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36-713: Today, Clackamas people are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon . In 1806, Lewis and Clark estimated their population to be 1,800. At the time the tribe lived in 12 villages located from the lower Columbia River to an area what is now called Oregon City. They resided towards the east side of the Willamette River . In February 1841, Reverend François Norbert Blanchet and Reverend Alvin F. Waller converted Clackamas Chief Popoh. The Clackamas signed

72-850: A Round Dance. The community has an 11,288-acre (46 km ) Indian reservation , the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation , located in Yamhill and Polk counties of Oregon. In the 2000s, the tribe's population was more than 5,500 members. The Tribes employ around 1,600 people. Since 1996, the tribes have generated most of their income by operating the Spirit Mountain Casino in Grand Ronde, between Lincoln City and Salem . The most successful casino in Oregon, it attracts considerable tourist traffic from

108-434: A constitution and by-laws modeled after the U.S. government. In 1954, US Congress "terminated" the tribe. The land of terminated tribes was no longer tax-exempt. Faced with the increased cost of land ownership, many lost their property. In addition, people from terminated tribes could no longer attend Chemawa School and had to pay for medical services. In 1956 the reservation was closed and the tribal council disbanded. In 1975,

144-571: A member of the tribe has an estimated financial benefit of between $ 5500 and $ 7000 per year when such things as housing benefits, student scholarships and per capita payouts from casino revenue are added up; however, that does not include health care or elder pension. Created by the Tribal Constitution, the Grand Ronde Tribal Council was set up to be the tribe's primary governing and legislative body. The council

180-407: A semi-monthly publication schedule, and a tabloid newspaper format. The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde has a curriculum specialist who created tribal history lessons funded in part by Oregon Senate Bill 13, which supplies funds for each of the nine federally recognized tribes in Oregon to create curriculum about Native Americans' contributions to Oregon history. A Chinuk Wawa immersion program

216-539: A treaty in the fall of 1851, which Oregon Superintendent Anson Dart failed to ratify. They signed another treaty on January 10, 1855, which was ratified on March 3, 1855. The Clackamas were promised $ 2,500 worth of resources, but the United States only paid a fifth of what was owed. The tribe subsisted on fish and root vegetables, and constructed large cedar platforms to dip their nets in over Willamette Falls to harvest salmon. The Clackamas women dried and smoked

252-484: Is available for kindergarteners and first graders. The tribe published Chinuk Wawa: As our elders teach us to Speak It , a Chinuk Wawa dictionary, in 2012. In 2010, the tribe built a plank house on the reservation. In 2011, Grand Ronde Canoe Journey , an exhibit about the tribe's canoe traditions, was installed at the Willamette Heritage Center . Every year the reservation hosts powwows and

288-578: Is considered to be the last full-blooded tribal member. His mother was full-blooded Clackamas, his father was Klickitat . Soosap lived off the Grand Ronde reservation in Oregon City, where he was a day laborer. His English name was Joseph Andrews as non-Native people couldn't pronounce his Native name. He was also a known baseball player in the Pacific Northwest. Other Chinookans of the lower Columbia River : Confederated Tribes of

324-536: Is made up of nine standing members. Each member is meant to serve a three-year term with three council seats up for re-election every year and no restrictions for how many terms a council member can serve. To qualify for a position as a council member, a person simply needs to be 18 years or older and be an enrolled member of the Tribe according to the Tribal Constitution. To vote for council members, confirmed tribal members mail in ballots with verified signatures on file with

360-748: The 1970s, Grand Ronde elders began teaching Chinook Jargon language classes in the community. In 1983, the Confederated tribes of Grand Ronde regained federal recognition as a sovereign tribe. As part of restoration, they established a formal language program for children, which they could support through revenues generated from gaming. They renamed Chinook Jargon as Chinuk Wawa (Talking Chinuk). The Grand Ronde tribe's immersion language program has produced native speakers, joining another half-dozen Native language immersion programs in such success. This program begins in preschool classes (Lilu) and continues into Kindergarten. The language program officials plan to expand

396-432: The 19th century on the reservation, they refined a creole language that became known as Chinook Wawa . Although long forced to speak English , the people are working to conserve this Native language. They have taught Native speakers through immersion programs for young children. The tribes who were removed to the Grand Ronde reservation are: From 1854 to 1856, the U.S. Army resettled Native people from western Oregon,

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432-598: The Grand Ronde Community of Oregon The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) is a federally recognized tribe of Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau . They consist of at least 27 Native American tribes with long historical ties to present-day western Oregon between the western boundary of the Oregon Coast and the eastern boundary of the Cascade Range , and

468-454: The Grand Ronde reservation, established by this treaty. "The Chief Tumulth descendants were classified as "provisionally dis-enrolled" Grand Ronde members in July 2014, which stripped them of almost all their tribal rights, including voting rights in the Grand Ronde elections. A three-judge Tribal Court of Appeals panel restored the 66 descendants as full tribal members." But, based on tribal law,

504-540: The Meteorite. In addition, the museum committed to establishing internships for Native Americans, to create new connections between the communities and make opportunities for young students. Grand Ronde Community The Grand Ronde Community is an Indian reservation located on several non-contiguous sections of land in southwestern Yamhill County and northwestern Polk County , Oregon , United States, about 18 miles (29 km) east of Lincoln City , near

540-462: The Museum, by the Grand Ronde for religious, historical, and cultural purposes while maintaining its continued presence at the Museum for scientific and educational purposes. The agreement recognizes the Museum's tradition of displaying and studying the Meteorite for almost a century, while also enabling the Grand Ronde to re-establish its relationship with the Meteorite with an annual ceremonial visit to

576-782: The Oregon coast, and along the Columbia River to territory along the South Yamhill River. It was here that the Grand Ronde Reservation was established in 1857. In 1887, with the passage of the Dawes Act , the Grand Ronde Reservation was reduced through the privatization of property. Land that was not allotted to Natives through the process of privatization was made available to non-Native ownership. In 1936, Grand Ronde voted to confederate, accept an Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) government, and adopted

612-678: The Tribal Election Board, and the forty-five days preceding the September General Council meeting is when the elections are officially held. As a result of political conflict, in 2014 the tribal council voted to disenroll en masse 66 living descendants and six deceased descendants of the 19th-century Chief Tumulth. Chief Tumulth of the Cascade Band of Chinuk had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States that ceded tribal land and agreed to relocation to

648-718: The coastal beaches and resorts. Six percent of the casino's profits goes to the Tribes' Spirit Mountain Community Fund, which supports and funds various organizations in the following 11 western Oregon area counties: Benton, Clackamas, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, and Yamhill. By 2017, the Spirit Mountain Community Fund had given more than $ 75 million to non-profit organizations, making it Oregon's eighth largest charitable foundation. They also earn revenue from

684-415: The community of Grand Ronde . In the mid-19th century, the United States government forced various tribes and bands from all parts of Western Oregon to be removed from their homes and placed on this reservation. It is governed by the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon . The reservation has a land area of 19.197 square miles (49.72 km ). The community had a population of 2,010 in

720-562: The court could not restore membership to six members, who were posthumously dis-enrolled in 2014. The law prohibits heirs and descendants from challenging such action. Attorney Gabriel Galanda defended the Tumulth descendants and has strongly opposed such "politically motivated" dis-enrollment. Russell Wilkinson, a spokesperson for the descendants, said that such dis-enrollment was a self-destructive practice of tribes. Tribal council elections were scheduled for September 10, 2016. In August 2016

756-481: The immersion program to a pre-8 grade program, and offer classes for adults. This will create speakers of the language to help the language survive in perpetuity. The elected tribal council sets the rules for membership. Generally, membership requires direct descent from a person listed on the rolls at particular times and a percentage of Native American ancestry from among the tribes in the Confederation. Being

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792-449: The issue by supporting certain candidates in the 2006 primary races for Governor of Oregon. Historically the tribe had people speaking 27 distinct languages. Numerous members of these tribes could speak more than one language due to their proximity and trading relationships. The Oregon Territory was one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world. On the reservation, most Native Americans began communicating using Chinook Jargon,

828-775: The late 20th century to repatriate the meteorite to Oregon were not successful, but the CTGR (successor to the Clackamas, one of the confederation) reached a historic agreement in June 2000 with the American Museum of Natural History. The tribe can have periodic access to Tomanowos for religious and cultural purposes. They perform rites and ceremonies related to their belief in the Tomanowos' role in their sacred history. The American Museum of Natural History of New York City bought

864-490: The late 20th century, the tribe attempted to repatriate Tomanowos under NAGPRA, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. The museum argued in federal district court in 2000 that the law applied to ceremonial objects made by the tribes, not to objects such as the meteorite, which occurred naturally and may be revered by peoples. It sued to be named as official owner of

900-487: The management of their timber resources. They have developed "other tribal enterprises in construction and environmental management, real estate investment and inventory logistics services." In the 21st century, the Grand Ronde tribes have opposed the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs ' plans to build an off-reservation casino in Cascade Locks, Oregon . They spent more than $ 800,000 trying to influence decisions on

936-594: The meteorite in 1906 from the Oregon Iron and Steel Company, which at the time owned the land on which it was found. This land was historically occupied by the Clackamas prior to European-American immigration. The museum has displayed the meteorite since then, known as the largest found in North America. Since 1999, it has been featured at the new addition known as the Rose Center for Earth and Space . In

972-542: The meteorite. The museum and CTGR tribe reached an agreement in June 2000 to share custody of the meteorite to preserve it for both religious and scientific purposes. The American Museum of Natural History and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon today signed a historic agreement that ensures access to the Willamette Meteorite, a world famous scientific specimen at

1008-434: The northern boundary of southwestern Washington and the southern boundary of northern California . The community has an 11,288-acre (45.7 km ) Indian reservation , the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation . Established in 1856, the reservation occupies parts of Yamhill and Polk counties. Because the tribes had lived near each other, and often spoke more than one language for use in trading, after they were grouped in

1044-440: The salmon, which they then combined with mixtures of berries and nuts, preserving it in woven baskets for winter. The Clackamas traded salmon with other tribes, and also harvested and traded wapato , broad-leafed arrowhead or "Indian potato" ( Sagittaria latifolia and Sagittaria cuneata ). Adult Clackamas historically wore leather leggings and tunics, and made skirts and bedding from cedar bark. An indication of high status in

1080-736: The trade language that had developed earlier. The Chinook Jargon was widely spoken throughout the Northwest between tribes and newcomers to the region. At Grand Ronde reservation, Chinook Jargon developed as a creole language , and was the first language in most native homes. Tribal members continued to use this language, even as their children were educated in English and through the termination era (1954-1983). During this period, children were being sent to Indian boarding schools and forced to learn English; all individual tribal languages at Grand Ronde became extinct as their last native speakers died. In

1116-424: The tribal Court of Appeals (en banc) overturned the tribe's mass dis-enrollment in 2014 of 66 living descendants of Chief Tumulth of the watlala Band of Chinuk, who had signed the 1855 treaty with the United States by which his tribe ceded communal land and agreed to the Grand Ronde reservation. This was the first such action by a tribal court overturning dis-enrollment of members by a tribe. Since 2000, members of

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1152-446: The tribal council was reconstituted. In 1983, House Resolution 3885 restored federal recognition status to the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Five years after this resolution, a small portion of the original reservation was returned to Grand Ronde which is used today for timber, recreation, and traditional harvesting practices. The tribes began publishing Smoke Signals , then a monthly newsletter, in 1978; it has since shifted to

1188-537: The tribe travel to New York City annually in July to see Tomanowos , also known as the Willamette Meteorite . This meteorite was taken from Oregon years ago and has been displayed at American Museum of Natural History as a natural curiosity. The Clackamas people , one of the Grand Ronde tribes, perceive this 15-ton meteorite as a sacred Sky Person who fell to earth thousands of years ago and helped create their people and their world. Efforts since

1224-507: The tribe was intricate beadwork, quillwork , feather, and shell decorations. Certain shells served as currency. Like others of the Chinookan peoples , Clackamas practiced head flattening . From infancy, one's head was compressed between boards thus sloping the forehead backward. This was a way to indicate that a person was free rather than a slave. The Clackamas were expert woodworkers, and crafted canoes and plank lodges. A typical canoe

1260-412: Was 20 to 30 feet long, which they used to travel along the rivers, transporting trade goods and people. With deep knowledge of the Clackamas river systems, the Clackamas were often hired by pioneers as guides to navigate the river systems. The Willamette Meteorite is culturally significant to Clackamas people. The meteorite is called Tomanowos , which translates to "the visitor of heaven". The meteorite

1296-471: Was believed to be given from the Sky People and is the unity between sky, earth, and water. Other tribes around the area thought that the meteorite possessed magical powers. By 1855, the 88 surviving members of the tribe were relocated to Grand Ronde, Oregon , first to the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation . They eventually blended in the general population of the Grand Ronde. Soosap, likely born in 1841,

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