133-615: Cloverport is a home rule-class city in Breckinridge County, Kentucky , United States, on the banks of the Ohio River . The population was 1,152 at the 2010 census . The town was once known as Joesville after its founder, Joe Huston. Established around 1798 (or possibly 1808) on the east side of where Clover Creek meets the Ohio River. The town was the site of the ferry where, in 1816, Jacob Weatherholt piloted
266-711: A public library , a branch of the Breckinridge County Public Library. In 1871 and 1872 there was a school in town for black students supported by the Freedmen's Aid Society . Beginning in 1900, St. Rose of Lima Catholic Church operated a parochial school in the city. The original school only lasted a couple of months but it was re-opened in 1916 with teaching duties being taken over my the Ursuline Sisters of Mount Saint Joseph . A high school and an elementary school were operated by
399-481: A temporary restraining order enjoining John L. Lewis and his union of coal miners—the United Mine Workers —from striking against the federal government, which had seized the coal mines due to labor unrest. The union ignored the order and went on strike; the judge held both Lewis and the union in civil and criminal contempt and levied a $ 3.5 million (equivalent to $ 38 million in 2023) fine. Before
532-504: A "fusillade of sweeping dicta ", Black nonetheless held for a 5–4 majority that the specific law at issue—a New Jersey statute that permitted parents to be reimbursed for the costs of sending their children to private religious schools by bus—did not violate the Establishment Clause. In dissent, Rutledge favored an even stricter understanding of the Establishment Clause than Black, maintaining that its purpose "was to create
665-789: A "tower of strength has been lost to our national life"; Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson praised the justice as "true to his ideals and, in all, a great American". Rutledge's funeral service, conducted by A. Powell Davies , was held at All Souls' Unitarian Church on September 14. A headstone in Rutledge's memory was placed at Mountain View Cemetery in Boulder, Colorado, but the grave is empty: as of 2008, his physical remains are held at Cedar Hill Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland , pending further instructions from his family. Rutledge's death
798-525: A 1942 case decided before Rutledge's ascension to the Court, a 5–4 majority had upheld the convictions of Jehovah's Witnesses for selling religious literature without obtaining a license and paying a tax. Rutledge's arrival the subsequent year gave that case's erstwhile dissenters a majority; in Murdock v. Pennsylvania , they overruled Jones and struck down the tax as unconstitutional. Rutledge also joined
931-517: A 6–3 majority that included Rutledge, Justice Jackson wrote that: "[i]f there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein". According to the jurist and scholar John M. Ferren , Rutledge, by his vote in Barnette , "established himself early as
1064-484: A Massachusetts child labor law by bringing her nine-year-old niece to distribute religious literature with her. Writing for a 5–4 majority, Rutledge held that Massachusetts's interest in protecting children's welfare outweighed the child's First Amendment rights; he argued that "parents may be free to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow [that] they are free ... to make martyrs of their children." His usual ally Murphy disagreed, arguing in dissent that
1197-469: A brief concurrence, he disagreed with Stone's argument that courts had no authority whatsoever to review wartime actions of the military but joined the remainder of the majority opinion. When the Korematsu case arrived at the Court the subsequent year, it had become clear to many that the internment program was unjustifiable: not a single Japanese American had been charged with treason or espionage, and
1330-697: A broad interpretation of the Free Speech Clause. In a famed dissent in the wartime case of In re Yamashita (1946), Rutledge voted to void the war crimes conviction of the Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita , condemning in ringing terms a trial that, in his view, violated the basic principles of justice and fairness enshrined in the Constitution. By contrast, he joined the majority in two cases— Hirabayashi v. United States (1943) and Korematsu v. United States (1944)—that upheld
1463-498: A church in Cloverport. After Wiley Jr.'s birth, his mother contracted tuberculosis ; the family left Kentucky in search of a healthier climate. They moved first to Texas and Louisiana and then to Asheville, North Carolina , where the elder Rutledge took up a pastorate. After his wife's death in 1903, Wiley Sr. relocated his family throughout Tennessee and Kentucky, where he held temporary pastorates before eventually accepting
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#17327941056581596-602: A complete and permanent separation of the spheres of religious activity and civil authority by comprehensively forbidding every form of public aid or support for religion". On that basis, he argued that the New Jersey law was unconstitutional because it provided indirect financial support for religious education. Although Rutledge's position in Everson was not vindicated by the Court's later Establishment Clause jurisprudence, Ferren argued that his dissent "remains as powerful
1729-402: A concerned protector of religious freedom". Among Rutledge's most influential free-speech opinions was in the 1945 case of Thomas v. Collins . Writing for a 5–4 majority, he ruled unconstitutional a Texas statute that required union organizers to register and obtain a license before they could solicit individuals to join labor unions. The case arose when R. J. Thomas , an official of
1862-621: A difficult time in Wisconsin, and he later characterized it as being one of the "hardest" and most "painful" periods of his life. He graduated in 1914 with an A. B. degree. Realizing that his talents did not lie in chemistry, Rutledge resumed his original plan to study law. Since he was unable to afford the University of Wisconsin Law School , he moved to Bloomington, Indiana , where he taught high school and enrolled part-time at
1995-443: A full professorship at his university's law school; Rutledge accepted the offer and moved to St. Louis with his family that year. He spent nine years there, continuing to teach classes pertaining to many aspects of the law. From 1930 to 1935, Rutledge served as dean of the law school; he then spent four years as dean of the University of Iowa College of Law . During his time in academia, Rutledge did not function primarily as
2128-616: A one-man grand jury, had held proceedings in secret and given the defendant no opportunity to defend himself. Concurring separately, he argued for a broader definition of due process, decrying the Court's willingness to permit "selective departure[s]" from the "scheme of ordered personal liberty established by the Bill of Rights" in other cases. Rutledge's dissent in Ahrens v. Clark demonstrated what Ferren characterized as his "continued impatience ... with procedural rules barring access to
2261-524: A permanent post in Maryville, Tennessee . In 1910, the sixteen-year-old Wiley Jr. enrolled at Maryville College . He studied Latin and Greek, successfully maintaining high grades throughout. One of his Greek instructors was Annabel Person, whom he later married. At Maryville, Rutledge participated vigorously in debate; he argued in support of Woodrow Wilson and against the progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt . He also played football , developed
2394-463: A plea was not voluntary if the defendant was not aware of his constitutional rights. Rutledge's jurisprudence emphasized the spirit of the law over the letter of the law; he rejected the use of technicalities to penalize individuals or to circumvent a law's underlying purpose. During his time on the Court of Appeals, he never rendered a single decision adverse to organized labor, and his rulings tended to be favorable toward administrative agencies and
2527-570: A position teaching high school business classes. In 1920, Rutledge enrolled at the University of Colorado Law School in Boulder ; he continued teaching high school as he again pursued the study of law. One of his professors was Herbert S. Hadley , the former governor of Missouri. Rutledge later stated that he "owe[d] more professionally to Governor Hadley than to any other person"; Hadley's support for Roscoe Pound 's progressive theory of sociological jurisprudence influenced Rutledge's view of
2660-587: A potential Supreme Court nominee when a vacancy arose in 1939. Although the President ultimately appointed Felix Frankfurter to that seat, he decided that it would be politically advantageous to appoint someone from west of the Mississippi—such as Rutledge—to fill the next opening. Roosevelt selected William O. Douglas , who had lived in the states of Minnesota and Washington, instead of Rutledge when that vacancy arose, but he simultaneously offered Rutledge
2793-489: A prisoner after the electric chair malfunctioned during the previous attempt. He joined the opinion of Justice Harold H. Burton , who maintained that "death by installments" was a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violated the Due Process Clause. In the case of In re Oliver , Rutledge agreed with the majority that a conviction for contempt of court was unlawful because a single judge, sitting as
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#17327941056582926-419: A reputation as a practical jokester, and began a romantic relationship with Person, who was five years his senior. For reasons that are not altogether clear, Rutledge—who had planned to study law upon his graduation and whose lowest grades were in the sciences—left Maryville, enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , and decided to study chemistry. Lonely and struggling in his classwork, Rutledge had
3059-413: A scholar: for instance, he only published two articles in law reviews . Yet his students and colleagues thought highly of him as a teacher, and the legal scholar William Wiecek noted that he was recalled as "dedicated and demanding" by those whom he taught. Rutledge frequently weighed in on questions of public importance, supporting academic freedom and free speech at Washington University and opposing
3192-530: A seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia —one of the nation's most influential appellate courts—which he accepted. Rutledge appeared before a Senate subcommittee; its members promptly endorsed the nomination. The full Senate speedily confirmed him by voice vote on April 4, 1939, and he took the oath of office on May 2. At the time, the Court of Appeals for
3325-438: A single criminal-civil hodgepodge would be shocking to every American lawyer and to most citizens". Rutledge's dissent was rendered in the midst of substantial hostility among political leaders and the general public toward the union's actions, and the scholar Fred L. Israel characterized it as "courageous". In cases involving the Constitution's Commerce Clause , Rutledge favored a pragmatic approach that endeavored to balance
3458-726: A statement as any Supreme Court justice has written" in support of church–state separation. In other cases, Rutledge evinced a near-uniform tendency to embrace defenses rooted in the First Amendment: in Terminiello v. City of Chicago , he sided with a priest whose rhetorical attacks on Jews and the Roosevelt administration had provoked a riot; in United Public Workers v. Mitchell and Oklahoma v. United States Civil Service Commission , he dissented when
3591-571: A strong emphasis on the protection of civil liberties. In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), he authored an influential dissenting opinion in support of the separation of church and state . He sided with Jehovah's Witnesses seeking to invoke the First Amendment in cases such as West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943) and Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943); his majority opinion in Thomas v. Collins (1945) endorsed
3724-568: Is ajar, even for enemy belligerents, it can be pushed back wider for others, perhaps ultimately for all." Rebutting Stone's contentions point by point, Rutledge concluded that the charges against Yamashita were defective, that the evidence against him was inadequate and unlawfully admitted, and that the trial had violated the Articles of War, the 1929 Geneva Convention , and the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause. In closing, he quoted
3857-500: Is being maintained through a registry of cities that were covered by prior laws. Under the new system, Louisville and Lexington are classified as first class. All other cities in the state are in the home rule class. Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column. County seat Since the 2010 census , some cities in Kentucky were disincorporated and did not appear in
3990-535: Is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km), or 3.74%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,256 people, 536 households, and 351 families residing in the city. The population density was 779.1 inhabitants per square mile (300.8/km). There were 620 housing units at an average density of 384.6 per square mile (148.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 96.42% White , 2.47% African American , 0.08% Asian , 0.08% from other races , and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of
4123-485: Is sought. But there can be and should be justice administered according to the law ... It is not too early, it is never too early, for the nation steadfastly to follow its great constitutional traditions, none older or more universally protective against unbridled power than due process of law in the trial and punishment of men, that is, of all men, whether citizens, aliens, alien enemies or enemy belligerents. It can become too late. Rutledge wrote privately that he felt
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4256-491: Is writing Wiley Rutledge into the slender volume of 'Justices in the Great Tradition ' ". The political scientist A. E. Keir Nash responded in 1994 that "calling him a great justice looks somewhat like calling John Kennedy a great president. It substitutes a wistful 'what might have been' for a realistic 'what was'." A 1970 survey of judges and legal academics ranked Rutledge as the twenty-fourth-greatest justice of
4389-493: The British queen ) produced coal oil from cannel coal that was used to light Buckingham Palace . In 1857, the first Roman Catholic church, St. Malachi , was built on Chestnut Street south of Huston Street. In 1887, a new church was built and named St. Rose of Lima across the railroad tracks from the old St. Malachi church. The church and rectory were both burned in 1894 and rebuilt at their present locations. The town
4522-578: The Congress of Industrial Organizations , gave a pro-union address in Texas without having registered; he argued that the law was an unconstitutional prior restraint on his First Amendment rights. Rutledge rejected Texas's arguments that the law was subject only to rational-basis review because labor organizing was akin to the sort of ordinary business activity that states could freely regulate. Writing that "the indispensable democratic freedoms secured by
4655-651: The Evangelical United Brethren Church to form Cloverport United Methodist Church. This combined congregation purchased land for their new building in 1972 at their current site on south Elm Street. Every August the town sponsors a festival named for Sacajawea who is purported to have stopped in the town during her journeys. In 2003, the National Park Service transferred the Cloverport Access Site to
4788-619: The First Amendment , the Due Process Clause , and the Equal Protection Clause , and he argued that the Bill of Rights applied in its totality to the states . He participated in several noteworthy cases involving the intersection of individual freedoms and the government's wartime powers. Rutledge served on the Court until his death at the age of fifty-five. Legal scholars have generally thought highly of
4921-506: The Indiana University Law School . The difficulty of simultaneously working and studying put a serious strain on his health, and, by 1915, he had developed a life-threatening case of tuberculosis. The ailing Rutledge removed himself to a sanatorium and gradually began to recover from his disease; while there, he married Person. Upon recovering, he moved with his wife to Albuquerque, New Mexico , where he took
5054-464: The dean ; he later served as dean of the University of Iowa College of Law . As an academic, he vocally opposed Supreme Court decisions striking down parts of the New Deal and argued in favor of President Roosevelt's unsuccessful attempt to expand the Court . Rutledge's support of Roosevelt's policies brought him to the President's attention: he was considered as a potential Supreme Court nominee and
5187-666: The merged governments in Louisville and Lexington. All other cities have a different form of government, including mayor-council , commission , and city manager , and are designated " home rule class" cities. The two-class system went into effect on January 1, 2015, following the 2014 passage of House Bill 331 by the Kentucky General Assembly and the bill's signing into law by Governor Steve Beshear . The new system replaced one in which cities were divided into six classes based on their population at
5320-570: The "clear violation of Constitutional rights" implicit in punishing an American citizen "for not submitting to imprisonment in a concentration camp, based on his ancestry, and solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition toward the United States", while Murphy characterized the orders as a "fall ... into the ugly abyss of racism". Rutledge joined Black's opinion immediately and unreservedly, silently taking part in what Ferren called "one of
5453-625: The 1884 high water mark. The city was also struck by the Great Flood of 1913 . The Phelps' Button factory flooded leaving many out of work and many other families were forced to leave their homes. It was reported that the flood waters were seven feet over the Tar Fork bridge and neck deep on a horse at Hites Run. All of the homes across the river in Tobinsport, Indiana were under water. The Ohio River flood of 1937 saw seventy percent of
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5586-511: The American military had largely neutralized the threat that Japan posed. Yet by a 6–3 vote, the Court rejected Fred Korematsu 's challenge to the orders, again choosing to defer to the military and to Congress. Writing for the majority, Justice Black authored what Wiecek called "an almost schizophrenic opinion, unpersuasive in its arguments and ambiguous in its ultimate impact". Justices Roberts, Jackson, and Murphy dissented: Roberts decried
5719-453: The Bill of Rights protected all criminal defendants, regardless of whether they were being tried in state or federal court. He dissented in Adamson v. California , in which the Court, by a vote of 5–4, held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against forced self-incrimination did not apply to the states. Joining a dissent written by Murphy, he agreed with Justice Black's position that
5852-593: The Cherry Street intersection. The Methodist congregation built their own church in 1840 on east Huston Street. The old building then became a church for the town's black residents. The Methodist moved again in 1871 to a site on Elm Street. The town was the site of a button factory, which made use of mussel shells from the Ohio. In the nineteenth century, the Victoria Coal Mines (named in honor of
5985-558: The Constitution required. In Ferren's view, "[t]he irony for Wiley Rutledge, when viewed in hindsight, is that he participated in a ruling of the sort that he would have berated, in other contexts, as another ' Dred Scott decision ' ". In cases involving equal protection , Rutledge opposed discrimination against women, the poor, and racial minorities. His dissent in Goesaert v. Cleary , according to Ferren, constituted "the first modern gender discrimination opinion". In Goesaert ,
6118-549: The Court could consider only whether the military commission was validly formed, not whether Yamashita was innocent or guilty. Since the United States had not yet signed a peace treaty with Japan, he maintained that the Articles of War permitted military trials to be conducted without complying with the Constitution's due process requirements. Arguing that military tribunals "are not courts whose rulings and judgments are made subject to review by this Court", he declined to address
6251-483: The Court more amenable to Roosevelt's agenda by increasing the number of justices. In Rutledge's view, the justices of his era had "imposed their own political philosophy" rather than the law in their decisions; as such, he felt that expanding the Court was a regrettable but necessary way for Congress to bring it back into line. Roosevelt's proposal was extremely unpopular in the Midwest, and Rutledge's support for it
6384-433: The Court rejected Thurgood Marshall 's mandamus petition to enforce that ruling. Rutledge dissented, arguing that Oklahoma's law school should be shut down in its entirety if the state refused to admit Sipuel. With the exception of Murphy, who would have held a hearing on the matter, Rutledge was the only justice to dissent. Cases involving voting rights were the only ones in which Rutledge rejected attempts to invoke
6517-531: The Court upheld a South Carolina tax on out-of-state insurers against a Commerce Clause challenge. The McCarran–Ferguson Act , passed by Congress in 1945, had authorized state regulation of the insurance market; Rutledge concluded that the act permissibly allowed South Carolina to discriminate against interstate commerce—something it otherwise lacked the power to do. His conclusion that Congress could consent to state regulations of interstate commerce demonstrated his support for what one scholar called "flexibility in
6650-541: The Court upheld the Hatch Act 's restrictions on civil servants' political activity; in Marsh v. Alabama , he joined the majority in holding a company town 's restrictions on the distribution of religious literature unconstitutional. In only a single case— Prince v. Massachusetts —did he vote to reject an attempt to invoke the First Amendment. Prince involved a Jehovah's Witness who had been convicted of violating
6783-517: The Court's non-unanimous cases. The Supreme Court at large did not often embrace Rutledge's views during his lifetime, but during the era of the Warren Court they gained considerable acceptance. Rutledge's appointment had an immediate effect on a Court that was decidedly split on questions involving the freedoms protected by the First Amendment . For instance, in Jones v. City of Opelika ,
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#17327941056586916-495: The Court's pervasive 5–4 division on First Amendment issues throughout the 1940s and Rutledge's "nearly absolutist" interpretation of the Free Speech Clause. In the case of Everson v. Board of Education , Rutledge rendered a noteworthy dissent in defense of the separation of church and state . Everson was among the first decisions to interpret the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which forbids
7049-547: The Court, said that he would vote against the nomination when it came before the full Senate. The only senator to speak on the Senate floor in opposition to Rutledge was Langer, who characterized Rutledge as "a man who, so far as I can ascertain, never practiced law inside a courtroom or, so far as I know, seldom even visited one until he came to take a seat on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for
7182-554: The District of Columbia heard a unique variety of matters: appeals from the federal district court in Washington, petitions to review the decisions of administrative agencies, and cases (similar to those decided by state supreme courts) arising from the District's local court system. As a judge of that court, therefore, Rutledge had the opportunity to write opinions on a wide variety of topics. In Wiecek's words, his 118 opinions "reflected his sympathetic views toward organized labor,
7315-542: The District of Columbia" and commented that "[t]he Court is not without a professor or two already." The Senate overwhelmingly confirmed Rutledge by a voice vote on February 8, and he took the oath of office on February 15. Rutledge served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court from 1943 until his death in 1949. He penned a total of sixty-five majority opinions , forty-five concurrences , and sixty-one dissents . The deeply fractured Court to which he
7448-428: The Due Process Clause incorporated the entirety of the Bill of Rights , but he went further than Black to suggest that it also conferred additional due process protections not found elsewhere in the Constitution. In another incorporation dispute, Wolf v. Colorado , Rutledge dissented when the Court ruled 6–3 that the exclusionary rule —the prohibition against using illegally seized evidence in court—did not apply to
7581-487: The Equal Protection Clause. In Colegrove v. Green , voters challenged an Illinois congressional apportionment scheme that created districts with unequal numbers of people, arguing that it violated federal law and the Constitution. The Court, by a vote of 4–3, rejected that argument; in a plurality opinion , Frankfurter concluded that claims of malapportionment presented political questions that
7714-512: The First Amendment" had a "preferred place" that could be abridged only in light of a "clear and present danger", he held that the law imposed an unjustified burden on Thomas's constitutional rights. In dissent, Justice Roberts argued that it was not constitutionally problematic to impose a neutral licensing requirement on organizers of public meetings. According to Ferren, Rutledge's "celebrated and controversial" opinion in Thomas exemplifies both
7847-533: The New Deal more generally. In October 1942, Justice James F. Byrnes resigned from the Supreme Court, creating the ninth and final vacancy of Roosevelt's presidency. As a result of Roosevelt's many previous appointments to the Court, there was "no obvious successor, no obvious political debt to be paid", according to the scholar Henry J. Abraham . Some prominent figures, including Justices Felix Frankfurter and Harlan F. Stone , encouraged Roosevelt to appoint
7980-408: The New Deal, and noneconomic individual rights". In Busey v. District of Columbia , for instance, he dissented when the majority upheld several Jehovah's Witnesses ' convictions for distributing religious literature without securing a license and paying a tax. Writing that "[t]axed speech is not free speech", Rutledge argued that the government could not charge those who wished to communicate on
8113-509: The President that Rutledge be appointed. After meeting with Rutledge at the White House and being convinced by Biddle that the judge's judicial philosophy was fully aligned with his own, Roosevelt agreed. According to the scholar Fred L. Israel, Roosevelt found Rutledge to be "a liberal New Dealer who combined the President's respect for the academic community with four years of service on a leading federal appellate court". Additionally,
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#17327941056588246-399: The Roosevelt administration and was hesitant to question its assertions that the internment orders were vital to national security. Green also argues that the modern condemnation of the Court's decision benefits substantially from hindsight: after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the threat of sabotage appeared serious, and the government had hidden information that would have raised doubts about
8379-414: The Roosevelt administration's decision to intern tens of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II. In other cases, Rutledge fervently supported broad due process rights in criminal cases, and he opposed discrimination against women, racial minorities, and the poor. Rutledge was among the most liberal justices ever to serve on the Supreme Court. He favored a flexible and pragmatic approach to
8512-400: The Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that the conviction was unlawful due to a bevy of procedural irregularities, including the admission of hearsay and fabricated evidence, restrictions on the defense's ability to cross-examine witnesses, a lack of time for the defense to prepare its case, and a dearth of proof that Yamashita (as opposed to his troops) was guilty. Although
8645-489: The Supreme Court's approach to child labor laws . His tenure as dean overlapped with the New Deal -period clash between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Supreme Court whose decisions thwarted his agenda. Rutledge came down firmly on Roosevelt's side: he denounced the Court's rulings striking down portions of the New Deal and voiced support for the President's unsuccessful "court-packing plan" , which attempted to make
8778-411: The Supreme Court, but his friends nonetheless wrote to Roosevelt and Biddle on his behalf. He wrote to Biddle disclaiming all interest in the position, and he admonished his friends with the words: "For God's sake, don't do anything about stirring up the matter! I am uncomfortable enough as it is." Still, Rutledge's supporters, most notably the well-regarded journalist Irving Brant , continued to lobby
8911-572: The Supreme Court, the union argued that the injunction against it had violated the Norris–La Guardia Act , which forbade the courts from issuing injunctive relief against striking workers. The Court rejected the union's claims, holding that the Norris–La Guardia Act applied only to disputes between employees and employers and that the federal government was not considered an employer under the statute. A splintered majority thus upheld
9044-426: The Supreme Court; a similar 1993 assessment found that he had fallen to thirty-fifth place. Observing that "short tenure naturally tends to depress rankings", the scholar William G. Ross suggested that "bright and able persons" such as Rutledge "would have received higher rankings—perhaps even as 'greats'—if their tenures had not been cut short". Timothy L. Hall argued in 2001 that Rutledge's judicial career "was like
9177-463: The White House to nominate him, and he stated in private that he would not decline the nomination if Roosevelt offered it to him. Biddle directed his assistant Herbert Wechsler to review Rutledge's record; Wechsler's report convinced Biddle that Rutledge's judicial opinions were "a bit pedestrian" but nonetheless "sound". Biddle, joined by Roosevelt loyalists such as Douglas, Senator George W. Norris , and Justice Frank Murphy , thus recommended to
9310-404: The accuracy of its assessments. There is no evidence that Rutledge ever expressed regret for his vote in Korematsu , unlike Douglas, who later condemned the decision in his memoirs. Ferren suggests two possibilities: either Rutledge "abandon[ed] principle out of loyalty to his president" or he "act[ed] instead with a kind of courage" by reluctantly reaching an unpalatable conclusion that he felt
9443-403: The average family size was 2.83. In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males. The median income for a household in the city
9576-404: The basis that they posed a threat to the war effort. The Supreme Court, with the agreement of Rutledge, conferred its imprimatur on this decision in the cases of Hirabayashi v. United States and Korematsu v. United States . The first of these cases arose when Gordon Hirabayashi , a college student born in the United States, was arrested, convicted, and jailed for refusing to comply with
9709-419: The case would "outrank Dred Scott in the annals of the Court". In his dissent, he rejected the majority's holding that the Fifth Amendment was inapplicable, writing that: "[n]ot heretofore has it been held that any human being is beyond its universally protecting spread in the guaranty of a fair trial in the most fundamental sense. That door is dangerous to open. I will have no part in opening it. For once it
9842-469: The church until the early 1950s when the high school was closed. The elementary school was closed in the late 1960s. List of Kentucky cities Kentucky , a state in the United States , has 418 active cities. The two largest, Louisville and Lexington , are designated "first class" cities. A first class city would normally have a mayor- alderman government, but that does not apply to
9975-460: The city so that a community riverfront park could be developed. The property included the boat ramp on Clover Creek and 15.7 acres of property. Being a river town, Cloverport has been subjected to several floods since its founding. The Ohio River Flood of 1884 had been what all other floods which have struck the city were compared to until 1937. A flood in January 1907 crested at two feet below
10108-425: The defendant—substantially more often than the Court as a whole, which did so in only 52 percent of criminal cases. He supported an expansive definition of due process and construed ambiguous statutes in favor of defendants, particularly in cases involving capital punishment . In Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber , Rutledge dissented from the Court's 5–4 holding that Louisiana could again endeavor to execute
10241-406: The distinguished jurist Learned Hand . However, the President was uncomfortable appointing the seventy-one-year-old Hand due to his age, as Roosevelt feared the appearance of hypocrisy due to the fact that he had cited the advanced age of Supreme Court justices to justify his plan to expand the Court. Attorney General Francis Biddle , who had disclaimed any interest in serving on the court himself,
10374-641: The east side of town. At the time, the closest fire truck was in Owensboro and men from the Louisville, Henderson, and St. Louis Railroad repair yard were credited with saving many homes. The Methodist church on Elm Street burned down in 1943. Two years later the congregation moved into a renovated building at the intersection of Main Street and Elm Street and was named Grant Memorial Church for their minister, Rev. W. A. Grant. In 1971, Grant Memorial's congregation merged with Lucille Memorial Presbyterian church and
10507-538: The enactment of laws "respecting an establishment of religion". Writing for the majority, Justice Black concluded that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Establishment Clause, meaning that it applied to the states as well as to the federal government. Quoting Thomas Jefferson, he argued that "the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect 'a wall of separation between Church and State ' ". But despite what Wiecek called
10640-529: The era of the Warren Court . Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. was born just outside of Cloverport, Kentucky , on July 20, 1894, to Mary Lou ( née Wigginton) and Wiley Blount Rutledge. Wiley Sr., a native of western Tennessee, was a fundamentalist Baptist clergyman who believed firmly in the literal inerrancy of the Bible . He attended seminary in Louisville, Kentucky , and then moved with his wife to pastor
10773-430: The fact that Rutledge was a Westerner weighed in his favor. The President told his nominee: "Wiley, we had a number of candidates for the Court who were highly qualified, but they didn't have geography—you have that". Roosevelt formally nominated Rutledge, who was then forty-eight years old, to the Supreme Court on January 11, 1943. The Senate Judiciary Committee voted on February 1 to approve Rutledge's nomination;
10906-651: The family of Abraham Lincoln , then seven, across the Ohio River on its way to a newly acquired farm in Spencer County, Indiana . Around 1820 a building was constructed that became the town's first school and was shared by the Baptist and Methodist congregations as a church on Sundays. The town's first graveyard, known as the Scott Cemetery, was beside this building which was located south of present Murray Avenue and east of Cherry Street. The town
11039-451: The federal courts lacked the authority to resolve . Rutledge agreed with the dissenters—Black, Douglas, and Murphy—that the dispute did not present a nonjusticiable political question, but he nonetheless voted with the majority. Stating that an insufficient amount of time remained for Illinois to redraw its districts before the election, he concluded in a separate opinion concurring in the judgment that it would be inequitable to strike down
11172-644: The federal courts". The Court in Ahrens ruled 6–3 that German nationals seeking writs of habeas corpus to stop their deportations could not lawfully sue in federal court in the District of Columbia. Aided by his law clerk John Paul Stevens , Rutledge dissented, concluding that the court in the District of Columbia had jurisdiction because the person having custody over the prisoners—the Attorney General —was located there. He argued against what he viewed as "a jurisdictional limitation so destructive of
11305-566: The government, and he forcefully advocated for equal protection, access to the courts, due process, and the rights protected by the First Amendment. According to the legal scholar Lester E. Mosher, Rutledge "may be classed as a 'natural law realist ' who combined the humanitarianism of Thomas Jefferson with the pragmatism of John Dewey —he employed the tenets of pragmatism as a juristic tool or technique in applying ' natural law ' concepts". His views particularly overlapped with those of Murphy, with whom he agreed in nearly seventy-five percent of
11438-459: The injunction and the contempt convictions, although the fine was reduced to $ 700,000 (equivalent to $ 8 million in 2023). In dissent, Rutledge argued that the temporary restraining order did violate the Norris–La Guardia Act. He also decried the district court's decision to hold the union in both civil and criminal contempt, writing that "the idea that a criminal prosecution and a civil suit for damages or equitable relief could be hashed together in
11571-541: The interests of states and the federal government. Writing for the Court in Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan , he ruled against a ferry company that had been charged with violating a Michigan civil rights law by refusing to serve African-Americans. The ferry company, noting that its boats sailed from Detroit to Bois Blanc Island in Ontario, Canada, had argued that it was engaged in foreign commerce that
11704-442: The jurisdictional issue it is clear that the ideas expressed by Wiley Rutledge—in terms of both due process and command accountability—have triumphed." In an act characterized by Urofsky as "the worst violation of civil liberties in American history", the Roosevelt administration ordered in 1942 that approximately 110,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry—including about 70,000 native-born American citizens—be detained on
11837-662: The justice, although the brevity of his tenure has minimized his impact on history. Born in Cloverport, Kentucky , Rutledge attended several colleges and universities, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1922. He briefly practiced law in Boulder, Colorado , before accepting a position on the faculty of the University of Colorado Law School . Rutledge also taught law at the Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, Missouri , of which he became
11970-408: The justices desired to stay out of questions of military justice, Rutledge and Murphy, who were gravely worried by what they viewed as serious procedural problems, convinced their colleagues to grant review and hear arguments in the case. On February 4, 1946, the Court ruled by a 6–2 vote against Yamashita, upholding the result of the trial. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice Stone stated that
12103-470: The law that prioritized the rights of individuals. On the Court, his views aligned most often with those of Justice Frank Murphy . Rutledge died in 1949, having suffered a massive stroke, after six years' service on the Supreme Court. President Harry S. Truman appointed the considerably more conservative Sherman Minton to replace him. Although Rutledge frequently found himself in dissent during his lifetime, many of his views received greater acceptance during
12236-708: The law. Rutledge graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1922. Rutledge passed the bar examination in June 1922 and took a job with the law firm of Goss, Kimbrough, and Hutchison in Boulder. In 1924, he accepted the position of associate professor of law at his alma mater, the University of Colorado. He taught a wide variety of classes, and his colleagues commented that he was experiencing "very considerable success". In 1926, Hadley—who had recently become chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis —offered Rutledge
12369-647: The majority in another precedent-altering case involving Jehovah's Witnesses and the First Amendment: West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette . In that landmark decision, the Court reversed its previous holding in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruling instead that the First Amendment forbade public schools from requiring students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance . Writing for
12502-404: The majority upheld a Michigan law that prevented women from being bartenders unless they were related to a male bar-owner. Writing that the Equal Protection Clause "require[s] lawmakers to refrain from invidious distinctions of the sort drawn by the statute challenged in this case", Rutledge maintained that Michigan's law was arbitrary and irrational. His focus on the law's rationality mirrored
12635-636: The majority's analysis, Rutledge declined to grant the Progressive Party relief, maintaining that there was not enough time before the election for the state to print new ballots. In both cases, Rutledge's vote was based on his concern that any possible remedy for the constitutional problem would be unfair as well. Rutledge's dissent in United States v. United Mine Workers was perhaps his most noteworthy opinion that did not involve questions of civil liberties. A federal judge had issued
12768-699: The map at that time. In MacDougall v. Green , Rutledge similarly voted to defer to the states on questions involving election procedures. Although the Progressive Party had collected the 25,000 signatures required for it to appear on the Illinois ballot, it had not satisfied the requirement to collect 200 signatures from each of 50 counties—a requirement that harmed parties whose voters were concentrated in urban areas. The Court, relying on Colegrove , upheld Illinois's requirement. Again parting ways with Black, Douglas, and Murphy but refusing to join
12901-570: The mortgage, was burned down as was the Methodist church. Damage was estimated to be over $ 500,000 in the city. In 1903, The Murray Roofing Tile Company started a tile plant in the city. In 1959 the company merged with other companies to form the Ceramic Tile Division of National Gypsum . This division then became known as American Olean Tile Company. Another fire struck Cloverport on March 14, 1910, and destroyed many homes on
13034-415: The new scheme took effect. The General Assembly had historically reclassified cities only when requested by the city government. If all cities had been reclassified in the pre-2015 scheme according to actual population, about one-third of classifications would have changed. In particular, Lexington would have been classified as a first-class (Class 1) city. Although basic city classification changed in 2015,
13167-421: The next census. Wiley Blount Rutledge Wiley Blount Rutledge Jr. (July 20, 1894 – September 10, 1949) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1943 to 1949. The ninth and final justice appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , he is best known for his impassioned defenses of civil liberties . Rutledge favored broad interpretations of
13300-405: The old classifications will remain relevant for some time. Because many provisions of state law applied only to cities of certain pre-2015 classes, House Bill 331 was explicitly written to address such issues. In certain areas of law, class-based distinctions between cities have been replaced by population-based distinctions. In certain other areas that were more controversial, the pre-2015 status quo
13433-467: The operations of the federal system". Rutledge and his wife Annabel had three children: a son, Neal, and two daughters, Mary Lou and Jean Ann. Raised a Southern Baptist, Rutledge later became a Christian humanist ; his religious views resembled those of Unitarianism . He was universally regarded as a pleasant and friendly man who genuinely cared about everyone with whom he interacted. Rutledge's perfectionism and penchant for hard work drove him to
13566-584: The order to report for relocation. Before the Supreme Court, he argued that the order unlawfully discriminated against Japanese Americans on the basis of race. The Court unanimously rejected his plea: in an opinion by Chief Justice Stone, it refused to question the military's assertion that the relocation program was critical to national security. Rutledge wrote privately that he had experienced "more anguish over this case" than almost any other, but he eventually voted to sustain Hirabayashi's conviction. In
13699-444: The other issues presented by the case. The two dissenters—Murphy and Rutledge—each filed separate opinions; according to Yamashita's lawyer, they read them "in tones so bitter and in language so sharp that it was readily apparent to all listeners that even more acrimonious expression must have marked the debate behind the scenes". In a dissent that scholars have characterized as "eloquent", "moving", and "magisterial", Rutledge decried
13832-469: The point of exhaustion by the summer of 1949, and his friends and family expressed worry about his health. On August 27, while in Ogunquit, Maine , he experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and was hospitalized in nearby York Harbor . The fifty-five-year-old justice drifted in and out of consciousness and, on September 10, died. President Harry S. Truman , writing to Rutledge's wife Annabel, stated that
13965-407: The population. There were 536 households, out of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and
14098-399: The railroad to pay the city back the original $ 20,000 that was raised for the shops plus $ 30,000 in interest. The dispute was settled out of court with the railroad paying back the original $ 20,000 plus returning the ten acres of land to the city. The city turned the land into an athletic park and a waste treatment facility. Former United States Supreme Court Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge
14231-468: The saddest episodes in the Court's history". The legal scholar Lester E. Mosher wrote that Rutledge's vote in Korematsu "represents the only deviation in his record as a champion of civil rights". Addressing the question of why the justice chose to depart from his customary support for equality and civil liberties in Yamashita , the law professor Craig Green observes that Rutledge had great faith in
14364-496: The shadow of constitutional protections". His Foster dissent was among the first opinions in which a Supreme Court justice argued against poverty-based discrimination on equal-protection grounds. In his opinion in Fisher v. Hurst , Rutledge expressed concern about discrimination against racial minorities. The Court had previously ordered Oklahoma to allow Ada Lois Sipuel , an African-American woman, to study law. In Fisher ,
14497-425: The shops and donated ten acres for the location. The shops employed two hundred men at one time. The shop burned down on March 13, 1916, but was rebuilt. The shops stayed open until 1929 when the Louisville, Henderson and St. Louis was bought out by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad . The city and railroad company went to federal court in Louisville with the city trying to force the shops to stay open or for
14630-486: The state had not demonstrated "the existence of any grave or immediate danger to any interest which it may lawfully protect". Rutledge's decision to reject the First Amendment argument presented in Prince may have stemmed more from his longstanding opposition to child labor than from his views on religious freedom. In 80 percent of the criminal cases heard by the Supreme Court during his tenure, Rutledge voted in favor of
14763-556: The states. He joined a dissent by Murphy and penned a separate opinion of his own, in which he argued that, without the exclusionary rule, the Fourth Amendment prohibition of unlawful searches and seizures "was a dead letter". Rutledge's dissent was eventually vindicated: in its 1961 decision in Mapp v. Ohio , the Court expressly overruled Wolf . In the 1946 case of In re Yamashita , Rutledge rendered an opinion that
14896-566: The strategy pursued by future Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in her efforts as an ACLU attorney to challenge laws that discriminated on the basis of gender. Dissenting in Foster v. Illinois , Rutledge voted to reverse the convictions of defendants who had not been informed of their right to counsel . He invoked the Due Process Clause but also maintained that equal protection had been violated, writing that poorer defendants, lacking an understanding of their rights, would receive "only
15029-479: The streets. His opinion for the court in Wood v. United States reversed a conviction for robbery that had been secured after the defendant pleaded guilty at a preliminary hearing without having been informed of his right against self-incrimination . Rutledge wrote that the preliminary hearing was not supposed to be "a trap for luring the unwary into confession or admission which is fatal or prejudicial"; he held that
15162-558: The time of their classification. Before the enactment of House Bill 331, more than 400 classification-related laws affected public safety, alcohol beverage control, revenue options and others. Lexington and Fayette County are completely merged in a unitary urban county government (UCG); Louisville and other cities within Jefferson County have also merged into a single metro government. However, under state law, both major cities retained their pre-merger classification before
15295-467: The town's residents hit by the flood waters. The crest of the flood at the downstream Cannelton Locks and Dam was measured at 60.8 feet. This is over six feet higher than the next highest flood, which was the 1945 flood that crested at 54.4 feet. Cloverport was also hit by large floods in 1997 , 2011 , and 2018 . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (4.0 km), of which 1.5 square miles (3.8 km)
15428-413: The trial as an egregious violation of the ideals of justice and fairness protected by the Constitution. He denounced the majority opinion as an abdication of the Court's responsibility to apply the rule of law to all, even to the military. Rutledge wrote: More is at stake than General Yamashita's fate. There could be no possible sympathy for him if he is guilty of the atrocities for which his death
15561-446: The vote was 11–0, with four abstentions. Those four senators—North Dakota's William Langer , West Virginia's Chapman Revercomb , Montana's Burton K. Wheeler , and Michigan's Homer S. Ferguson —abstained due to uneasiness about Rutledge's support for Roosevelt's court-expansion plan. Ferguson later spoke with Rutledge and indicated that his concerns had been resolved, but Wheeler, who had strongly opposed Roosevelt's efforts to enlarge
15694-481: The words of Thomas Paine : "He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression; for if he violates this duty he establishes a precedent that will reach to himself." Although Rutledge's dissent did not prevent Yamashita from being hanged, the legal historian Melvin I. Urofsky has written that its "influence, however, cannot be gainsaid ... The Court has not been involved with any war crimes trials in several decades, but aside from
15827-466: The writ's availability and adaptability to all the varying conditions and devices by which liberty may be unlawfully restrained". Stevens later served on the Supreme Court himself; in his majority opinion in Rasul v. Bush , he cited Rutledge's Ahrens dissent to conclude that federal courts had jurisdiction over suits brought by detainees at Guantanamo Bay . Rutledge maintained that the provisions of
15960-562: Was responsible for the actions of his troops , Yamashita was charged with war crimes and tried before a military commission . At trial, the prosecution could not demonstrate either that Yamashita was aware of the atrocities committed by his troops or that he had any control over their actions; witnesses testified that they were responsible for the killings and that Yamashita had no knowledge of them. The commission, which consisted of five American generals, nonetheless found him guilty and sentenced him to death by hanging. Yamashita petitioned
16093-494: Was "in many respects ... the chief dissenter of the Roosevelt Court". Rutledge was one of the most liberal justices in the history of the Court. His approach to the law strongly emphasized the preservation of civil liberties, motivated by a fervent belief that the freedoms of individuals should be protected. Rutledge voted more often than any of his colleagues in favor of individuals who brought suit against
16226-503: Was $ 23,750, and the median income for a family was $ 30,917. Males had a median income of $ 30,156 versus $ 18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 14,990. About 14.1% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over. Students in Cloverport attend Cloverport Independent Schools . Cloverport High---1930 Class A 2nd-Region Boys Champs and 1932 6th-Region Boys Champs. Cloverport has
16359-420: Was almost simultaneous with that of Murphy; Truman's appointments of Sherman Minton and Tom C. Clark , respectively, to replace them led to a considerably more conservative Court. Legal scholars have generally looked favorably upon Rutledge's tenure on the Supreme Court, although the brevity of his service has lessened his historical importance. In a 1965 biography, Fowler V. Harper opined that "[h]istory
16492-668: Was appointed consisted of a conservative bloc—Justices Frankfurter, Robert H. Jackson , Stanley Forman Reed , and Owen Roberts —and a liberal bloc consisting of Justices Hugo Black , Murphy, Douglas, Rutledge, and sometimes Stone. On a Court plagued by internecine squabbles, Rutledge was, according to the legal historian Lucas A. Powe Jr. , "the sole member both personally liked and intellectually respected by every other member". He found it challenging to write opinions, and his writing style has been criticized as unnecessarily prolix and difficult to read. Rutledge frequently and strenuously dissented—the scholar Alfred O. Canon wrote that he
16625-420: Was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia , where he developed a record as a supporter of individual liberties and the New Deal. When Justice James F. Byrnes resigned from the Supreme Court, Roosevelt nominated Rutledge to take his place. The Senate overwhelmingly confirmed Rutledge by voice vote , and he took the oath of office on February 15, 1943. Rutledge's jurisprudence placed
16758-455: Was asked by Roosevelt to search for a suitable nominee. A number of candidates were considered, including federal judge John J. Parker , Solicitor General Charles Fahy , U.S. Senator Alben W. Barkley , and Dean Acheson . But the journalist Drew Pearson soon named another possibility, whom he identified as "the candidate of Chief Justice Stone" in his columns and radio broadcasts: Wiley Rutledge. Rutledge had no desire to be nominated to
16891-404: Was born at nearby Tar Springs on July 20, 1894. Rutledge was the son of the pastor of Cloverport's Baptist church. On March 13, 1901, a fire swept through the city leaving about half of the residents homeless and destroying almost all of the business buildings, including two full American Tobacco Company warehouses. The Lucille Memorial Presbyterian Church, whose congregation had just paid off
17024-501: Was exempt from state regulation under the dormant Commerce Clause doctrine. In a narrow ruling, Rutledge held that, although Michigan was technically regulating foreign commerce, the statute imposed no serious burden on it because the island was for all practical purposes a part of Detroit. The case exemplified his flexible approach to the Commerce Clause. In Prudential Insurance Co. v. Benjamin , Rutledge's opinion for
17157-471: Was formally incorporated by an act of the state assembly in 1860 and expanded to take in the growing number of homes on the west side of Clover Creek. Land was also donated that year for a Presbyterian church at the corner of Main Street and Lynn Street. A church was never built there but in 1889 the property was exchanged for land on east Main Street where a church was built. The town had its own newspaper beginning on July 17, 1878. The Breckenridge News
17290-540: Was later characterized by Ferren as "one of the Court's truly great, and influential, dissents". The case involved the Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita , who commanded soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in the Philippines during World War II . At the end of the war, troops under Yamashita's command killed tens of thousands of Filipinos, many of whom were civilians. On the basis that he
17423-456: Was loudly denounced: his position even led some members of the Iowa legislature to threaten to freeze faculty salaries. Still, Roosevelt noticed Rutledge's outspoken support for him, and it garnered the dean prominence on the national stage. In the words of Rutledge himself, "[t]he Court bill gave me my chance". Having attracted the attention of Roosevelt, Rutledge was seriously considered as
17556-618: Was renamed Cloverport in 1828 after nearby Clover Creek. Seven years before, in 1821, the Kentucky Legislature had built a toll road between the town and Bowling Green . 1828 also saw the town open a post office with George LaHeist as post master. In 1829, the Baptist congregation built their own church. In 1831, a new graveyard, known as the Murray Graveyard, was established on the north side of Main Street near
17689-551: Was started by John D. Babbage and run by his family until 1950 when it was sold to George and Edith Wilson. The Wilsons merged the paper with their other newspaper, the Irvington Herald , and formed the Breckinridge County Herald-News in 1956. In 1892 Cloverport became the home of the maintenance shops for the Louisville, Henderson, and St. Louis Railroad. The town raised $ 20,000 to bring
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