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115-476: Dom Claude Frollo is a pious, highly intelligent French nobleman who was orphaned along with his younger brother Jehan when their parents died of the plague . His studies led him to become the Archdeacon of Josas, which is his position during the events of the novel. He also has inherited a small fief that provides him with a minor source of income which is used to fund his brother's Jehan's law studies, but

230-516: A bishop ( episkopos : Koine Greek ἐπίσκοπος , interpreted as elder by some denominations): This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work. A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach; Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; (For if

345-478: A minister is a person authorised by a church or other religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings , baptisms or funerals ; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community. The term is taken from Latin minister ("servant", "attendant"). In some church traditions the term is usually used for people who have been ordained , but in other traditions it can also be used for non-ordained. In

460-574: A rabbi can be referred to as being a clergy member. Parson is a similar term often applied to ordained priests or ministers. The word is a variant on the English word person from the Latin persona ("mask") used as a legal term for one having jurisdiction. The similar words "Dominie", "Dominee" and "Dom", all derived from the Latin domine (vocative case of Dominus "Lord, Master"), are used in related contexts. Dominie , derived directly from Dutch,

575-403: A 2002 study of undetected rapists, says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, hypermasculine , and less empathic. Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and

690-445: A crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The updated definition still excluded from the definition of rape men forced to penetrate women, which

805-441: A definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive ." Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of partner rape , domestic violence , and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and

920-622: A demon. He ultimately decides, in the throws of a midlife crisis , that he is predestined to gratify his mounting lust, only to learn that Esmeralda is still a virgin, that she wishes to become a Catholic, and is accordingly repulsed by Frollo's desperate longing to violate his priestly celibacy . Deciding in a narcissistic rage to rape her, Frollo and Quasimodo kidnap her, but they are caught red-handed by Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers and his guards. Frollo escapes and ignores Quasimodo when he sees him being publicly humiliated for their crime on

1035-537: A dishonest woman. Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries. Dissociation can occur during

1150-401: A form of sexual violence . The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault , acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after

1265-423: A jealous rage, stabs Phoebus, kisses Esmeralda when she faints, and flees the scene of the crime. Frollo makes no attempt to prove her innocence when Esmeralda is turned over to the magistrate on false charges of witchcraft and attempted murder , but he stabs himself during her interrogation under torture and shows her the wound as a proof of his love for her. She is unmoved, however, and remains in denial about

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1380-540: A lifetime of concealment and suppression, Frollo's latent narcissism and psychopathy finally erupt when he first sees lascivious dancing by the 16-year-old Roma (Gypsy) girl Esmeralda , who eventually proves to be his undoing. He first considers her to be a temptation sent by the Devil to corrupt him and, instead of taking personal responsibility and seeking a healthier means to process through his own lustful thoughts and desires, he instead blames Esmeralda and loathes her as

1495-412: A man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?) Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; Holding

1610-454: A means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of war rape , while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it

1725-557: A military units, schools and hospitals. The Spanish word Padre ("father") is often informally used to address military chaplains, also in English and Portuguese ( Brazil ). Elders (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος [presbuteros]; see Presbyter ) in Christianity are involved in the collective leadership of a local church or of a denomination. Lay people, volunteers , pastoral agents, community leaders are responsible to bring teaching

1840-422: A number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape , gang rape , marital rape , incestual rape , child sexual abuse , prison rape , acquaintance rape , war rape and statutory rape . Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury. Lack of consent

1955-526: A partly hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth and clerical positions were frequently inheritable. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class. High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian sacraments. The countries that were once a part of the Swedish Empire , i.e. Finland and

2070-665: A person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST ) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of

2185-410: A person under circumstances which are coercive". In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct . Some countries criminalize non-consensual condom removal ( "stealthing" ), where one partner removes (or intentionally damages) their condom during sex without telling the other partner; the rationale is that consent

2300-415: A rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for informed consent . Emphasis

2415-493: A risk of injecting drugs. Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein. Society's treatment of victims has

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2530-405: A role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around, and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied. For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on

2645-499: A schism in the American Anglican church . In the majority of churches, ordained ministers are styled " The Reverend ". However, as stated above, some are styled "Pastor" and others do not use any religious style or form of address, and are addressed as any other person, e.g. as Mr, Ms, Miss, Mrs or by name. In Anglican churches, the style for ordained ministers varies according to their office, as below. In all cases,

2760-525: A sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor. Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create

2875-543: A similar change for the same reason due to policies of the Hays Production Code ; the only difference is that Jehan (played by Sir Cedric Hardwicke ) is portrayed as King Louis XI 's Chief Justice of Paris , and Claude (played by Walter Hampden ) is portrayed as the Archbishop of Paris . In Disney's 1996 animated film , Claude Frollo (voiced by Tony Jay ) is Paris' judge / Minister of Justice and

2990-839: A title commonly used in times past for any person of rank, clerical or lay. The term "minister" is used by the Catholic Church in some cases, such as the head of the Franciscans being the Minister General. In the Greek-Catholic Church, all clergy are called "Father", including deacons, who are titled "Father Deacon", "Deacon Father", or simply "Father". Depending on the institution, seminarians may be titled "Brother", "Brother Seminarian", "Father Seminarian" or simply "Father". Their wives are usually addressed as "presvytera", "matushka" or "khourriyye" as in

3105-514: A title. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows: Priests are called to be servants and shepherds among the people to whom they are sent. With their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of God's new creation. They are to be messengers, watchmen and stewards of the Lord; they are to teach and to admonish, to feed and provide for his family, to search for his children in

3220-669: Is unconscious , incapacitated, has an intellectual disability , or is below the legal age of consent ( statutory rape ). The term rape is sometimes casually inaccurately used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as

3335-608: Is a warlock . He also, like the Calvinists and Jansenists of a later era, believes strongly in predestination as opposed to the Catholic doctrine of free will . All this, along with his extreme and irrational fear of women , contribute further to his isolation from society . His fear of women is because Frollo, who is expected to live as compassionate and celibate Roman Catholic priest , secretly fears his strong capacity for both extreme sadism and sexual deviancy. After

3450-764: Is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor. Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares. In addition, rape survivors may have long-term generalised anxiety disorder , may develop one or more specific phobias , major depressive disorder , and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning. People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide. Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling. Another effect of rape and sexual assault

3565-423: Is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections . A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from

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3680-453: Is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent. Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment. Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as bites , broken teeth, swelling , bruising , lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases,

3795-533: Is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group. In Papua New Guinea , urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation. Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape for financial gain and/or sexual gratification. Rape pornography , including child pornography , is created for profit and other reasons. There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub . One metric used by

3910-418: Is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum , and anus . Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document

4025-422: Is disagreement between various global church denominations, and within membership of denominations, regarding whether women can be ministers. In 2021 excavations at the site of a Byzantine-era Christian basilica revealed floor mosaics which provide evidence of women serving as ministers, including deacons , in the church. There was notable contention over the issue of ordination of non-celibate gay people in

4140-720: Is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings . In the US, victims' rights include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers. Emergency rooms of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced

4255-521: Is generally recognized as the academic definition of rape. However, it recognized any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on

4370-560: Is hidden behind a hood, leaving Esmeralda to guess his identity. They flee to a boat on the River Seine , then separate when they head to shore, with Gringoire taking Esmeralda's goat, Djali, and leaving her with the unknown man. The hooded figure drags Esmeralda to a nearby gallows and identifies himself as Frollo by removing his hood. Frollo issues Esmeralda a final ultimatum: either she gratify his lustful desires, or he will hand her over and watch her be hanged. Saying she fears death on

4485-404: Is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law , it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis , "crime of assault". Raptus referred to the abduction of a woman against

4600-478: Is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while

4715-405: Is key to the definition of rape. Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity. It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of

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4830-399: Is more likely to be valid. The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance. During

4945-450: Is often an expectation that they and their families will shun ostentation. However, there are situations where they are well rewarded for successfully attracting people to their religious community or enhancing the status or power of the community. The ordination of women has increasingly become accepted within many global religious faith groups, with some women now holding the most senior positions in these organizational hierarchies. There

5060-592: Is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding. Privacy is recommended to prevent self-harm . Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent

5175-590: Is prevalent in canon law . Holy orders refer to any recipient of the sacrament of ordination, both the major orders ( bishops , priests and deacons ) and the now less known minor orders ( acolyte , lector , exorcist and porter ) who, save for certain reforms made at the Second Vatican Council in the Roman Catholic Church, were called clerics or clerk , which is simply a shorter form of cleric . Clerics were distinguished from

5290-669: Is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers. Gang rape is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women – for example, wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in Papua New Guinea , women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. Gang rape and mass rape are often used as

5405-594: Is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem The Rape of the Lock , which is about the theft of a lock of hair. Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent . The definition of rape

5520-516: Is the Archbishop's Cathedral, Clopin issues orders to desecrate Notre Dame in retaliation and rescue her. While an oblivious Quasimodo kills Clopin, Jehan, and fights off the scoundrels, the playwright Pierre Gringoire , Esmeralda's legal husband – whom she only married to save his life – and a hooded figure sneak into the Cathedral and convince Esmeralda to sneak out with them. The man's face

5635-412: Is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization . The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care. While penetrative rape generally does not involve

5750-575: Is used in the United States, "Dominee", derived from Dutch via Afrikaans is used in South Africa as the title of a pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church . In Scottish English dominie is generally used to mean just schoolmaster. In various Romance languages , shortened forms of Dominus ( Dom, Don ) are commonly used for Catholic priests (sometimes also for lay notables as well) for example Benedictine Monks are titled Dom , as in

5865-481: The Baltics have more markedly preserved Catholic traditions and introduced far less Reformed traditions, hence the role of bishops, priests and deacons are notably more visible. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals and ceremonies. Among these central traditions have been baptism , confirmation , penance , anointing of the sick , holy orders , marriage,

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5980-674: The Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Oriental Orthodox Church , Anglicanism and Lutheranism , the concept of a priesthood is emphasized, though in the Church of England there are nearly as many non-ordained licensed lay ministers as there are paid clergy. In other traditions such as Baptist , Methodist , and Reformed groups like Congregationalists and Presbyterians ,

6095-549: The Episcopal Church in the United States, a parish, which is responsible for its own finances, is overseen by a rector. A bishop is nominally in control of a financially assisted parish but delegates authority to a vicar (related to the prefix "vice" meaning substitute or deputy). The term " pastor " means "shepherd" and is used several times in the New Testament to refer to church workers. Many Protestants use

6210-459: The Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women. "Rape victims are blamed more when they resist the attack later in

6325-482: The NAMPI Thirteen Points , the filmmakers of the 1923 film adaptation would not portray a member of the Catholic Church in a negative and controversial light. As a result, Claude Frollo (played by Nigel de Brulier ) is not the villain, but instead a good-hearted archdeacon of Notre Dame, and the villain of the film is actually his younger brother Jehan (played by Brandon Hurst ). The 1939 film had

6440-452: The mass or the divine service , and coronations . These so-called "social rituals" have formed a part of human culture for tens of thousands of years. Anthropologists see social rituals as one of many cultural universals . The term rector (from the Latin word for ruler ) or vicar may be used for priests in certain settings, especially in the Catholic and Anglican traditions. In

6555-488: The median . Worldwide, reported instances of sexual violence , including rape, are primarily committed by males against females. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape

6670-451: The pillory . When Frollo discovers that Esmeralda is romantically interested in Phoebus, he spies on their next meeting. Esmeralda has arranged this meeting expecting to marry her rescuer – unaware that Phoebus is already engaged , but intends to tell Esmeralda whatever she wants to hear to get a one night stand . Just before Esmeralda is able to give her virginity to a shallow and vacuous man who does not love or respect her, Frollo, in

6785-658: The 1980s within the United Church of Canada , and in the 1990s and early 21st century within the Presbyterian Church USA . The Episcopal Church , the United States branch of the worldwide Anglican Communion , was as of 2016 divided over the issue of ordination of non-celibate gay people. This conflict severely damaged relationships between Anglicans in North America and in the third world , especially Africa and southeast Asia , and has caused

6900-645: The 19th century, secular clergy in English-speaking countries were usually addressed as "Mister" (which was, in those days, a title reserved for gentleman, those outside the gentry being called by name and surname only), and only priests in religious orders were formally called "Father". In the early 19th century it became customary to call all priests "Father". In the Middle Ages, before the Reformation, secular priests were entitled as knights, with

7015-800: The Catholic Church, the form of address depends on the office the person holds, and the country in which he is being addressed as they are usually identical to the titles used by their feudal or governmental equals. In most English-speaking countries, the forms of address are: In France, secular priests (diocesan priests) are addressed "Monsieur l'Abbé" or, if a parish priest, as "Monsieur le Curé". In Germany and Austria priests are addressed as "Hochwürden" (meaning "very worthy") or with their title of office (Herr Pfarrer, i.e. Mr. Parson). in Italy as "Don" followed by his name (e.g. "Don Luigi Perrone"). Religious priests (members of religious orders) are addressed "Father" in all countries (Père, Pater, Padre etc.). Up until

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7130-562: The Orthodox world and also by their first names. Greek-Catholic Patriarchs are addressed as Your Beatitude . Eastern clergy are usually addressed by their Christian or ordination name, not their surname. The form of address for Orthodox clergy varies according to order, rank and level of education. The most common forms are the following: The form of address to the clergy of the Armenian Apostolic Church (belongs to

7245-662: The Son, and of the Holy Spirit, and to walk with them in the way of Christ, nurturing them in the faith. They are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lord's table and lead his people in worship, offering with them a spiritual sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving. They are to bless the people in God's name. They are to resist evil, support

7360-411: The US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through

7475-472: The WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped. The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse: Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them

7590-590: The absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent. Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even blackmail may constitute duress. Abuse of power may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman "By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority" . The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used

7705-507: The appropriate secular title (Mister, Doctor, etc.) for that person, particularly in the Evangelical tradition; it is also increasingly common to dispense with formal addresses and titles in favour of verbal address simply by given name. Bishops may be addressed as "My Lord", and less formally as "Bishop". Similarly, archbishops may be addressed as "Your Grace", and less formally as "Archbishop". The titles "My Lord" and "Your Grace" refer to

7820-427: The assault. Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep. A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them. Trauma symptoms may not show until years after

7935-497: The balustrade. A gargoyle stops his fall, and Frollo pleads with his adopted son for help, but Quasimodo instead glares at Frollo and remains silent. In a deliberately symbolic metaphor for his renunciation of Christian morality and of the Catholic Faith, Frollo loses his grip, falls from the Cathedral, hits the pavement, and is killed instantly. Hugo's novel has been adapted to film on numerous occasions. Due to policies of

8050-402: The family of Oriental Orthodox Churches ) is almost the same. Rape Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , carried out against a person without their consent . The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion , abuse of authority , or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who

8165-467: The federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide. Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault , while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape

8280-687: The formal style should be followed by a Christian name or initial, e.g. the Reverend John Smith, or the Reverend J. Smith, but never just the Reverend Smith. These are formal styles. In normal speech (either addressing the clergy or referring to them) other forms of address are often used. For all clergy, this may include the titles "Father" (male) or "Mother" (female), particularly in the Anglo-Catholic tradition, or simply

8395-482: The formal, church-based leadership or an ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. The churches have three orders of ordained clergy: Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the secular estate in Protestant Northern Europe . After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of

8510-487: The gallows less than Frollo, Esmeralda again rejects him, so he leaves her to an anchoress to hold her for the royal soldiers coming to hang her and goes back to Notre Dame Cathedral. He then walks up to one of the cathedral's towers to watch Esmeralda being hanged, unaware that Quasimodo has followed him. He watches calmly while Esmeralda is taken to the gallows. When Quasimodo watches him laughing sadistically over Esmeralda's hanging, he becomes enraged and pushes Frollo off

8625-421: The gospel in the forefront helping the clergy to evangelize people. Agents ramify in many ways to act and be in touch with the people in daily life and developing religious projects, socio-political and infrastructural. Monsignor is an ecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on some priests . There are contrasting views on the level of compensation given to ministers relative to the religious community. There

8740-417: The injuries. Such evidence -gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family. If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree,

8855-458: The laity by having received, in a formal rite of introduction into the clerical state, the tonsure or corona (crown) which involved cutting hair from the top and side of the head leaving a circlet of hair which symbolised the Crown of Thorns worn by Christ at his crucifixion. Though Christian in origin, the term can be applied by analogy to functions in other religious traditions. For example,

8970-540: The latter has instead joined "the Scoundrels", an early form of literary bohemia and Jehan spends most of his time and Frollo's money on alcoholism and wenching. During the religious holiday in Eastertide called Quasimodo Sunday , Frollo adopts a deformed hunchback infant whom he finds abandoned on the cathedral's foundlings bed. He adopts the boy, names him " Quasimodo " after the holiday, raises him with

9085-413: The legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence . Maintaining the chain of evidence from

9200-527: The love he wishes he could have given to Jehan, and teaches him a sort of sign language when Quasimodo is deafened by the cathedral's bells. At the dawn of the Renaissance in France , Frollo is a respected Renaissance humanist and studies several languages, law, medicine, natural science, and theology. He has also become infatuated with alchemy , however, which leads the people of Paris to believe that he

9315-407: The medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag, and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Though technically, medical staff are not part of

9430-853: The medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Photography is often used for documentation. Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches , fatigue , sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain. The World Health Organization recommends offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape; it

9545-400: The medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or " rape kit ". The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours

9660-407: The minister to have a vocation , a sense of calling . In regards to training, denominations vary in their requirements, from those that emphasize natural gifts to those that also require advanced tertiary education qualifications; for example, from a seminary , theological college or university . One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3:1–16 , which outlines the requirements of

9775-443: The mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well. The Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Anglican , Lutheran , Reformed and some Methodist denominations have applied

9890-446: The news that Esmeralda is still alive, he becomes as envious of Quasimodo as he was of Phoebus. Frollo attempts to rape her at her sanctuary in the cathedral, but Quasimodo – who doesn't realize who Esmeralda's attacker is at first – comes to the girl's defense. Enraged and humiliated, Frollo vows that no man will have Esmeralda if he cannot and leaves. Frollo's next opportunity to abduct and force Esmeralda comes soon after. A group of

10005-545: The places held by these prelates in the Church of England within the order of precedence of the state; however, the same titles are also extended to bishops and archbishops of other Anglican churches, outside England. As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Catholic Church , some parishes and dioceses in " Low Church " or Evangelical circles prefer to use

10120-549: The potential to exacerbate their trauma. People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime. This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by

10235-841: The prefix "Sir". See examples in Shakespeare's plays like Sir Christopher Urswick in Richard III. This is closer to the Italian and Spanish "Don" which derives from the Latin "Dominus" meaning "Lord;" in English, the prefix "Dom" is used for priests who are monks , a prefix which was spelled "Dan" in Middle English. The French "Monsieur" (like the German "Mein Herr", the Italian "Signor" and the Spanish "Señor") also signifies "My Lord",

10350-660: The rape encounter rather than earlier (Kopper, 1996), which seems to suggest the stereotype that these women are engaging in token resistance (Malamuth & Brown, 1994; Muehlenhard & Rogers, 1998) or leading the man on because they have gone along with the sexual experience thus far. Finally, rape victims are blamed more when they are raped by an acquaintance or a date rather than by a stranger (e.g., Bell, Kuriloff, & Lottes, 1994; Bridges, 1991; Bridges & McGr ail, 1989; Check & Malamuth, 1983; Kanekar, Shaherwalla, Franco, Kunju, & Pinto, 1991; L'Armand & Pepitone, 1982; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987), which seems to evoke

10465-413: The rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response . The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms

10580-423: The rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This

10695-425: The real character of Phoebus. Despite his expressed desire to leave the priesthood for her, Esmeralda refuses to escape to the countryside and cohabitate with Frollo, while posing as husband and wife. Shortly before she is to be executed, Frollo leaves Paris, almost in a state of madness, without realizing that Quasimodo – who is also in love with her – has decided to rescue Esmeralda from the gallows. When he returns to

10810-414: The remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted." Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example Thailand in 2007 ). In

10925-539: The scoundrels led by Clopin Trouillefou and whose ranks include Jehan Frollo, who are enraged by news that the French King Louis XI has ordered his soldiers to violate Canon law regarding the right of sanctuary and remove Esmeralda from the cathedral to be hanged and that the Archbishop of Paris has agreed to allow it, arm themselves. Announcing that if Esmeralda's sanctuary is not safe then neither

11040-467: The sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt. Denial is not uncommon. In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of

11155-454: The stereotype that victims really want to have sex because they know their attacker and perhaps even went out on a date with him. The underlying message of this research seems to be that when certain stereotypical elements of rape are in place, rape victims are prone to being blamed." Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape." A number of gender role stereotypes can play

11270-480: The style Dom Knight . Dom or Dominus, as well as the English equivalent, Sir were often used as titles for priests in England up to the 17th century who held Bachelor of Arts degrees. Chaplain as in English or almoner (preferred in many other languages) or their equivalents refer to a minister who has another type of pastoral "target group" than a territorial parish congregation (or in addition to one), such as

11385-445: The term "minister" usually refers to a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may serve as an elder ( presbyter ), pastor , preacher, bishop , or chaplain . Ministers are also described as being a man of the cloth . With respect to ecclesiastical address , many ministers are styled as " The Reverend "; however, some use "Pastor" or "Father" as

11500-464: The term as a prenominal title (e.g., Pastor Smith) or as a job title (like Senior Pastor or Worship Pastor). The English word clergy derives from the same root as clerk and can be traced to the Latin clericus which derives from the Greek word kleros meaning a "lot" or "portion" or "office". The term Clerk in Holy Orders is still the official title for certain Christian clergy and its usage

11615-464: The title presbyter or "minister" in order to distance themselves from the more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word "priest". While priest is the official term for a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide, the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the Church of England ) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters) . In

11730-480: The use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission , both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving

11845-489: The use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission. Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation. Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend. In addition, verbalized "no" to sex may be interpreted as "keep trying", or even "yes" by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible,

11960-411: The vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault. Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on

12075-423: The victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised). Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent , i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape. In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape. Duress is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in

12190-480: The victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history. If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays , CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection

12305-437: The victim's family and relatives. The term rape originates from the Latin rapere (supine stem raptum ), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". In Medieval English law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". The original meaning of "carry off by force"

12420-450: The villain as in the novel, the Archdeacon of Notre Dame is a separate character entirely (and voiced by David Ogden Stiers ), and the character of Jehan is omitted. Among the actors who played Claude Frollo over the years in each adaptation of the novel are: Jehan actually did appear as he was originally portrayed in the novel in the following adaptations: Minister (Christianity)#Dominie, Dominee, Dom, Don In Christianity ,

12535-481: The weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death. Guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all God's people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. Ministers may perform some or all of the following duties: Depending on the denomination, the requirements for ministry vary. All denominations require

12650-516: The wilderness of this world's temptations, and to guide them through its confusions, that they may be saved through Christ forever. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christ's name the absolution and forgiveness of their sins. With all God's people, they are to tell the story of God's love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of

12765-470: The will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person. Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape

12880-456: The witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant. In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question. In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after

12995-603: The woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile. The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are: No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: anger , power , sadism , sexual gratification, or evolutionary proclivities . However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American clinical psychologist David Lisak , co-author of

13110-556: Was given to protected sex and not to unprotected sex, making the subsequent act non-consensual and therefore illicit; for such cases, United Kingdom, Switzerland, New Zealand have enacted rape convictions, while Australia, Canada, Germany saw convictions for sexual assault; California considers it sexual battery . Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders , ages, sexual orientations , ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into

13225-542: Was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards. Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes. The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of

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