The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival where it earned critical acclaim and received

11070-465: The lack of opportunities made available to the person. This is especially the case where the services deliver lifestyles and ways of working that are centered on what suits the service provider and its staff, rather than what best suits the person. In general, behavioral interventions or what has been termed applied behavior analysis has been found to be effective in reducing specific challenging behavior. Recently, efforts have been placed on developing

11193-652: The learning needs of students with disabilities, wherever possible. There are also some vocational training centers that cater specifically to people with disabilities, providing the skills necessary to work in integrated settings, one of the largest being Dale Rogers Training Center in Oklahoma City . Many people with developmental disabilities live in the general community, either with family members, in supervised-group homes or in their own homes (that they rent or own, living alone or with flatmates ). At-home and community supports range from one-to-one assistance from

11316-415: The main organs (lungs and brain) or, third, such damage could arise in the neonatal period, for instance from the necessary intrusive treatment. Furthermore, exhaustion resulting from adaptation or stress could damage or disturb development. In addition, the highly stimulating hospital environment and the lack of social interactive experiences with the mother or the abundant interaction with others could add to

11439-455: The most common treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Exposure therapy involves exposing a patient to a source of stress (such as a memory or reminder of a traumatic event) to increase tolerance to feared stimuli, overcome avoidance, and gradually reduce acute stress response symptoms of post-traumatic stress. Exposure therapy should be carefully tailored to the individual when treating individuals with developmental disabilities to reduce

11562-440: The most powerful moments seen in the telecast's history. His decision to honestly answer the question 'Is Hollywood racist?' was brave and effective," The New York Times television critic James Poniewozik , praised Rock's performance for being "evenhanded without being wishy-washy" and that he represented "an example of something the industry is still trying to learn: that you can achieve both inclusion and entertainment by giving

11685-906: The music video for the Red Hot Chili Peppers song " Hump de Bump ", and has simply appeared in several videos, including the Big Daddy Kane music video " Smooth Operator " as a guy getting his hair cut, one of the many celebrities seen lip-synching in Johnny Cash 's " God's Gonna Cut You Down ", a cameo in Madonna 's " Bitch I'm Madonna ", and as a Wild West sheriff chasing down an 1889 cowboy version of Lil Nas X in " Old Town Road ". On October 30, 2016, Netflix announced that they would be releasing two new stand-up comedy specials from Rock, with Rock being paid $ 40 million per special. The first special, Chris Rock: Tamborine ,

11808-773: The physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities". Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, hair-pulling), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, shouting, screaming, spitting, kicking, swearing, headbutting, hair-pulling), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking, echolalia or elective incontinence). Such behaviors can be assessed to suggest areas of further improvement, using assessment tools such as

11931-423: The potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of "retardates" and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population. The publication of this book may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the social model of disability in regard to these types of disabilities, and

12054-461: The predominantly African American sketch show In Living Color as a special guest star. The show was canceled a month after he arrived. Rock then wrote and starred in the low-budget comedy CB4 , which made $ 18 million against its budget of $ 6 million. He signed on as client of 3 Arts Entertainment . Rock headlined his first HBO comedy special in 1994, titled Big Ass Jokes , as part of HBO Comedy Half-Hour . His second special, 1996's Bring

12177-406: The publication of Wolf Wolfensberger 's seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", was very influential. This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as deviant , sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored

12300-427: The purpose. A TV special originally released on television, video on demand , or in film theatre's may be re-released as an album on audio CD , LP record , or audio streaming . A "half-hour special" is typically between 20 and 35 minutes in runtime excluding commercial breaks and an "hour-long special" is typically between 40 and 65 minutes excluding commercial breaks. Stand-up comedians define their craft through

12423-421: The reason for the stops or whether he was issued a citation. In May 2021, Rock voiced opposition to cancel culture . He said that it has led to "boring" and "unfunny" material from comedians. He also commented that there is an existing built-in mechanism for audiences informing comedians that their content does not work, like the audience not laughing at their jokes. Rock went on to say "Everybody's scared to make

12546-593: The right person just the right opportunity." Rock presented the award for Best Documentary Feature at the 94th Academy Awards in March 2022. During the ceremony, Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith 's shaved head, which he compared to Demi Moore 's shaved head in G.I. Jane , saying, "Jada, I love ya. G.I. Jane 2, can't wait to see it!". Pinkett Smith had shaved her head due to alopecia areata . Her husband, Will Smith , responded to Rock's joke by walking onstage and slapping Rock, who remarked, "Will Smith just smacked

12669-478: The risk of re-traumatization. There is preliminary evidence that exposure therapy paired with relaxation techniques , cognitive restructuring , and problem-solving can reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with developmental disabilities. In a 2009 case study, a 24-year-old woman with an intellectual disability experienced a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following nine exposure therapy sessions. The therapists used

12792-584: The risk of underreporting and of psychological symptoms going undiagnosed. Psychological treatment Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment approaches for post-traumatic stress disorder typically require verbal communication and insight into cognitions, emotions, and functioning. Individual differences in communication and intellectual ability among individuals with developmental, and particularly intellectual disabilities can limit identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Thus, diagnosis and treatment approaches should be modified to fit

12915-558: The risk. In short, many reasons are conceivable that by itself or in different combinations could result in developmental problems of very preterm children. Current theories on causation focus on genetic factors; more than 1,000 known genetic conditions include developmental disabilities as a symptom. Developmental disabilities affect between 1 and 2% of the population in most western countries, although many government sources acknowledge that statistics are flawed in this area. The worldwide proportion of people with developmental disabilities

13038-605: The romantic comedy 2 Days in New York (2012) opposite Julie Delpy . The film served as the sequel to Delpy's previous film, 2 Days in Paris (2007). The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival where it received positive reviews, with critics praising the chemistry between the two with Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter writing: "The best of the humor is verbal and attitudinal, all delivered at

13161-467: The shit out of me." Smith then returned to his seat and yelled twice at Rock, "Keep my wife's name out your fucking mouth!" Rock went on to say that this "was the greatest night in the history of television." Later in the night, Smith was named Best Actor for King Richard . In his acceptance speech, he apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock. Rock declined to file a report with

13284-811: The sitcom Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), which was based on his early life. From 1997 to 2000 HBO aired his talk show The Chris Rock Show . Rock was cast in starring film roles in Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), Dogma (1999), The Longest Yard (2005), the Madagascar franchise (2005–2012), I Think I Love My Wife (2007), Grown Ups (2010), Death at a Funeral (2010), Top Five (2014), The Week Of (2018), Spiral (2021), Amsterdam (2022), and Rustin (2023). He has taken roles on television including Empire , Kevin Can Wait , and Fargo . He made his Broadway theater debut in

13407-527: The stage to present and said, "In answer to our host's question, Jude Law is one of our finest young actors." (At the time, Penn and Law were shooting All the King's Men .) Law was not the only actor that Rock roasted that evening, however—he turned the joke on himself at one point, saying, "If you want Denzel [Washington] and all you can get is me, wait!" Older Academy officials were reportedly displeased with Rock's performance, which did not elevate ratings for

13530-680: The time. The movement towards individualism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the opportunities afforded by the Industrial Revolution , led to housing and care using the asylum model. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large institutions (of up to 3,000 people, although some institutions were home to many more, such as the Philadelphia State Hospital in Pennsylvania which housed 7,000 people through

13653-426: The use of intonation, inflection, attitude, and timing as well as other stylistic devices, such as the rule of three , idioms, archetypes, or wordplay. Another popular joke structure is the paraprosdokian , a surprising punchline that changes the context or meaning of the setup. In order to falsely frame their stories as true or to free themselves of responsibility for breaking social conventions, comedians can use

13776-502: The week of the wedding of their children. The following year, he briefly appeared in the comedy film Dolemite Is My Name (2019) starring Eddie Murphy . In the film, Murphy portrayed Rudy Ray Moore and centers around his career as a standup, and director of blaxploitation starting with Dolemite (1975). The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . He directed and appeared in

13899-415: The work of Wolfensberger and others including Gunnar and Rosemary Dybwad , a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within state institutions created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services. By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization, and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into

14022-412: The “Stage Gossip” column of The Yorkshire Evening Post on November 10, 1917. The article discussed the career of a comedian Finlay Dunn, stating that Dunn was "what he calls a stand-up comedian'" during the latter part of the 19th century. However, the term may have been used retrospectively. Stand-up has multiple genres and styles with their formats. Common ones include: In a typical stand-up show,

14145-529: Was called upon to join a boycott of the ceremony. Rock declined, stating at the ceremony that it would have accomplished little since the show would have proceeded anyway, with him simply replaced. Instead, Rock spoke of his concerns about the lack of diversity in AMPAS at various times during the show, closing by saying " Black Lives Matter ". Rock's performance was largely praised by critics. Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara wrote: "Rock's Oscars had some of

14268-471: Was diagnosed with a non-verbal learning disorder , a neurological condition that makes it difficult for him to understand non-verbal social cues. On September 19, 2021, Rock announced on Twitter that he had tested positive for COVID-19 . He strongly advocated getting vaccinated to his followers. On July 7, 2022, it was reported that Rock had started dating actress, screenwriter, and director Lake Bell . Rock later confirmed in his 2023 Netflix special that he

14391-596: Was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid 20th century. In the United States, the segregation of people with developmental disabilities and the conditions of these institutions was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1960s. US President John F. Kennedy , whose sister Rosemary had an intellectual disability and was in an institution, created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961. Robert F. Kennedy 's visit with TV crew to Willowbrook State School , which he described as

14514-417: Was finalized on August 22, 2016. In 2012, Rock settled a lawsuit alleging sexual abuse. Rock was not charged with a crime and has denied that the alleged rape ever occurred. On August 20, 2019, Rock, along with several other celebrities, invested in a funding round for Lowell Herb Co , a California cannabis brand. He is known to be "a dedicated cannabis consumer." On September 18, 2020, Rock said that he

14637-485: Was nominated for a Drama League Award. In an interview with Vibe magazine, Rock stated that he chose to do Broadway because he wanted more people to see him "really act. Sometimes when you do comedy, that can be a little formulaic, and it's hard for really good directors to see that you can act." He produced the series Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell , which premiered in August 2012. While serving as producer, he had

14760-547: Was released on Netflix on February 14, 2018. It was filmed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and was directed by comedian Bo Burnham . The specials marked the comedian's first concert specials released in 10 years. The special earned a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album nomination. In 2020, Rock portrayed central character Loy Cannon in the fourth season of the FX crime anthology series Fargo . In 2021, he starred in

14883-457: Was single. Chris Rock has appeared on numerous albums, including Method Man's Tical 2000 , Prince Paul's A Prince Among Thieves , Ice Cube's War and Peace Vol. 2 , Ludacris's Theater of the Mind and Busta Rhymes's Extinction Level Event 2 . Stand-up comedy A performer in this genre can be known by the masculine and gender-neutral terms stand-up comedian and stand-up comic , or by

15006-503: Was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful lawsuits against governments and an increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act in 1980. From the 1960s to the present, most U.S. states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions. Along with

15129-1049: Was the voice for the "Lil Penny" puppet who was the alter ego to basketball star Penny Hardaway in a series of Nike shoe commercials from 1994 to 1998, and hosted the '97 MTV Video Music Awards.Rock's first music video was for his song "Your Mother's Got a Big Head" from his album Born Suspect. Rock also made videos for his songs "Champagne" from Roll With the New and " No Sex (In the Champagne Room) " from Bigger & Blacker . Rock later had two more HBO comedy specials: Bigger & Blacker in 1999, and Never Scared in 2004. Articles relating to both specials called Rock "the funniest man in America" in Time and Entertainment Weekly . HBO also aired his talk show, The Chris Rock Show , which gained critical acclaim for Rock's interviews with celebrities and politicians. The show won an Emmy for writing. His television work has won him

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