A social enterprise is an organization that applies commercial strategies to maximize improvements in financial, social and environmental well-being. This may include maximizing social impact alongside profits for co-owners.
77-651: The Civic Trust Awards scheme is a British awards scheme to recognise outstanding architecture, planning and design in the built environment. It was established in 1959, and is the longest-standing built environment awards scheme in Europe. The Civic Trust Awards is not linked to any organisation, institution, or publication and operates on a not-for-profit basis. The general public is able to participate in nominating and judging schemes from their local area. They may also be awarded internationally. The Civic Trust Awards were originally established in 1959 by Michael Middleton CBE of
154-501: A charity organisation . They can also take more conventional structures. Social enterprises are dynamic, requiring adaptation to ensure they meet the needs of communities and individuals in an ever-changing world. Their shared common thread is that they all operate to achieve a balanced financial, social and environmental set of objectives. Worker- and employee-owned trading enterprises, co-operatives, and collectives. These vary from very large enterprises such as John Lewis Partnership in
231-452: A CIC as a subsidiary, in which case (exceptionally) there are no restrictions on distributions to the shareholder. CICs are limited companies , either limited by shares or limited by guarantee. Thus Registered Societies and unincorporated associations cannot be CICs. When a CIC is requested, the CIC regulator considers whether the application meets the criteria to become a CIC. If satisfied,
308-535: A CIC must also provide that its assets cannot be used except for the benefit of the community. This is known as the asset lock. The "asset lock" refers to provisions in the company's articles that ensure the assets of the company are, at least mainly, applied for the benefit of the community. The precise terms are specified in legislation. Assets not applied directly for the benefit of the community may only be exchanged for full value or transferred to another "asset-locked body". The only exceptions are distributions to
385-482: A business, a partnership for profit or non-profit , and may take the form (depending on in which country the entity exists and the legal forms available) of a co-operative , mutual organisation , a disregarded entity (a form of business classification for income tax purposes in the United States), a social business , a benefit corporation , a community interest company , a company limited by guarantee or
462-468: A company to be registered as a CIC, the Regulator must be satisfied that that "a reasonable person might consider that its activities are being carried on for the benefit of the community", or at least a section of the community. This community interest test is met primarily by including a suitable objects clause in the articles of association. In order to meet this test, CICs cannot: The articles of
539-486: A favourable tax treatment: CICs are liable to corporation tax like any other company. Those who may want to set up a CIC are expected to be philanthropic entrepreneurs who want to do good in a form other than charity. This may be because: A charity can convert to a CIC with the consent of the Charity Commission . In so doing, it will lose its charitable status, including tax advantages. A charity may own
616-463: A long history around the world, though under different names and with different characteristics. The first description of a social enterprise as a democratically owned and run trading organisation that is financially independent, has social objectives and operates in an environmentally responsible way, was put forward by Freer Spreckley in the UK in 1978 and later written as a publication in 1981. One of
693-571: A national voice for the sector, the Alliance of Social Enterprise Networks Australia (ASENA). ASENA has provided a federal channel for advocacy, collaboration and resource sharing for the emergent community of networks. ASENA brings together representatives from the social enterprise networks in Australia: Social enterprise networks create a unique place to connect and grow the community of practitioners and enablers that are meeting at
770-753: A nonprofit legal form and are treated in academic literature on the subject as a branch or sub-set of nonprofit activity (especially when contrasted with Social Businesses). Social enterprises in the nonprofit form can earn income for their goods or services; they are typically regarded as non-profits that use business strategies to generate revenue to support their charitable missions. In recent years, many non-profits have chosen to take on social enterprise models as it has become increasingly difficult to obtain financing from outside sources. The social enterprise model offers non-profit organisations an alternative to relying on charitable donations. This may allow them to increase their funding and sustainability and assist them in
847-491: A positive civic contribution. Previous winners include: Community Interest Company A community interest company ( CIC , pronounced "see-eye-see", or colloquially, "kick") is a form of social enterprise in the United Kingdom intended "for people wishing to establish businesses which trade with a social purpose..., or to carry on other activities for the benefit of the community". CICs were introduced by
SECTION 10
#1732781178702924-543: A profit motive. A fourth definition asserts that a social enterprise consists of a community of dedicated individuals that are continuously thinking about social impact and, as a result, employ business and management techniques to approach social causes. Social enterprises are not only a structural element of a non-profit. A large portion of social enterprises are non-profits; however, there are also for-profit social enterprises. Social enterprises are often regarded—erroneously—as nonprofit organisations, although many do take on
1001-401: A profit to sustain their activities. They uniquely combine financial goals with a mission for social impact. Their models can be expanded or replicated to other communities to generate more impact. A social enterprise can be more sustainable than a nonprofit organisation that may solely rely on grant money, donations or government policies alone. A social enterprises can be structured as
1078-408: A result, they have to resort to other (non-financial) techniques to recruit employees. Many managers utilise the social component of the social enterprise's dual mission and purpose for this. Like social enterprise, social entrepreneurship has a variety of existing definitions. Currently, there is not a widely accepted standard definition for the term, and descriptions vary in level of detail. There
1155-460: A social enterprise. Social enterprises have socially bound mission statements and operate with the goal of solving a social problem as a part of their mission. Social enterprise has emerged as a businesslike contrast to traditional nonprofit organisations. Social enterprise is going to continue its evolution away from forms that focus on broad frame-breaking and innovation to a narrower focus on market-based solutions and businesslike solutions to measure
1232-469: A social purpose in a financially sustainable way. Social enterprises can provide income generation opportunities that meet the basic needs of people who live in poverty. They are sustainable, and earned income from sales is reinvested in their mission. They do not depend on philanthropy and can sustain themselves over the long term. Attempting a comprehensive definition, social enterprises are market-oriented entities that aim to create social value while making
1309-617: A specific purpose and trade commercially. All operate to reinvest profits in the community. They have large memberships that are customers or supporters of the organisation's key purpose. There are village cooperatives in India and Pakistan that were established as far back as 1904. There are many NGOs and charities that operate commercial consulting and training enterprises or subsidiary trading enterprises, such as Oxfam International. The profits are used to provide salaries for people who provide free services to specific groups of people or to further
1386-579: A universal design assessor, a community representative, a Local Authority planner and a Student Representative. This team reports its recommendations to the National Judging Panel (a group of experts in their respective fields) that make the final decisions on the level of award to be given. The assessor team will be looking for schemes that use sustainable design and construction, have a positive impact on their local environment, and have well integrated and detailed access for all. Feedback
1463-440: Is a huge amount of variation in forms and activities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a practise that businesses can use to be conscious of the social and environmental impacts of their activities. There are a variety of CSR markers, such as accountability and internal and external elements. Social enterprises place a lot of emphasis on external social responsibility as a result of their social objectives, so social impact
1540-411: Is a significant contributor to the economy - from local manufacturing and agriculture, to hospitality and professional services - they are not only local enterprises serving local needs, nearly one-third trade internationally. Unlike traditional commercial businesses, Victorian social enterprises are intentionally labour-intensive, with the proportion of their labour force equating to approximately twice
1617-473: Is also (since 2017) Chief Executive and Registrar for England and Wales at Companies House . Social enterprise Social enterprises have business , environmental and social goals. As a result, their social goals are embedded in their objective, which differentiates them from other organisations and companies . A social enterprise's main purpose is to promote, encourage, and make social change . Social enterprises are businesses created to further
SECTION 20
#17327811787021694-404: Is also credited with having conceived of the idea of the "Community Interest Company" and led much of the work on establishment of that legal company form in the UK. CICs are diverse. They include social and community enterprises, social firms, mutual organizations such as co-operatives , and large-scale organizations operating locally, regionally, nationally, or internationally. In order for
1771-427: Is an emphasis on change agents for social entrepreneurship, in contrast to the organisational focus of social enterprises. Social entrepreneurship usually takes place in the non-profit sector, with a focus on creating and implementing new solutions. Social impact and social enterprise are not the same. Social impact may refer to the overall effects of a business, but a business that has social impact may or may not be
1848-467: Is built into the organisation. However, there has been debate on whether or not social enterprises place enough emphasis on internal CSR. Internal CSR includes human resources and capital management, health and safety standards, adaptation to innovation and change, and the quality of management within the organisation. Since a large majority of social enterprises do not have sufficient funding, they are unable to pay competitive wages to their employees, and as
1925-701: Is offered to all unsuccessful applicants and the decision made by the assessor team and National Panel is final. For the Civic Trust AABC Conservation Award scheme, entries will be desk assessed by a group of specialist conservation representatives of the AABC. The Civic Trust Awards scheme annually recognise projects with Special Awards, Awards and Highly Commended. There are three entry categories - Civic Trust Awards, AABC Conservation Awards, and ProTem Awards (for temporary buildings/structures). Projects can be entered separately into both
2002-557: Is responsive, flexible, welcoming, easy to use and occupy; allowing all to use with dignity and equality. The Selwyn Goldsmith Awards (SGA) seek to promote and applaud those schemes which achieve this and exceed regulation. To be considered for the SGA's your project should have gone beyond the building regulations, as a minimum using best practice guidance, putting people at the heart of the project and showing exemplar design. Civic Trust Awards - Projects that make an outstanding contribution to
2079-456: The benefit corporation (B-Corp). L3C's main objective is to achieve socially beneficial goals. They are able to go about achieving these goals by employing the financial and flexible advantages of a limited liability company. States that have authorised the use of the L3C model have established three requirements: to operate for charitable or educational purposes, not the production of income, and not
2156-478: The social economy draws explicitly from the works of Robert Owen , Proudhon , and Karl Marx , with works by Bourdieu and Putnam informing the debate over social capital and its relationship to the competitive advantage of mutuals . This intellectual foundation, however, does not extend as strongly into the field of social entrepreneurship, where there is more influence from writings on liberalism and entrepreneurship by Joseph Schumpeter in conjunction with
2233-640: The triple bottom line were: Furthermore, it was intended as part of the original concept that social enterprises should plan, measure and report on financial performance, social-wealth creation, and environmental responsibility by the use of a social accounting and audit system. The organisational and legal principles embedded in social enterprises are believed to have come from non-profit organisations. Originally, non-profit organisations relied on governmental and public support, but more recently they have started to rely on profits from their own social change operations. The Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines
2310-708: The 1850s in Germany and spread internationally. Cooperative banks have likewise been around since the 1870s, owned as a subsidiary of a membership co-operative. In recent times, microcredit organisations have sprung up in many developing countries to great effect. Local currency exchanges and social value exchanges are also being established. Many community organisations are registered social enterprises: community enterprises, housing co-operatives, community interest companies with asset locks, community centres, pubs and shops, associations, housing associations, and football clubs. These are membership organisations that usually exist for
2387-417: The CIC regime was introduced there was no simple, clear way of locking the support of such a company to a public benefit purpose, other than applying for charitable status. The community interest company emerged from many sources, often citing the absence in the UK of a company form for not-for-profit social enterprises similar to those in other countries. A first significant proposal for a new company form in
Civic Trust Awards - Misplaced Pages Continue
2464-561: The Civic Trust Awards and AABC Conservation Awards, should all criteria requirements be met. All schemes are considered on their own merits, with winning projects also considered for one of the Special Awards, such as Sustainability, Community Engagement etc. The Civic Trust Awards also delivers an Awards scheme in recognition of architect and founding figure of universal design, Selwyn Goldsmith. Established in 2011,
2541-537: The Civic Trust to recognise outstanding architecture, urban design, landscape and public are which improve the quality of life for local communities. The Civic Trust went into administration in April 2009, following the loss of a government contract. The Civic Trust Awards was successfully rescued from the administration process by former Civic Trust employee Malcolm Hankey and his wife Karen Hankey who continue to run
2618-615: The Co-operative Research Unit (CRU) at the Open University have also published research into social enterprise. The Skoll World Forum, organised jointly by Oxford and Duke universities, brings together researchers and practitioners from across the globe. The term 'social enterprise' has a mixed and contested heritage due to its philanthropic roots in the United States and cooperative roots in
2695-618: The Form IN01 and memorandum and articles of association together with a Form CIC36 signed by all their directors, explaining their community credentials, to the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales, or the Registrar for Scotland, with a fee of £35. Since 11 March 2019, CICs can be registered online for a reduced fee of £27. Existing companies can convert to a CIC by passing resolutions which make changes to their name and their memorandum and articles of association and by delivering to
2772-552: The Grameen Bank, believes that a social enterprise should be modelled exclusively to achieve a social goal. Another view is that social enterprises should not be motivated by profit motives, but rather that profit motives should be secondary to the primary social goal. A second definition provided by The Social Enterprise Alliance (SEA) defines a social enterprise as an organisation that uses business methods to execute its social or environmental mission. According to this definition,
2849-512: The Registrar of Companies copies of these documents, together with a fee of £35, and a form CIC37 (which is similar to a CIC36, but asks for confirmation that the company is not a charity or that permission has been obtained from the Charity Commission to convert from a charity to a CIC). The Registrar will conduct the normal checks for registration and pass the papers to the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, to determine whether
2926-773: The Selwyn Goldsmith Awards for Universal Design is delivered in parallel with the Civic Trust Awards application process, all CTA entries are automatically considered for the Selwyn Goldsmith Award. The winner will be selected by a specially convened panel of universal design experts with the announcement made at the Awards Ceremony in March each year. Universal Design is about ensuring that places work for all people, no matter your age, ethnicity, gender or ability. An environment or building that
3003-733: The UK and the Mondragon Corporation in Spain to medium-sized enterprises owned by their staff with traditional management hierarchies and pay differentials to quite small worker cooperatives with only a few directors and employees who work in less hierarchical ways and practice wage parity. Within the trading enterprises, there are employee-owned enterprises and membership-owned enterprises. Savings and loan organisations such as credit unions , microcredit organisations, cooperative banks , and revolving loan funds are membership-owned social enterprises. Credit unions were first established in
3080-492: The UK government in 2005 under Part 2 of the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 . They enjoy the flexibility and certainty of the company form, but with statutory provisions to ensure they are working for the benefit of the community. The Regulator of Community Interest Companies provides oversight, which is intended to be "light touch". CICs have proved popular, with some 10,000 registered in
3157-749: The UK was advanced in 2001 in "The case for the Public Interest Company", by Paul Corrigan, Jane Steele and Greg Parston of the Public Management Foundation. This proposal was based on research funded by the Gulbenkian Foundation , Gordon Roddick, and the Office for Public Management, and was influenced by the example of the American public benefit corporation . Stephen Lloyd of Bates Wells Braithwaite
Civic Trust Awards - Misplaced Pages Continue
3234-573: The United Kingdom, European Union, and Asia. In the US, the term is associated with 'doing charity by doing trade', rather than 'doing charity while doing trade'. In other countries, there is a much stronger emphasis on community organising , democratic control of capital, and mutual principles than on philanthropy. In recent years, there has been a rise in the concept of social purpose businesses, which pursue social responsibility directly or raise funds for charitable purposes. Muhammad Yunus, founder of
3311-495: The Victorian Government has commissioned further research and digital platforms to support the collection and sharing of social enterprise research and knowledge. The Social Entrepreneur Evidence Space (SEES) is an open research platform for Australia's social enterprise community. Social enterprise practitioners have formed professional networks in each State and Territory of Australia. In 2020, they joined to form
3388-556: The company satisfies the community interest test. The 2004 act created the officer known as the Regulator of Community Interest Companies, who is appointed for a term of up to five years by the relevant Secretary of State – from 2016 to 2023 the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy , since 2023 the Secretary of State for Business and Trade . Louise Smyth was appointed as Regulator in September 2020; she
3465-401: The company's members for the purpose of returning paid-up capital, or paying dividends and interest (which are subject to caps). A CIC is ipso facto not a charity, even if in all other respects it meets the requirements of charitable status. They are more lightly regulated than charities, which can be advantageous. On the other hand they do not have the benefit of charitable status, such as
3542-465: The culture and lore of Australia's first peoples, which have been practised for over 60,000 years. Similarly, social enterprise practises were common in the establishment of Australia's immigrant populations. Australia's suburban landscape is marked by clubs and associations that operate hospitality, learning, or community-oriented enterprises together with inclusive and culturally strengthening employment practises. The forms social enterprises can take and
3619-495: The development of the social entrepreneurship field through project initiatives and publications. As of 2018 the field of social enterprise studies has not yet developed firm philosophical foundations, but its advocates and its academic community are much more engaged with critical pedagogies (e.g. Paulo Freire ) and critical traditions in research (e.g. critical theory / institutional theory / Marxism ) in comparison to private-sector business education. Teaching related to
3696-562: The emerging fields of social innovation , actor-network theory , and complexity theory to explain its processes. Social enterprise (unlike private enterprise) is not taught exclusively in a business school context, as it is increasingly connected to the health sector and to public service delivery. However, Oxford University's Said Business School does host the Skoll World Forum , a global event focused on social entrepreneurs . The first international social enterprise journal
3773-456: The enterprise more financially valuable. These are organisations that might be more properly said to be operating corporate responsibility policies . Social enterprises differ in that their commitment to impact is central to the mission of the business. Some may not aim to offer any benefit to their investors, except where they believe that doing so will ultimately further their capacity to realise their social and environmental goals, although there
3850-476: The firm's goals. Some social enterprises have taken on same-sector and cross-sector partnerships, while others continue to operate independently. Tensions are separated into four distinct categories: performing, organizing, belonging, and learning. While the terminology of 'social enterprise' is new in Australia, the contemporary values, principles, and practises of social enterprise are strongly aligned with
3927-488: The first examples of a social enterprise, in the form of a social cooperative, can be traced back to the Victorian era. Like social cooperatives, social enterprises are believed to have emerged as a result of state and market failure . However, market failure is emphasized in the UK, while state failure is emphasized in the United States. Muhammad Yunus ( Grameen Bank founder and 2006 Nobel Peace Prize laureate) used
SECTION 50
#17327811787024004-487: The first ten years of the status being available. CICs tackle a wide range of social and environmental issues and operate in all parts of the economy. By using business methods to achieve public good, it is believed that CICs have a distinct and valuable role to play in helping create a strong, sustainable and socially inclusive economy. Limited companies that do not have charitable status find it difficult to ensure that their assets are dedicated to public benefit. Before
4081-419: The following as reasons for this transition: Social enterprises are viewed to have been created as a result of the evolution of non-profits. This formation process resulted in a type of hybrid organisation that does not have concrete organisational boundaries. Various scholars (e.g. Eikenberry & Kluver, Liu & Ko, and Mullins et al.) have argued that this may have come about due to the marketization of
4158-460: The formation of the EMES network of social economy researchers who subsequently spread the language to the UK and the rest of Europe through influential English language publications. When social enterprise first emerged, much of the scholarly literature focused on defining the key characteristics and definitions of social enterprise. Currently, there is more literature and research on the emergence of
4235-467: The fulfilment of a political or legislative agenda. A benefit corporation , or B-Corp, is a corporation that operates to achieve or create a "general public benefit". The first academic paper to propose worker co-operatives involved in health and rehabilitation work as a form social enterprise was published in 1993. The scale and integration of co-operative development in the 'red belt' of Italy (some 7,000 worker, and 8,000 social co-operatives) inspired
4312-655: The individuals and communities social enterprises aim to benefit. This Finding Australia's Social Enterprise Sector (FASES) project produced its final report in June 2010. The project was led by Professor Jo Barraket, an Australian social enterprise academic. One of the key features of this Australian research is its intention to define social enterprise in a way that was informed by and made sense to those working in or with social enterprises. The research design therefore included workshops to explore and test what social enterprise managers, researchers, and relevant policymakers meant by
4389-615: The industries they operate in are so many and varied that it has always been a challenge to define, find, and count social enterprises. In 2009, Social Traders partnered with the Australian Centre for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies (ACPNS) at Queensland University of Technology to define social enterprise and, for the first time in Australia , to identify and map the social enterprise sector: its scope, its variety of forms, its reasons for trading, its financial dimensions, and
4466-451: The innovation that differentiates the social enterprise from the traditional non-profit actor. In 2012, Social Enterprise UK ran the 'Not In Our Name' campaign against Salesforce.com , a global software and CRM company that had begun using the term 'social enterprise' to describe its products and had applied for 'social enterprise' trademarks in the EU, US, Australia, and Jamaica. The campaign
4543-451: The last financial year. A CIC is expected, though not absolutely required, to specify an "asset-locked body" in its articles of association, to which any surplus assets will be transferred when the company is wound up . If such a body is not specified, the Regulator's approval must be obtained before any distribution can be made. Formation and registration are similar to those of any limited company. New organizations can register by filing
4620-426: The networks provide inspiration, demonstrate business innovation through commercially viable social or environmentally sustainable operations, and creative ways for motivating or developing staff or diversifying CSR strategies. For philanthropy, social enterprise is not well understood or recognised. The networks provide opportunities to discover social innovation, and to generate lasting system-level impact by harnessing
4697-404: The nexus between business and charity. For example, SENVIC's Annual Review 2020-2021 notes that of its 700 members, there are 250 associate members from government, business and philanthropy. For government, the network creates opportunities to diversify social procurement spending or to explore social innovation and transform policy approaches to tackle intractable or wicked problems. For business,
SECTION 60
#17327811787024774-422: The non-profit sector, which resulted in many non-profit firms placing more focus on generating income. Other scholars have used institutional theory to conclude that non-profits have adopted social enterprise models, because such models have become legitimized and widely accepted. Some organizations have evolved into social enterprises, while some were established as social enterprises. Social enterprise has
4851-414: The proportion of Gross State Product they produce. 20% of Victoria's social enterprise workforce is people with disability (i.e. 12,000 jobs) and 7% of jobs are held by people previously experiencing long-term unemployment. Swinburne University estimates that there are over 20,000 social enterprises nationwide. Based on its Victorian analysis, it can be extrapolated that: Following the 'Map for Impact,
4928-454: The pursuit of their social mission. However, two potential issues emerge: 1) distraction from the social goal in pursuit of contradictory business activities; and 2) inadequate skills, resources, and capabilities for the adoption of the social enterprise model. Many commercial enterprises would consider themselves to have social objectives, but commitment to these objectives is motivated by the perception that such commitment will ultimately make
5005-471: The quality and appearance of the built environment. Award level schemes demonstrate excellence in architecture or design, whilst being sustainable, accessible and provide a positive civic contribution. Civic Trust Highly Commended - Projects that make a significant contribution to the quality and appearance of the built environment. Commendation level schemes demonstrate a good standard of architecture or design, whilst being sustainable, accessible and provide
5082-507: The regulator advises the Registrar in Companies House who, provided that all the documents are in order, will issue a certificate of incorporation as a CIC. CICs must file a "community interest company report" (form CIC34) as part of their annual submission to Companies House. This includes confirmation of directors' remuneration and some explanation of their social impact or evidence of the social benefit that they have provided over
5159-432: The scheme on a not-for-profit basis as a Community Interest Company . Awards are given for buildings and schemes which were architecturally outstanding and made positive differences to their local community. Wherever possible, at the first stage of assessment, entries to the Civic Trust Awards (and Pro-Tem Awards if the structure is still in place) will be visited by a team consisting of an architect and (where available)
5236-433: The social enterprise sector as well as the internal management of social enterprise organisations. Due to the dual-purpose missions of social enterprises, organisations cannot directly employ the typical management strategies of established business models. Recent academic literature has argued against prior positively held views of social enterprises success in striking a balance between the two tensions and instead argued that
5313-450: The social enterprise's social mission is to help the disadvantaged, which is executed by directly providing goods or services (not money). Additionally, earned revenue must be the main source of income for the organisation or venture. A third definition is purely based on how the organisation is legally structured or formed as a legal entity. In this context, a social enterprise is a legal entity that, through its entity choice, chooses to forgo
5390-507: The social impact of programmes. Socially responsible investing (SRI) seeks to maximize both financial gain and social impact. Social Enterprises often use for-profit business strategies to fund social change. The methods by which these Social enterprises create sustainable revenue streams differ from social business to social business, but all share the goal of abandoning the need for government or donor support. Gregory Dees and Beth Anderson discuss this difference in funding strategies as
5467-427: The social mission is being compromised in favour of financial stability. Prioritising social good over financial stability contradicts rational firm management, which typically prioritises financial and profit-seeking goals. As a result, different management issues arise that range from stakeholders (and management) agreeing on the firm's goals but disagreeing on an action plan to management and stakeholders disagreeing on
5544-633: The social or environmental aims of the organisation. The idea of a social enterprise as a distinct concept first developed in the late 1950s. In 1980 Bill Drayton, further popularised the concept by the foundation of Ashoka, one of the first successful global social enterprise movements. In the 1970s in the UK the concept became used as an alternative commercial organisational model to private businesses , co-operatives and public enterprise . The concept, at that time, had five main principles divided into three values and two paradigm shifts. The two paradigm shifts were: The three principles, now referred to as
5621-564: The term "social enterprise" in his 2009 book Banker to the Poor , and in other essays. Muhammad Yunus used the term referring to microfinance . His work in the area of extending micro-credit especially to women in societies where they are economically repressed, led him to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. In the US, Harvard , Stanford and Princeton universities built on the work of Ashoka , and each made contributions to
5698-452: The term 'social enterprise', and remove any references to 'social enterprise' in its marketing materials in the future. Organizations that do not take the distinct form of either a private, public, or non-profit organization are classified as hybrid organizations. For legal and tax purposes, hybrid forms are classified as for-profit entities. The two main types of hybrid organisations are the L3C, or low-profit limited liability company , and
5775-628: The term 'social enterprise'. This was the resulting definition: Social enterprises are organisations that are: In 2017, the Centre for Social Impact at Swinburne University undertook a comprehensive mapping project of social enterprise in Victoria. The 'Map for Impact' Report identified 3,500 social enterprises in Victoria alone, employing over 60,000 people or 1.8% of the state's workforce. Victoria's social enterprises contribute over $ 5.2 billion in gross output to Victoria's economy. Social enterprise
5852-701: Was established in 2005 by Social Enterprise London (with support from the London Development Association). The Social Enterprise Journal has been followed by the Journal of Social Entrepreneurship , and coverage of issues pertaining to the social economy and social enterprise is also covered by the Journal of Co-operative Studies and the Annals of Co-operative and Public Economics . The European Social Enterprise Research Network (EMES) and
5929-665: Was supported by similar organisations in the US (the Social Enterprise Alliance), Canada, South Africa, and Australia. An open letter was sent to the CEO and Chairman of Salesforce.com asking Salesforce.com to stop using the term 'social enterprise'. It was signed by people and organisations around the world, including Muhammad Yunus ( Grameen Bank founder and Nobel Peace Prize laureate), Richard G. Wilkinson , and Kate Pickett (co-authors of The Spirit Level ). Salesforce said it would withdraw applications to trademark
#701298