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65-625: In 1811, the idea behind the Cleveland Public Library came "out of small beginnings" when sixteen of Cleveland's sixty-four residents subscribed to its first library, established to distribute the rare printed book. The members read books such as the history of Rome, Lives of the English Poets , Goldsmith's Greece , and Don Quixote . In 1867, the Cleveland , Cincinnati , and Dayton Boards of Education petitioned

130-665: A $ 4.1 million renovation of the South Branch, which transformed the 1911 Gothic Revival structure into "...a light-filled jewel box." After finishing all the branch work, CPL will then begin a $ 65 million rehabilitation of the downtown Main Library. Phase I-A of the plan, affecting six branches, is scheduled for completion in 2024. The Main Library consists of two buildings. The older wing, completed on May 6, 1925, and renovated between 1997 and 1999, has five stories, each as high as two stories in most buildings. The renovations included

195-491: A catalog, the only way potential borrowers could ascertain what books were available was to look at them." Oviatt resigned in June, 1875, the victim of governing boards or their subsidiaries, who micromanaged daily operations of the library. Librarian William Howard Brett opened the library's first stand-alone children's room on February 22, 1898. Effie Louise Power was appointed Cleveland's first children's librarian. In 1916,

260-469: A depository library, or it may be stripped of its depository status by the Superintendent of Documents if it does not carry out its responsibilities as enumerated in the U.S. Code. In either case, the library must properly dispose of the government documents it acquired while part of the program as these publications are the property of the U.S. Government. The documents would generally be returned to

325-650: A friend who had died the year before. Various accounts are given of how Johnson came to write his Lives of the Poets during an episode of anti-Scottish sentiment in England. As related in the preface to the 1891 edition of the Lives, Scottish publishers had started to produce editions of the collected works of various English poets and sell them in London, which was considered an invasion of copyright precedent. Then in 1777

390-402: A literary history. His main preoccupation is with how literary work is in a state of flux and advanced by individuals writing within a historical context. Consideration of their lives is therefore justified as it helps the reader in a different time to appreciate the significance of the works described. Federal Depository Library Program The Federal Depository Library Program ( FDLP )

455-459: A model for Arnold's "ideal of liberal education", representing "a crucial century and a half in English literature". For Arnold the whole work, focusing on these six, formed a "compendious story of a whole important age in English literature, told by a great man, and in a performance which is itself a piece of English literature of the first class". In mentioning this reading of Johnson's Lives at

520-399: A price of 200 guineas, an amount significantly lower than what he could have demanded. Soon afterwards, advertisements began to appear announcing “The English Poets, with a preface biographical and critical, to each author…elegantly printed in small pocket volumes, on a fine writing paper, ornamented with the heads of the respective authors, engraved by the most eminent artists”. Johnson

585-434: A street festival, puppet exhibit, and a Writers and Readers author event. Cleveland Print Room partnered with Cleveland Public Library to present photographers chronicling Cleveland through the lens of its communities and Ideastream presented audio stories of Clevelanders. In 2019, the library announced it was undertaking a decade-long $ 100 million revitalization project to redevelop all 27 branches. The project began with

650-745: A unified collection. Most materials are hosted on the library's online catalog, but some are only accessible through the Fine Arts and Special Collections reading room. Collection highlights include: The Public Works of Art Project came to Cleveland in 1933, with far-reaching lines of job-seeking artists extending around the Cleveland Museum of Art. Linda Eastman was invited to consult with Cleveland Museum of Art Director William Milliken . What resulted from this interaction were murals of Willam Sommer's "The City in 1833", Donald Bayard's "Early Transportation", and Ora Coltman's "The Dominance of

715-653: A way for us to strike up some partnerships with local organizations that have historical objects they are interested in stewarding and digitizing." In 2018, Cleveland Public Library was designated an official Digital Access Partner with the Federal Depository Library Program for its digitized multi-volume set of the First United States Army Report of Operations during World War II. Cleveland Public Library celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2019. Events included

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780-492: Is a government program created to make U.S. federal government publications available to the public at no cost. As of April 2021, there are 1,114 depository libraries in the United States and its territories . A "government publication" is defined in the U.S. Code as "informational matter which is published as an individual document at Government expense, or as required by law" ( 44 U.S.C. 1901). The groundwork for

845-478: Is pertinent, Johnson's critical opinions are quoted (although not always approved), and in Goldsmith's case Johnsonian anecdotes are introduced. Robert Anderson prefaced his A complete edition of the poets of Great Britain (1795) with the statement that "When a new collection of English poetry is offered to the public, it will doubtless be inquired what are the deficiencies of preceding collections." To answer

910-491: The New York Public Library system in which a librarian fetched the books. In 2002, the Cleveland Public Library had annual attendance of 804,692 and an annual circulation of 1,698,928 items. In 2020, the library's collection totaled 13,167,127 items. The Cleveland Public Library is a member of CLEVNET , a consortium of 44 public libraries throughout northern Ohio. In 1947, it became a depository library for

975-493: The Ohio General Assembly for authority to levy a tax for the maintenance of free public libraries, permitting boards of education with populations over 20,000 to levy a tax of one-tenth of a mill for each dollar evaluation of their taxable property. Cleveland Superintendent Anson Smyth , who has been called the "father of the Cleveland Public Library," supported this law in his Superintendent position, helping in

1040-638: The 1755 edition, the variety of writing by individual authors. Between 1821 and 1824 Henry Francis Cary published several essays in The London Magazine , collected and posthumously published in 1846 under the title Lives of English poets, from Johnson to Kirke White , designed as a continuation of Johnson's Lives . These were unaccompanied by the works of the seventeen poets covered, apart from excerpts quoted in discussing their writing. The essays follow Johnson's tripartite exposition of biographical detail, character study and descriptive survey of

1105-670: The City." Linda Eastman believed if art could lead readers to books, if art could enlighten and educate in itself, than art was acceptable at the Cleveland Public Library. To complete the decoration of Brett Hall, Cleveland Public Library partnered with the Cleveland Area Arts Council to select three new artists to paint new murals for the walls. "Sommer's Sun" by Edwin Mieczkowski's, Christopher Pekoc's "Night Sky", and "Public Square" by Robert Jergens. Hanging from

1170-794: The Cleveland Public Library has 27 neighborhood branches located throughout the city in addition to the Ohio Library for the Blind and Physically Disabled: A Sensory Garden is also adjacent to the Ohio Library for the Blind and Physically Disabled. The garden was first organized in 1998 and was significantly enlarged the following year. The garden features plants specifically for the tactile sensations they provide and unique scents. The Cleveland Public Library had Sub-Branches (Stations) named Alliance, Alta House , Brooklyn, Detroit, Glenville, Hiram House , Lorain, Lorain-Clark, Prospect, South Brooklyn, Superior, and Temple. The Special Collections Department

1235-638: The Cleveland Public Library, painted by artist Khaz Ra'el. 41°30′04″N 81°41′30″W  /  41.50107°N 81.69164°W  / 41.50107; -81.69164 Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets (1779–81), alternatively known by the shorter title Lives of the Poets , is a work by Samuel Johnson comprising short biographies and critical appraisals of 52 poets, most of whom lived during

1300-525: The Cleveland architectural firm of Walker and Weeks won a competition to design a new library building. Construction of their classical Renaissance design, delayed by the First World War, began in 1923 under Linda Anne Eastman . Eastman (1867–1963) was the first woman to head a major U.S. city library system and a pioneer in the modern library system. She opened bookshelves to patrons, replacing

1365-584: The Eastman Reading Garden, which was designed by landscape architecture firm OLIN , and includes sculptures by Maya Lin and Tom Otterness . During the 1890s, William Howard Brett opened four self-contained branch libraries in leased buildings. As early as 1891, he asked Andrew Carnegie for building permanent structures, but the steel-mogul-turned-philanthropist refused the librarian's requests for 12 years. Brett persisted and in 1903 Carnegie donated $ 250,000 to build seven branches, including

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1430-619: The FDLP was established by an 1813 Congressional Joint Resolution ordering that certain publications be distributed to libraries outside of the federal government. Initially, the Librarian of Congress was responsible for running this program, but the responsibility shifted to the Secretary of the Interior in the 1850s. The Printing Act of 1895 revised public printing laws and established

1495-460: The FDLP website was hacked and defaced with pro-Iranian/anti-US messaging in response to the American airstrike that killed Qasem Soleimani , the commander of Iran's Quds Force . The FDLP site was taken offline, then restored the next day following a security analysis . The Government Publishing Office (GPO) is responsible for printing and distributing government documents and overseeing

1560-490: The FDLP. There are several important individuals in charge of maintaining the link between GPO and the FDLP: There are two types of depository libraries: There are two ways in which a library may qualify for FDLP status: Libraries with depository status are required to provide the documents received at no cost to their patrons. Though they receive the publications free of charge, depository libraries are responsible for

1625-631: The Main Library entrance hall is a large terrestrial pearl-gray art glass globe made by the Sterling Bronze Company in 1925. This globe is based on a Leonardo da Vinci map, now housed at Windsor Castle . The map is one of earliest to depict the Americas-with North America indicated simply by small islands. The portraits of former members of Congress Louis Stokes and Stephanie Tubbs Jones are housed at

1690-475: The U.S. Code, requires the Superintendent of Documents to maintain an electronic directory of federal electronic information, provide online access to the Congressional Record , Federal Register and other select publications, and operate an electronic storage facility. The electronic service now includes over 2,200 databases and is available via http://www.govinfo.gov . On January 4, 2020,

1755-529: The U.S. Code. The DLA allowed two depository libraries in each Congressional district , eliminated postage charges to depository libraries receiving material, provided for the distribution of non-GPO documents, permitted independent federal agencies to be eligible for depository designation, and created regional depository libraries. The Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-40), codified in Title 44, Chapter 41 of

1820-645: The United Nations Library network, holding documents for the state of Ohio. There are only 400 UN depository libraries worldwide. In 2002, Northern Ohio library patrons had access to download digital books and periodicals through a new e-book system headquartered at Cleveland Public Library. The Clevnet consortium of libraries entered in a $ 50,000 setup-free agreement with the Cleveland-based company OverDrive to allow patrons to download text from e-books to their personal computer. In 2012,

1885-766: The Woodland Branch. Carnegie was so impressed with Brett's money management of the funds, he eventually increased the amount to $ 507,000, which built 15 branches-the foundation for what would become one of the largest branch systems in the United States. Children living in the city's poorest manufacturing districts could not visit the library downtown or the new branches, so William Howard Brett and Miss Eastman put small reading collections in neighborhood homes. By 1913, there were 57 "home libraries" in seven different working class districts, serving 11 different nationalities: Italian, Greek, Syrian, Polish, Bohemian, Hungarian, Slovak, Irish, German, Danish, and Norwegian. Currently,

1950-560: The biographical details of the added poets were skimped. What Anderson now proposed was a more ambitious set of poets, extending from Chaucer and covering the Tudor and early Stuart poets previously omitted, although in the event he was unable to include all that he wished. The selection also included more Scottish poets (though excluding dialect poetry) and two volumes of translations from the Classical writers. The accompanying biographies of

2015-473: The choice of poets seemed lacking in either method or "rational impartial criticism" (p. 247). In the same year appeared the new edition of Poems by the Most Eminent Ladies of Great Britain and Ireland…with considerable alterations, additions and improvements . It has been conjectured, as mentioned above, that a reissue of the work thirty years after its first publication was a response to

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2080-408: The costs of processing the items and making them available. All depository libraries must make their collections of these documents available to the general public, and the services provided for government documents must be on par with the services offered to the primary users of a library. Circulation policies for government documents, however, are established by each library itself. Libraries may house

2145-551: The disposal of depository publications. After 1996, government publications increasingly shifted to online formats; in addition, most Federal publications now originate online. Regional libraries still continue to collect information in a wide variety of formats, but many government documents are now published exclusively online. Electronic documents positively impact issues such as storage, length of retention, and access, which can be enhanced with library networking. Libraries may substitute electronic documents for tangible documents as

2210-487: The eighteenth century. These were arranged, approximately, by date of death. From the close of the 18th century, expanded editions and updates of Johnson's work began to appear. Johnson began writing individual biographical pieces in 1740, the first being devoted to Jean-Philippe Baratier , Robert Blake , and Francis Drake . In 1744 he wrote his first extended literary biography, the Life of Mr Richard Savage , in honour of

2275-622: The hostile characterisation of the Metaphysical style in the life of Abraham Cowley . Nor can Johnson's prejudices be palliated by the observation in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature that "he was much more interested in the man than in that part of him which is the author ...He claimed for it no exclusive privileges, nor held that the poet was a man apart to be measured by standards inapplicable to other men." The poets included are: Although

2340-519: The laws' development. The new law provided for a Cleveland library that was part of the school system, controlled by the Cleveland Board of Education throughout the first decade of the library's existence, except for the years 1871–1873. The Cleveland Public Library opened on February 17, 1869, on the third floor of the Northup and Harrington Block on West Superior Avenue, The library room

2405-472: The library released a strategic plan focusing on communities of learning and preparing for its 150th anniversary in 2019. Cleveland Public Library launched Tech Central on June 14, 2012, featuring a computer lab with 90 computers, tables encouraging collaboration, a 3D printer, and a MyCloud service. This $ 1 million launch was funded primarily through the library's existing budgets, in which the MyCloud service

2470-502: The materials however they like; for example, they may separate the government documents from the rest of their collection or they may integrate them. A library cannot filter Internet search results at public access stations as access to health or biological science articles may not be infringed upon. Depository libraries must maintain collections of at least 10,000 books , not including the collection of government documents. A depository library may voluntarily resign from its position as

2535-648: The objections that have been offered, [they] must ever be the foundation of English poetical biography." By including them also there is an implied continuity between the volumes to which Johnson contributed and Chalmers' "work professing to be a Body of the Standard English Poets". Matthew Arnold , in his Six Chief Lives from Johnson's "Lives of the Poets" (1878), considered the Lives of Milton, Dryden , Pope, Addison , Swift, and Gray as "points which stand as so many natural centres, and by returning to which we can always find our way again" and also as

2600-406: The omission of any female poets from the recent collection. The 1785 editor does not say as much in the "Advertisement" and it is only by a comparison of the contents lists of the two that it becomes apparent that the new edition gives a less comprehensive choice of works in order to include more authors. Breadth of coverage in the 1785 edition demonstrates the variety of women poets rather than, as in

2665-630: The only copy of the item in the collection, as long as the electronic document is complete, official, and permanently accessible. Access to electronic documents is provided through Persistent Uniform Resources Locators (PURL) and is facilitated by GovInfo and the Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP). Recently, federal agencies have been bypassing the GPO in lieu of publishing documents directly online. These documents, known as "fugitive documents", are not published through GPO, and hence are not part of

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2730-453: The poems of John Pomfret , Thomas Yalden , Isaac Watts , Richard Blackmore ’s The Creation and James Thomson ’s The Seasons . But as the work progressed, many of the prefaces grew in length, further holding up progress. The format of these now included a narrative of the poet’s life, a summary of his character and a critical assessment of his main poems. Eventually the decision was taken in 1779 to issue 56 volumes of poets alone, for which

2795-506: The poetry, and begin with Johnson himself, at ninety pages in length by far the longest essay in the book. There his prose works as well as his poetry are discussed; in fact more pages are devoted to the Lives of the Poets than to Johnson's own performance as a poet. Oliver Goldsmith appears midway through the book and is given only twenty-four pages, less than those awarded William Mason and Erasmus Darwin , who precede and follow him. Where it

2860-400: The poets were written by Anderson himself. From the point of view of comprehensive coverage, Alexander Chalmers advanced little beyond his predecessor in his The Works of the English Poets, from Chaucer to Cowper (1810). The main difference is that for those poets who appeared in the 'Johnson edition', Johnson's lives are retained. At this date it is conceded in the preface that, "after all

2925-464: The program and their associated item numbers. Each item with an item number is available through the FDLP program. Because of the large number of documents published by the government each year, the documents are arranged into categories of related classes from which to choose. By selecting a class, the library receives all of the documents within that class. Selections made during the year take effect on October 1. The Union List of Item Selections updates

2990-521: The publisher John Bell proposed to bring out a 109-volume set of The Poets of Great Britain complete from Chaucer to Churchill , printed in Edinburgh at the rate of a volume a week. In order to compete with this project, Johnson was asked by a deputation of London publishers and booksellers, led by Thomas Davies , William Strahan and Thomas Cadell , to provide short biographies for a standard edition of poets in whom they had an interest. Johnson named

3055-580: The purchase of the building. The structure was purchased on December 22, 1957, and the new Business and Social Sciences Annex opened on August 24, 1959. The annex was demolished in 1994 to make way for a second building, named after Representative Louis Stokes , was dedicated on April 12, 1997. Stokes commented, "This is the most beautiful that I have ever seen." The $ 65 million structure of fritted glass panels and Georgia marble housed eight million items and two million titles on its grand opening. The two buildings are connected by an underground corridor below

3120-432: The quality of Johnson's writing has guaranteed the survival of his last considerable undertaking, its critical limitations generated published responses almost immediately. One of Johnson's own friends, John Scott , so differed in opinion with some of his judgments that he wrote essays of his own on individual works by John Denham , John Dyer , Milton, Pope , Collins, Goldsmith and Thomson which were published in 1785 under

3185-418: The question he went on to survey such anthologies over two centuries, noting in what ways they fell short of the completeness that he proposed. The ‘Johnson edition’ had failed in extensiveness by starting the English canon only in the second half of the 17th century. When it was augmented with the work of fourteen more poets in 1790, it still failed in inclusiveness, even over its allotted time-span; in addition,

3250-453: The regional, then to other depositories ( 44 U.S.C.   § 1912 ). All depository libraries, including regional libraries, may dispose of items that have been superseded or issued later in bound form ( 44 U.S.C.   § 1911 ). If an item has been deselected, the library must still retain the publications it possesses from that item number for five years before they may be discarded. Libraries may not financially benefit from

3315-755: The restoration of Dominance of the City a large mural painted by Ora Coltman in 1934 for the Federal Arts Project . The painting was restored by the Intermuseum Conservation Association . In 1957, the library purchased the six-story Plain Dealer Building at 710 Superior Avenue (now the site of the Louis Stokes Wing). The library won passage in November 1957 of a $ 3 million bond levy to pay for

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3380-488: The roles of the FDLP and the Government Printing Office (GPO) in distributing government information. This act also assigned leadership of the program to the Superintendent of Public Documents, who would be under the control of the GPO and added executive documents to the distribution list. The Depository Library Act of 1962 (DLA) created the present-day FDLP as codified in Title 44, Chapter 19 of

3445-502: The sheets were already printed, together with separate volumes of prefaces as and when Johnson completed them. At first the prefaces were only made available to subscribers to the full set of poets, but in March 1781 the collected prefaces were offered separately as a six-volume work under the present title. With some rare exceptions, almost all the prefaces were specially written for the series. The extended Life of Richard Savage of 1744

3510-622: The start of his own article in The Cambridge Companion to Samuel Johnson , Greg Clingham describes the topics covered there as "like a list of most of the important issues in literary history during the years 1600–1781" as well as something like a social, philosophical and political history of that era. But Philip Smallwood, commenting on the Lives in The Oxford Handbook of British Poetry, 1660-1800 , nuances this by pointing out that Johnson did not set out to produce

3575-601: The state regional library and then redistributed to selected libraries within the state. Libraries are required to maintain a series of titles known as the FDLP Basic Collection. Beyond this, libraries order the materials that best suit the needs of their patrons; there is no selection percentage criterion that must be met. The FDLP offers the opportunity to order several kinds of material for libraries' collections, including maps, Braille, large print documents, foreign language items, and audio. The Core Collection

3640-501: The title Critical Essays on Some of the Poems of Several English Poets . When dealing with Goldsmith's The Deserted Village he takes particular issue with the principles of inclusion in the collection of poets with which Johnson was associated: "The Temple of Fame, lately erected under the title of The Works of the English Poets , affords a striking instance of caprice in the matter of admission to literary honours", he charged. To Scott

3705-491: The titles in the List of Classes on a semiannual basis. Unlike adding items, selections may be removed at any time; the library stops receiving the documents within 72 hours. Selective depository libraries must keep government documents in their collections for five years minimum, after which time the items may be removed from the collection with the approval of a regional library. Items marked for disposal must be offered first to

3770-497: Was adjacent to the Cleveland Board of Education, and opened with approximately 5,800 books. Luther Melville Oviatt was the first librarian at Cleveland Public Library from 1869 to 1875. During his first year, patrons borrowed 65,000 books. Forwarding thinking in his views, Oviatt wanted to provide books that would interest both children and adults, the mechanic, businessman, and scholar. He had open shelves because, "without

3835-585: Was created through the work of John G. White , who served as president of the Cleveland Public Library Board of Trustees from 1884 to 1886 and 1913 to 1928. In addition to donating and purchasing many rare books to the library, White underwrote the construction of the Fine Arts and Special Collections reading room and the Exhibit Corridor. The Cleveland Public Library consolidated all rare holdings from subject departments into

3900-543: Was established in 1977. Every depository library is required to have certain publications available for use. These include, among others: Libraries select the documents they wish to receive from the List of Classes of United States Government Publications Available for Selection by Depository Libraries and the Union List of Item Selections . This is a document listing all of the classes of items available for selection through

3965-613: Was incorporated with very few changes; an article on the Earl of Roscommon , previously published in The Gentleman's Magazine for May 1748, was worked over to conform to Johnson’s overall plan. An earlier “Dissertation on Pope’s Epitaphs” from 1756 was added to the end of the life of Alexander Pope and the character of William Collins had already appeared in The Poetical Calendar (1763). The life of Edward Young

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4030-700: Was partially funded through corporate partners. Cleveland Public Library, along with three other Ohio Libraries (Columbus, Toledo, and Cincinnati), opened digitization hubs, with $ 1 million in funding dispersed among them, funded by Ohio Public Library Information Network and the Library Services Technology Act. The digitization hub at Cleveland Public Library was named the Cleveland Digital Public Library and debuted February 14, 2015. As stated by Chatham Ewing, Cleveland Public Library's Digital Strategist, "It's

4095-427: Was slow to put pen to paper, although on 3 May 1777 he wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing "little Lives and little Prefaces, to a little edition of the English Poets". When asked later by Boswell whether he would do this for "any dunce’s works, if they should ask him," Johnson replied, "Yes, sir; and say he was a dunce." However, while so engaged, he made a few suggestions of his own for inclusion, including

4160-609: Was to draw criticism. Indeed, it has been conjectured that the 1785 new edition of George Colman and Bonnell Thornton ’s 2-volume Poems by Eminent Ladies (originally published in 1755) may have been meant as a conscious supplement to the all-male series. Not all the details in the book have proved trustworthy, and many critical judgements were considered prejudiced and unequal, even at the time of publication. The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature instances as examples "its strictures on Milton 's Lycidas , Gray 's Odes, and its evident prejudice against Swift ", as well as

4225-590: Was written by Sir Herbert Croft at Johnson's request, since that baronet had known him well. There are also lengthy quotations from other authors, as for example the “Prefatory Discourse” to the work of John Philips written by his friend Edmund Smith . Even though the choice of authors was limited to those who were dead, some among the most recently deceased were not included, notably Charles Churchill (of whom Johnson disapproved) and Oliver Goldsmith , but this may have been due to copyright issues in both cases. Women poets were comprehensively omitted and that fact too

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