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79-600: Château Bayard has been listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture since 1915. The castle has housed the Bayard museum since 1975; it presents the life and the myth of Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard , the famous "knight without fear and without reproach" ( French : le chevalier sans peur et sans reproche ). Originally, the Château Bayard was just a fortified manor house . In

158-482: A World Heritage Site, scheduled monument , listed building, protected wreck site, registered park and garden, registered battlefield or conservation area . Each type of heritage asset is designated as such using different legislation. In the UK, the process of giving some measure of legal protection to special buildings and other historic artefacts, is grouped under the general term 'designation of heritage assets'. This

237-416: A building, a specific part of a building, a collection of buildings, a garden, a bridge, or other structure, because of their importance to France's architectural and historical cultural heritage . Both public and privately owned structures may be listed in this way, as well as movable objects. As of 2012, there were 44,236 monuments listed. The term "classification" is reserved for designation performed by

316-481: A degree of legal protection (which varies by country). The term 'designation' is used when referring to the formal protection by legal statute for a wide range of heritage assets , including listed buildings and World Heritage Sites as well as many others. The UK Government publication Planning Policy Statement 5: (Planning for the Historic Environment) states that a designated heritage asset can be:

395-522: A good part of his life to fight on behalf of the King of France, as that was what they believed was necessary to do. The castle went then to Pierre III Terrail, his son, the famous knight of Bayard. He was undoubtedly born and passed his childhood in the castle, and occupied it when he was not campaigning, and in particular when he was named Lieutenant-General of the Dauphiné and managed the province. After

474-618: A listed building may (or may not) be within a conservation area; a registered park and garden can contain a Site of Special Scientific Interest (and so on). In England, the DCMS is responsible for the designation of heritage assets such as listed buildings; but the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is responsible for Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, village greens etc. On

553-508: A number of designated sites around the world, though the impacts are likely to vary considerably depending on the resources, location and management of the site itself. Different UK government departments are involved with different parts of designation legislation, which has practical implications for those wishing to apply for planning permission. In certain circumstances, heritage assets may affected by different pieces of overlapping legislation. A national park may contain scheduled monuments;

632-479: A pamphlet, War for Demolition . The protection of historic monuments necessarily involves the creation of an inventory, and from 1795 onward the council of civil buildings completed the inventory of the castles that Louis XVI had started. In 1820, Baron Taylor and Charles Nodier published their Picturesque and Romantic Voyages in Ancient France , at the time when the first archaeological societies in

711-413: A private person cannot be made without his consent. Designation (heritage assets) Designation is the act of setting aside something, or devoting it to a particular purpose. In the legal planning context, it is also "the action of choosing a place for a special purpose or giving it a special status". The process of designation confers a legal status on a property by a specific law and provides

790-600: A public utility easement. There are two levels of protection: registration as historical monuments (formerly known as "registration in the supplementary inventory of historic monuments"), for furniture and buildings of regional interest, and the classification as historical monuments to a level of national interest. Usually, places (in the first case) are said to be "registered", and objects are said to be "classified". The two protections can also apply to movable objects (either furniture proper, or buildings by destination) of historical, artistic, technical, etc. interest. under

869-469: A residence for his retirement by repairing part of the masonry as well as possible, with the assistance of the legal owner. The castle now belongs to a local notary . The Château Bayard castle had turned to ruins after the Revolution. Restored since 1890, always privately owned, since 1975 two of its rooms house a museum recounting the history of the hero. The museum is animated by the "Association of

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948-444: A strong house, the building he made was however far from being negligible: illustrations of the 19th century show a residence protected by four round towers, raised on three levels of mullioned windows. The terrace gives on the valley of Grévisaudan and its marvellous views, opening on vast territories: Jura mountains , those of Vercors plateau , massif of Belledonne and Chartreuse mountains . Pierre II, Pierre Terrail's son, took

1027-490: Is also sometimes referred to as 'heritage designation' or as the 'heritage protection process' and uses a range of different pieces of heritage protection legislation which have been formed piecemeal over the centuries. The purpose of designating heritage assets is to ensure that the significance and character of the asset in question is protected through the planning system, to ensure they are passed on to future generations. The UK Government white paper Heritage Protection for

1106-477: Is effective from the signing of the protection order. A registration order can be issued for a building without the agreement of the owner of the monument, unlike a classification order. In the event of refusal by the owner of the building or of the object that it is proposed to classify, the classification can be carried out ex officio by decree in Council of State. The registration of a movable object belonging to

1185-535: Is responsible for collecting, conserving and communicating the archives and documentation of the administration of historic monuments since its creation in 1830 and the state's photographic heritage, comprising more than four million prints and fifteen million negatives dating back to the origins of photography and including those relating to historical monuments. To this end, the MAP is made up of four scientific departments: archives and library, documentation, photography and

1264-571: Is why the law imposes a form of vigilance with regard to work projects in the field of visibility of historic monuments. Numerous classifications are made during the Occupation , in order to prevent destruction by the occupier, but also to make the people in charge of protection work partly in order to escape the compulsory labor service in Nazi Germany . The Eiffel Tower was listed as a historical monument by decree of June 24, 1964. After

1343-583: The Academic Society of Agriculture, Belles Lettres, Sciences and Arts of Poitiers, itself founded in 1818. Other societies would follow in the various departements such as the Société des antiquaires de Picardie à Amiens. In turn, the Committee for Historical and Scientific Work was founded by François Guizot in 1834 to direct research and support that of various learned societies. In 1819, for

1422-562: The Catholic Church and the French Army were reluctant to recognize the prerogatives of the state over their heritage; furthermore, the classification of monuments that were privately owned required the owners' consent. These obstacles explain why the number of monuments classified annually actually decreased from 2,800 in 1848 to 1,563 in 1873. The law of 30 March 1887, for the conservation of historic monuments, enumerated for

1501-535: The Church of St. Genevieve of Paris in 1920). There was also the acceptance, timidly, of eclectic architecture of the 19th century: the classification in 1923 of the Opera Garnier . With the abandonment of the sites by the military following World War I , Renaissance and neoclassical military architecture began to be classified as well. Finally, it was during this period that a sort of second-order classification

1580-533: The French Revolution , was the last lord of Bayard. His assets were seized and sold in 1795. The castle was in ruins for a long time (probably since Françoise Copier). The stones were even used as building material for the houses of the neighbourhoods, in spite of the protests of some scholars from the Dauphiné. In 1865, Jean-Baptiste Bertrand, a priest of Grignon , arranged the remains of the castle as

1659-629: The Missions Héliographiques to document France's medieval architecture. A monument historique may be marked by the official logo for the program, signage for which is distributed by the Union Rempart  [ fr ] , a union of French historical restoration associations. It consists of a design representing the labyrinth that used to be in Reims Cathedral , which is itself a World Heritage Site . Use of

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1738-538: The Restoration , and its collections, which were to be returned "to families and churches", were ultimately dispersed from state control. The vandalism of the French built environment that accompanied the anticlerical nature of the French Revolution subsequently inspired numerous responses, particularly ones tinged with nostalgia and romanticism; for example, either Chateaubriand or Victor Hugo published in 1825

1817-409: The feudal age, only a Lord could own a castle. Pierre Terrail, first of the name and great-grandfather of the renowned knight, was vice-lord of the lord of Avallon . It has always been important since the castle has been built and restored, that it stay clean. Starting in 1404, Pierre Terrail undertook the construction of his residence in a place called Bayard, near Pontcharra. Even if it were only

1896-549: The prefect for the region , or by the Minister of Culture for the national level. They are aided by the advice of a commission named Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites  [ fr ] . The buildings are classified or listed as historical monuments respectively according to the provisions of Articles L. 621-1 and L. 621-25 et seq. of the Heritage Code. The classification process can be proposed by

1975-551: The 1920s and 1930s, the classification opened up to private heritage, which created an easement which was then considered as a deprivation of property (see on this subject the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans in 1926), but which was then compensated by the subsidization of works, then by tax advantages. It also opens up to the Renaissance and the age of neoclassicism, roughly from the 16th to the 18th century (e.g.,

2054-494: The 21st Century describes designation as being "the first step in an effective heritage protection system. It is a means of identifying those aspects of our past that are most important to us, and explaining why they are important. Effective designation is also the basis for decisions about the way we manage change to the historic environment." In England (Scotland, Ireland and Wales have their own legislative frameworks): The implications of becoming designationed are recognised by

2133-702: The Center for Research on Historical Monuments (CRMH) and has three sites in Île-de-France : the main site of the media library, installed in Charenton-le-Pont in its premises refurbished in April 2014; the Fort de Saint-Cyr site for the photographic archives; and the documentation center of the Bons Enfants site near the ministry. In addition, the collection of models and materials (the material library) of

2212-526: The Commission of Monuments, whose role is to study "the fate of monuments, arts and sciences". In 1791, Alexandre Lenoir was appointed to create the Museum of French Monuments , opened in 1795, in which he gathered the fragments of architecture that he had managed to save from destruction over the previous several years. But this museum was closed by Louis XVIII under the ordinance of 24 April 1816, during

2291-516: The Commission published its first list , composed of 1082 historical monuments, including 934 buildings. This list consisted only of prehistoric monuments and ancient and medieval buildings (those constructed between the 5th and 16th centuries), which predictably included many religious buildings, but also objects that today might be termed broadly "material culture", such as the Bayeux Tapestry . All of these sites were and remain properties of

2370-572: The Convention on 31 August 1794 on "the destruction carried out by vandalism and the means of recovering it". Other properties have been kept by the state and have changed functions (prisons such as Maguelone , Clairvaux , Mont-Saint-Michel ), but the greater part were sold to individuals, often to serve as a quarry for building materials and have disappeared ( Abbey of Cluny , Vézelay Abbey , etc.). In 1790, Aubin Louis Millin spoke for

2449-517: The Director of Public monuments, the new Commission carried out inventory and classification work (classification on the basis of political considerations then emphasizing around 1835 sites primarily of historical interest only, expanded from 1841 to include those for their architectural quality) and the allocation of funding. It was also responsible for training architects who work on monuments (starting with Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc ). In 1840,

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2528-500: The French Ministry of Culture for a monument of national-level significance. Monuments of lesser significance may be "inscribed" by various regional entities. Buildings may be given the classification (or inscription) for either their exteriors or interiors. A monument's designation could be for a building's décor, its furniture, a single room, or even a staircase. An example is the monument historique classification of

2607-834: The French Alpine Club, the Society for the Protection of Landscapes and the aesthetics of France, and the Touring Club of France, which had all protested vigorously against the effects of industrialization. the 1906 law laid down the principle of classification of picturesque natural sites. Under the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State , local communities and the state were entrusted with

2686-588: The Friends of Bayard"; since 1938, this association sticks by its regular publications and its annual meetings to restore the historical veracity. To the seigneurial home flanked with four towers was added a residence of three floors, of which only two remain and are currently occupied by the museum. The castle had suffered much damage during the French Wars of Religion and the wars for the border between Dauphiné and Savoy , then because of its abandonment during

2765-575: The Historic Environment (PPS5) 2010 sets out planning policies on the conservation of the historic environment. The Penfold Review was set up by the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills to identify whether non-planning consents delay or discourage investment published its final report in July 2010. More recently the controversial draft National Planning Policy hopes to streamline planning policy whilst "reaffirming protections for

2844-687: The Inspector of Historic Monuments was to classify the buildings and to distribute the funds for maintenance and restoration. On 29 September 1837, the Minister of the Interior, the Count of Montalivet , officially established the Commission for Historic Monuments ( Commission des monuments historiques ), succeeding the former Committee for the Arts. Composed of seven volunteers and chaired by Jean Vatout ,

2923-679: The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) also made up of the Center for Research on the Conservation of Collections (CRCC) and the Conservation-Research of the Music Museum. The LRMH is responsible for carrying out scientific and technical studies as well as research on the conservation of buildings and cultural heritage objects protected as Historical Monuments. He studies the constituent materials and

3002-509: The Revolution. 45°25′25″N 6°1′8″E  /  45.42361°N 6.01889°E  / 45.42361; 6.01889 Monument historique Monument historique ( French: [mɔnymɑ̃ istɔʁik] ) is a designation given to some national heritage sites in France . It may also refer to the state procedure in France by which national heritage protection is extended to

3081-654: The Second World War and the massive destruction due to the German bombings of 1940 and the Allies of 1944 and 1945, and the economic boom of the Thirty Glorious Years during which destruction continues to rebuild something new, the protection in reaction changes scale. On October 4, 1962, a new law empowered the Minister of Culture André Malraux to safeguard sectors of towns that were first created by

3160-402: The alteration phenomena that compromise their conservation. He works on the treatments to be applied to altered works, as well as on the conservation conditions of the monuments and objects studied. It disseminates the results of its studies and research as widely as possible. There are two levels of protection: These two levels of protection are determined after a thorough historical study by

3239-551: The beginning of the protection of the industrial heritage, both the architecture (the mill of the Menier chocolate factory by Jules Saulnier in Noisiel was classified in 1992) and the machines (the automobile collection Schlumpf was classified in 1978 to avoid its dispersion). At the same time the mission of maritime and fluvial heritage, with the classification of lighthouses, beacons, river cranes, then boats (the first of these were

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3318-543: The building presented does not justify not a ranking. In the case of acceptance of the owner, the minister signs the order of ranking, prepared by the Regional Conservation of Historical Monuments concerned. The publication of the list of protected historic monuments in the course of one year is made in an issue of The Official Journal of the French Republic of the following year, but the protection

3397-478: The context of buildings or objects requiring an archaeological study or found during excavations, the regional archeology service can examine the file. The protection request file is generally made up by the documentary study officers of the Regional Conservation of Historic Monuments . The file must include a documentary part giving detailed information on the building (history, urban situation, legal, etc.) and photographic and cartographic documents. It also includes

3476-410: The control of the architect of the buildings of France is also exercised by the means of the requirement, since 1977, of his agreement on the permit to demolish buildings located in the perimeters protected for their patrimonial or environmental interest (sites registered, etc.), as well as since 1943 on all works located in covisibility and, henceforth, in the vicinity of historical monuments by virtue of

3555-513: The country were being formed. The Celtic Academy was founded in 1804 by Éloi Johanneau and others, who met for the first time on 3 Ventôse year XIII (22 February 1805). This first association was to be devoted only to the study of the Celts , but quickly its members became interested in national antiquities. As early as 1811, Roquefort proposed to change the name of the society to give it one more in line with its activity. The new statutes as well as

3634-537: The death of the knight, the castle passed to his brother Georges, then to Georges' daughter, Françoise Copier. She did not have any children and sold the castle and the titles in 1559 to the d’Avançon family. Then the property passed by marriage to the Simiane de Gordes (1581), then to the Simiane de la Coste, lords of Montbives (1677), and finally to the Noinvilles (1735). Louis-Alphonse de Noinville, emigrant under

3713-535: The decree is taken or not, he can also choose, depending on the wish expressed by the commission or not, to send the file to the Ministry of Culture for classification. In the event that the file is submitted to the Minister, the National Heritage and Architecture Commission makes a decision and then has two possibilities: either it proposes the classification, or it proposes or confirms the registration if

3792-525: The decree of March 4, 1964. As a result, the service of the General Inventory of monuments and artistic riches of France does not list only singular historical monuments. Meanwhile, historic buildings open to civil architecture sixteenth to the eighteenth century, the vernacular and native architecture starting with the Palais idéal du facteur Cheval , in 1969, and the monumental architecture of

3871-431: The designation because of their historical importance to science. The MH designation traces its roots to the French Revolution when the government appointed Alexandre Lenoir to specify and safeguard certain structures. Though the first classifications were given in the 19th century by the writer Prosper Mérimée , inspector-general of historical monuments, by a first list established in 1840 . In 1851, Mérimée organized

3950-620: The décor in the café " Deux Garçons " in Aix-en-Provence whose patrons once included Alphonse de Lamartine , Émile Zola and Paul Cézanne . Some buildings are designated because of their connection to a single personality, such as the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise which is designated an MH because of its connection to the painter Vincent van Gogh . Since the 1990s, a significant number of places have been given

4029-461: The first competition of the ACMH took place, and finally in 1907 a decree permanently enshrined their legal status. Proposed by the Minister of Public Education Aristide Briand, the law of April 21, 1906, on the protection of natural sites and monuments of artistic character, resulted from the action carried out among others by the Society of Friends of Trees (founded in 1898 by Julien-François Jeannel),

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4108-730: The first time of "historical monument" in a report submitted to the Constituent Assembly on the occasion of the demolition of the Bastille . The phrase "Historic monument" thus became symbolic of the pre-revolutionary era, the Ancien Régime . The idea of preserving a site linked to the Ancien Régime circulated, and the Assembly, under the impetus of Talleyrand , adopted the decree of 13 October 1790, which created

4187-511: The first time the specific criteria and procedure for official classification of monuments. It also contains provisions establishing the body of chief architects of historic monuments (or ACMH, drawing inspiration from the situation of diocesan architects in the Service des Edifices Diocésains—a state agency designed for the specific upkeep of church properties—and gradually replacing local architects) established by decree of 26 January 1892. In 1893

4266-560: The first time, the budget of the Ministry of the Interior included an allowance of 80,000 francs for "historical monuments", about one-fifteenth of the total sum. Under the July Monarchy , on 21 October 1830, the Minister of the Interior, François Guizot proposed in a report presented to King Louis-Philippe to create the post of Inspector of Historic Monuments which he assigned to Ludovic Vitet on 25 November 1830, then reassigned to Prosper Mérimée on 27 May 1834. The mission of

4345-464: The historic environment and heritage". In England, anyone can apply to English Heritage to ask for a building, monument, wreck etc. to be considered for designation. It is not necessary to be the owner of the asset in order to apply for it to be designated. There is an application form and guidance notes on the organisation's web site. Site that are under threat, for example of demolition, removal or salvage are given priority. The following information

4424-577: The historic monument has become a kind of Noah syndrome: the state continues to register historical monuments in greater quantity than what it can actually occupy. Currently, the restoration credits allocated by the Ministry of Culture are decentralized in the DRACs or managed by the operator of heritage and real estate projects for culture. The following graphs summarize the number of classification and registration as historical monuments by decade, since 1840. The Architecture and Heritage Media Library (MAP)

4503-403: The logo is optional. The notion of historical monument, sparked by both the ideas of the French Revolution and Romanticism , led to a policy of protection founded by the July Monarchy . This is a recognition of public interest for buildings (buildings, gardens and parks, archaeological reserves, etc.) which more specifically concerns the art and history attached to the monument and constitutes

4582-589: The movement of the Ecole de Nancy ) were also listed at the end of the 1990s, mainly in Nancy. To accentuate this visibility, the label "Heritage 20th century" was created in 1999, automatically assigned to all the historical monuments built during the 20th century, but the present buildings in ZPPAUP or offered for regional commission heritage and architecture. The name "additional inventory of historic monuments"

4661-452: The municipalities own 55.82%, versus 5.67% for the state and 3.6% for other local authorities. A third of historical monuments concern domestic architecture, 29.6% are religious buildings. They were broken down in 2014 as follows: As of 31 December 2008, there were 43,180 monuments distributed as follows: 14,367 classified and 28,813 registered as historical monuments, 323 additional compared to 2007, 44,236 in 2012 and 44,318 in 2014. But

4740-533: The name of classification under object title or (rarer) of registration under object title as well as for the census. Long subject to the provisions of the law of 31 December 1913, classification and registration are now governed by Title II of Book VI of the Heritage Code and can take 15 to 18 months (legislative part and regulatory part) to fully enshrine a place or object. From a legal point of view, this protection constitutes an official French label. The biens nationaux ("National Properties"), created in

4819-719: The new one of the company, Société des antiquaires de France, were adopted on 29 October 1813. Arcisse de Caumont founded the Society of Antiquaries of Normandy in 1824, and the French Society of Archeology in 1834. The Archaeological Society of the South of France was founded by Alexandre Du Mège in 1831. In 1834 the Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest was founded in Poitiers by Charles Mangon de La Lande from members of

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4898-447: The nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This is when a few of those monuments were entered or classified: Metallic architecture took a long time to be recognized and classified: Les Halles by Victor Baltard were destroyed between 1969 and 1971 (only one pavilion was classified as a historical monument and was reassembled in Nogent-sur-Marne in 1977, outside its context of origin), the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève by Henri Labrouste

4977-406: The obligatory actors, establishing criminal and civil sanctions in the event of unauthorized work on listed monuments, etc. That same year, the Commission of Historic Monuments also accepted four castles dating from later than the Middle Ages: Luxembourg Palace , Versailles , Maisons-Laffitte, and the Louvre . At the end of 1911, more than 4,000 buildings and 14,000 objects were classified. During

5056-424: The opinions of the chief architect of historical monuments, of the architect of buildings of France and of the curator of historic monuments. The protection file thus constituted is then submitted to the opinion of the regional commission for heritage and architecture (CRPA) chaired by the regional prefect. The prefect, according to the opinion of the commission, can issue a registration order, or refuse it. Whether

5135-431: The other hand, the Department of Communities and Local Government is responsible for the planning system. European Union law affects certain locations - such as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) whilst international law applies to World Heritage Sites There has been a long series of investigations, reports and plans to reform and restructure the heritage protection process. Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for

5214-420: The owner or any public actor (territorial architecture and heritage service which has become a departmental architecture and heritage unit, regional inventory service, etc.) or private (heritage conservation associations, for example), with the architect of buildings in France with territorial jurisdiction or the Regional Conservation of Historic Monuments attached to the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs. In

5293-434: The possibility of classifying as a site an area located near a listed or registered building. The protection of classified natural sites is currently governed by the Environment Code. The law of February 25, 1943, modifying the law of December 31, 1913, clarifies these provisions by introducing a field of vision of 500 meters. The law of 1943 indeed considers that a monument is also the impression that its surroundings give. This

5372-439: The protection of buildings representing a particular type—i.e., the typicum —and no longer just the unique structure or unicum ). Thus for this purpose, in 1851 the Commission created the Mission Héliographique , responsible for photographing French monuments, one of the earliest and most significant widespread and systematic uses of photography , one of whose chief employees was Édouard-Denis Baldus . However, local authorities,

5451-474: The provisions of Article L. 621-30.II of the Heritage Code, or in remarkable heritage sites (former sectors saved) since 1964. In reality, there are therefore several hundred thousand existing buildings, if not several million, which are directly or indirectly protected in France by a rigorous aesthetic and heritage control, during any work on them. Faced with the sharp increase in the number of historical monuments, some authors such as Françoise Choay consider that

5530-432: The provisions of the 1887 law, widening the field of protection of the classification criteria (to properties whose conservation no longer responds simply to the notion of "national interest" but to that of "public interest", which also takes into account the small local heritage classification extended to private property without needing the consent of the owner, a prelude to registration in the additional inventory), defining

5609-414: The research center are hosted by the Chaillot school to serve as educational support for its students. The historical monuments research laboratory (LRMH) is a service with national competence of the Ministry of Culture, attached to the service responsible for heritage within the General Directorate of Heritage. He is part of the Center for Research on Conservation (CRC), a team associated with USR 3224 of

5688-407: The responsibility of the religious buildings, but certain communes refused to take charge of some of these buildings, which were not considered to be of "national interest", while other localities did not hesitate to auction off their heritage, which caused scandals and revealed the weaknesses of the legislative texts of 1887. The law of December 31, 1913, on historic monuments complemented and improved

5767-412: The state, the department or the municipality in which they are located, the conservation of which requires work (and therefore funds). Subsequently, the Commission continued its inventory work, and the historical monuments increased in number and the area of protection widened in three directions: chronological, categorical (that is, towards vernacular architecture), and typological or conceptual (towards

5846-444: The three-masted Duchesse Anne and the barge Mad-Atao in 1982), etc. Also protected are historic villages: Joan of Arc's birthplace (classified from 1840) or that of Napoleon I, the wall of Federated, Oradour-sur-Glane (ranked May 10, 1946), etc.; and gardens: around 1920 the parks of Versailles and Fontainebleau were listed, as was that of Azay-le-Rideau around 1930. Other monuments, reflections of French Art Nouveau (in particular

5925-466: The title of Lord of Bayard. Consequently, the strong house took officially the name of castle. Ever since it took that name, each lord to live there made it a point that there also be a second in command. After the death of Pierre II Terrail in 1465 in the Battle of Montlhéry , his son Aymon (1420-1496) took the title of Lord of Bayard and dwelt in the castle. Like his father and his grandfather, he devoted

6004-528: The wake of the nationalization of Church property (Decree of the clergy property made available to the Nation of 2 November 1789), emigrants (Decree of 9 November 1791) and the crown of France (Decree of 10 August 1792), have had varying fortunes. Some were appropriated by the state due to popular vindictiveness, giving rise to the notion of vandalism invented by the Abbé Grégoire in a report presented to

6083-430: Was invented: the "inscription in the supplementary inventory of historical monuments", in 1925, which in 2005 became the "inscription under the title of historic monuments." The law of May 2, 1930, which replaced that of 1906, consolidated the procedures for classifying built monuments on the one hand, and that of sites and natural spaces, by creating the category of "classified site and registered site". It also introduced

6162-405: Was not registered until 1988. Archives , which are collection of documents, were eligible to be classified as "historical monuments", until the passage of a 1979 law on archives. This established a specific regime (currently codified in book II of the heritage code), which is, however, inspired by much of the regime of historical monuments. The end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s saw

6241-412: Was replaced by "registration as historical monuments" in 2005. As of 1 February 2015, there were 43,600 buildings protected as historical monuments in France (14,100 classified and 29,500 registered), as well as around 300,000 movable objects (more than 135,000 classified and around 150,000 registered) to which it is necessary to add 1,400 musical organs. 49.4% of historical monuments are private property;

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