37-507: Cruddas is a surname of Scottish origin; a habitation name (one of two types of locational surname) from a place in the southern Scottish Lowlands , more particularly in the Scottish Southern Uplands . The Cruddas surname, like its more popular cognate Carruthers , indicates a place in modern Dumfries and Galloway which is but a few miles east of the town of Dumfries , called in modern times Carrutherstown . In
74-637: A Deas ) are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland 's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Lowlands and the Highlands ). The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills and mountains within this region. An overwhelmingly rural and agricultural region, the Southern Uplands are partly forested and contain many areas of open moorland -
111-603: A characteristic shared with the Highlands but in contrast to the Central Lowlands. Although the political and geographical borders do not precisely coincide, the two southern local authority areas have a combined population of around 265,000 across 4,314 square miles (11,170 km ), fewer inhabitants than five of the areas within the Central Lowlands, for example North Lanarkshire is home to 340,000 across 184 square miles (480 km ). Agriculture and forestry are
148-757: Is Loch Ken the water lever of the loch was increased in 1936 when the Glenlochar Barrage was installed on the River Dee as well the Water of Ken was dammed to create manmade lochs as part of the Galloway Hydro Scheme. Several other lochs in Galloway are dammed such as Loch Doon , Loch Bradan and Clatteringshaws Loch though many smaller ones remain in a more natural state such as Loch Dee, Loch Enoch , Loch Grannoch and Loch Trool . To
185-410: Is named for Caledonia , a Latin name for Scotland . The majority of the rocks are weakly metamorphosed coarse greywacke . The tectonic processes involved in the formation of the accretionary wedge, where sediment is scraped off the seafloor as a tectonic plate is subducted , has led to the formation of multiple, major, east–west faults that are now exploited by rivers and define valleys across
222-590: Is the more populous and industrialised part of Scotland compared to the sparsely populated Highlands. Culturally, the Lowlands and the Highlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period , when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. Geographically, Scotland is divided into three distinct areas: the Highlands , the Central plain ( Central Belt , in
259-650: The Central Lowlands . However, in normal usage it refers to those parts of Scotland not in the Highlands (or Gàidhealtachd ). The boundary is usually considered to be a line between Stonehaven and Helensburgh (on the Firth of Clyde ). The Lowlands lie south and east of the line. Some parts of the Lowlands (such as the Southern Uplands ) are not physically "low", Merrick for example reaching 2,766 feet (843 m), while some areas indisputably in
296-686: The Ayrshire coast northeastwards to Dunbar in East Lothian on the North Sea coast, a distance of some 220 km (140 mi). There are several ranges of hills and mountains within the Southern Uplands. From east to west these are: Although the summits are not as high as many in the Scottish Highlands nor other famous mountain regions, parts of the Southern Uplands are remote and mountainous, containing about 120 Marilyns ,
333-496: The Central Lowlands ), and the Southern Uplands . The Lowlands cover roughly the latter two. The northeast plain is also "low-land", both geographically and culturally, but in some contexts may be grouped together with the Highlands. The Lowlands is not an official geographical or administrative area of the country. There are two main topographic regions: the Lowlands and the Southern Uplands . The term "Lowlands" mainly refers to
370-699: The River Clyde at 106 mi (171 km) and the River Tweed at 97 mi (156 km) respectively. Several significant rivers drain southwards into the Solway Firth and Irish Sea including (from west to east) the River Cree , River Dee , River Urr , River Nith , River Annan and the River Esk . There are numerous lochs in the Southern Uplands, particularly in the west. The largest
407-624: The Scots dialect of English of the late Middle Ages this place was known as Caer Ruther , which meant "the fort of Ruther". Said Caer Ruther in turn derived from Brythonic Celtic elements as follows: Scots caer derived from the Brythonic term ker , meaning "fort", and Ruther deriving from the Cumbric Brythonic Rhydderch , a personal name thought to have meant "red ruler". Cruddas , then, can be said to derive from
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#1732772057741444-663: The "Midland Valley". This area mainly encompasses the basins of the Rivers Forth and Clyde , and houses approximately 80 percent of Scotland's population (3.5 million in the Central Belt ). Historically, the Midland Valley has been Scotland's most agriculturally productive region. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it experienced significant industrialisation and urbanisation, driven by coal deposits. While coal mining and heavy industry have declined ever since,
481-526: The Anglo-Scottish border have a troubled and bloody history. They were the scene of many raids, campaigns and battles, including the Battle of Ancrum Moor , the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Philiphaugh . The Common Riding festivals of many Southern Upland towns such as Jedburgh , Kelso , Hawick , Peebles , Selkirk and Langholm recall this history, re-enacting the practice of riding
518-469: The Brythonic place name " ker Rhydderch ", meaning "the fort of Rhydderch". Differing variants (cognates) of the Cruddas surname include: Caruth , Carruthers , Carrothers , Crothers ; Carradice , Carrodus , Cardis , Cardus ; Crowdace , and Cruddace , all of which reference said " ker Rhydderch ". It bears mentioning that not all, or even any particular two, of the families or lineages bearing one of
555-576: The Carlisle area. Several primary roads run through the Southern Uplands, most of which run north–south, with the most notable exception being the A75. The most significant of these roads is the M74 motorway connecting Scotland and England. These roads include: Five railway lines pass through, or into, the Southern Uplands; all in a roughly north–south direction. These are the: There are no major airports within
592-696: The Highlands (although historically also in the lowlands until the 15th century and 18th century in Galloway), to the Scottish history and to the Scottish clan system, as well as in family history and genealogy . Military units associated with the region at various times include the Lowland Brigade , the Royal Scots and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division . Southern Uplands The Southern Uplands ( Scottish Gaelic : Na Monaidhean
629-531: The Highlands (such as Islay ) are low-lying. For other purposes, the boundary varies; but if the Boundary Fault is used, then the traditional Scottish counties entirely in the Lowlands are Ayrshire , Berwickshire , Clackmannanshire , Dumfriesshire , East Lothian , Fife , Kinross-shire , Kirkcudbrightshire , Lanarkshire , Midlothian , Peeblesshire , Renfrewshire , Roxburghshire , Selkirkshire , West Lothian , and Wigtownshire . Prior to 1921,
666-804: The Lowlands. Many ancestors of the Scotch-Irish , as they are known in the United States, or Ulster-Scots , originated from the lowlands and borders region before migrating to the Ulster Plantation in the 17th century and later the American frontier , many prior to the American Revolution . The term Scottish Lowlands is used with reference to the Scots language in contrast to the Scottish Gaelic spoken in
703-579: The Midland Valley's economic importance endures. Today, it remains a central hub of the Scottish economy, with a focus on electronics, computer manufacturing, and service sectors like telecommunications, computer software, and finance. The southernmost counties of Scotland, nearest the Anglo-Scottish border , are also known as the Borders . They are sometimes considered separately from the rest of
740-545: The Scottish population of red squirrels . Ospreys are present at some of the lochs of the Galloway Forest Park, St Mary's Loch and along the River Tweed . Brown trout are common in many burns and a number of the rivers in the area have populations of sea trout , salmon and Eurasian otters . The two unitary authorities of Dumfries and Galloway in the west and the Scottish Borders in
777-471: The Southern Uplands are covered with forests such as: The amount of forested land cover in the western Southern Uplands increased greatly between the 1940s and the 1980s, from 1% to 23%. The Southern Uplands have always formed a major obstacle to travel between the more heavily populated and industrialised Central Belt of Scotland and England to the south. Major roads and railways follow the east coast route and various valley routes radiating northwards from
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#1732772057741814-519: The Southern Uplands. Levels of deformation associated with these faults is highly variable but is pervasive in the finer-grained sediments. Secondary mineralisation has further altered these Lower Palaeozoic rocks which are hosts for some distinctive springs , some of which have been exploited for tourism, such as those around Moffat . The Southern Uplands lie south of the Southern Uplands Fault line that runs from Ballantrae on
851-527: The aforementioned cognate surnames are necessarily related, either socially or genetically, as the "Cruddas DNA Project" has confirmed (for instance, I-M253 refers to Carruthers and R-M269 refers to Cruddas ); it is only the names which are related etymologically. Notable people with the surname Cruddas include: Scottish Lowlands The Lowlands ( Scots : Lallans or Lawlands , pronounced [ˈlɑːlən(d)z, ˈlo̜ːl-] ; Scottish Gaelic : a' Ghalldachd , lit. 'place of
888-651: The area. The nearest international passenger airports are Glasgow Prestwick International Airport , Glasgow International Airport and Edinburgh Airport . Vehicle ferries operate between Stranraer and Cairnryan in Scotland and Belfast and Larne in Northern Ireland respectively. There are numerous walks through the Southern Uplands. These include the Southern Upland Way , a 212-mile (341 km) coast to coast walk between Portpatrick in
925-548: The boundaries of the town to enable warning to be given of raids from the south. This violent history is also commemorated in many Border ballads , another common theme of which is the supernatural, as in the ballads of Thomas the Rhymer and Tam Lin . Many Border ballads were collected by Sir Walter Scott in his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border . Scott also portrayed the social history, folklore and traditions of
962-490: The counties of East Lothian, Midlothian, and West Lothian were known as Haddingtonshire, Edinburghshire, and Linlithgowshire. Traditional Scottish counties which straddle the Boundary fault include Angus , Dunbartonshire , Stirlingshire , Perthshire , Kincardineshire , Aberdeenshire , Banffshire , and Moray . The term "Lowlands" is sometimes used to refer specifically to the " Central Lowlands ", an area also known as
999-417: The east cover almost all of the Southern Uplands. Along its northern margins, the councils of South Ayrshire , East Ayrshire , South Lanarkshire and East Lothian extend into the region. After local government reorganisation in 1974 and prior to further reorganisation in 1996, the Southern Uplands were administered by the two 'regions' of Dumfries & Galloway and Borders along with the southern margins of
1036-855: The east of Moffat is the largest natural body of water in the Borders Region of the Southern Uplands, St. Mary's Loch together with the adjacent Loch of the Lowes and nearby Loch Skeen . There are several other reservoirs in the vicinity including Megget Reservoir , Talla Reservoir and Fruid Reservoir whilst Daer Reservoir lies among the Lowther Hills. The area has a wide diversity of species and habitats. The uplands support black and red grouse , mountain hares , golden eagles , hen harriers and some unusual plant species. The western hills are home to red deer , roe deer , feral goats and wild boar . The western forests have one fifth of
1073-470: The foreigners', pronounced [ə ˈɣauɫ̪t̪əxk] ) is a cultural and historical region of Scotland . The region is characterised by its relatively flat or gently rolling terrain as opposed to the mountainous landscapes of the Scottish Highlands . This area includes cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow and is known for its fertile farmland, historic sites, and urban centres. It
1110-578: The hill names in the area are congruent with these characteristics. The Southern Uplands consist mainly of Silurian sedimentary deposits deposited in the Iapetus Ocean 420 million years ago. These rocks were pushed up from the sea bed into an accretionary wedge during the Caledonian orogeny , roughly 400 million years ago ( Ma ), when the continents and terranes of Laurentia , Baltica and Avalonia collided. The Caledonian orogeny
1147-543: The local economy and to that of Scotland in general. Generally, sheep and arable farming are more predominant in the Scottish Borders to the east, while dairy farming is traditionally more important in Dumfries and Galloway , although recent years here have seen a move away from cattle grazing towards sheep farming. Several breeds of livestock have originated in the Southern Uplands, including Galloway cattle , Ayrshire dairy cattle and Cheviot sheep . Large areas of
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1184-548: The main forms of land use in the Southern Uplands. Sustainable power has been in production for several decades: the Galloway hydro-electric power scheme was built between 1930 and 1936. More recently a number of wind farms have been developed on upland sites. Tourism and recreation are of increasing importance: walking, fishing and grouse shooting are traditional pursuits and mountain biking has become popular in recent years. The textile industry employed large numbers in many of
1221-513: The majority of the Donalds and a substantial number of Corbetts and Grahams . Some of the more notable peaks in the Southern Uplands are: The Southern Uplands are home to the UK's second highest, and Scotland's highest, village, Wanlockhead , 430 m (1,410 ft) above sea level. The region is drained by numerous rivers, the most important of which are Scotland's third and fourth longest,
1258-426: The regions of Strathclyde and Lothian. Within each of these regions were districts with their own district councils. Historically, i.e. prior to 1974, the region comprised the counties of Wigtown , Kirkcudbright , Dumfries , Roxburgh , Peebles , Selkirk and Berwick together with parts of Ayrshire , Lanarkshire, Midlothian and East Lothian . The geography of the region has caused it to be sparsely populated,
1295-568: The south of Scotland, from the heart of the Scottish Borders to Dumfries and Galloway. They are on Forestry Commission land and along with schemes in Wales are regarded as the benchmark by which further trails in the UK should be developed. They are known as the 7stanes because each venue features a 'stane' ( Scots for stone) somewhere along the forest trails. The Seven Stanes: The Southern Uplands and especially those areas adjacent to
1332-570: The towns of the Scottish Borders in the 19th and 20th centuries. Stocking frames were introduced in Hawick in 1771 and Galashiels ' first woollen mill was built in 1800, but textile manufacture had a long history in the area: linen production had been a major industry since the Middle Ages. The textile industry declined in the late 20th century, with 7,800 people employed in 1981 and only 4,400 by 1998. However, it continues to be significant both to
1369-500: The west and Cockburnspath in the east. There is some good rock climbing in the Southern Uplands, particularly in the western portion, the Galloway Hills. The majority of the climbing is on good quality granite, often slabby and sometimes a bit broken in nature. In cold winters there is good ice climbing on the hills of Craignaw , Merrick and Cairnsmore of Fleet . The 7stanes are seven mountain biking centres spanning
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