The Crowfoot Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Frasnian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin .
63-549: It takes the name from Crowfoot Creek, a tributary of the Bow River and was first described in the Royalite Crowfoot No. 2 well, located near the creek by H.R. Belyea and D.J. McLaren in 1957. The Crowfoot Formation consists of anhydrite , silty dolomite , with minor shale . The Crowfoot Formation is typically 4 metres (10 ft) thick, but can reach up to 38 metres (120 ft). The Crowfoot Formation
126-597: A federal court ruled that the Crown had underestimated the band's population, which resulted in the band's reserve being smaller than it should have been. As such, the Blood Tribe reserve could be expanded by 421 square kilometres (163 sq mi), but the community could seek a cash-in-lieu-of-land settlement for this claim instead. In July 2019, the Kainai Nation settled a claim over Crown mismanagement of
189-596: A new dam near Glenbow . ( MW ) The Bow River supplies the water for three irrigation districts in southern Alberta: the Eastern, Western, and Bow River irrigation districts. The Eastern Irrigation District (EID), headquartered in Brooks, Alberta , was originally part of land that the federal government granted to the Canadian Pacific Railway in lieu of a portion of the payment for the construction of
252-610: A part of the "Water for Life Initiative", the Alberta government placed a moratorium on any new licenses for water use from the Bow, Oldman , and South Saskatchewan River basins. The government also requested that the three irrigation districts increase their efficiency by 30 percent. The irrigation districts are improving their irrigation system by changing most canals to pipelines in order to decrease contamination, spillage, and loss of water to evaporation. A drawback of this change
315-420: A provincial advisory body. The council was to promote awareness of the river's water quality and try to improve it through fact-finding and aiding inter-institutional coordination. It was composed of representatives from diverse interests such as First Nations, agriculture, and municipalities. Recreational groups represented on the council, such as Ducks Unlimited and Bow Waters Canoe Club, expressed concern for
378-585: A resident population of rainbow and brown trout that has one of the best growth rates to be found on any river system in the world today. A trout that is 4 to 5 years old will be around 53 centimetres (21 in) long, and the Bow River holds many fish that are this size or larger. Mainly the river is fished south of the city of Calgary, past where the water treatment sites dump into the river. The volume of nutrients and number of fish are higher there. Outdoor adventurers use primarily three types of boats to enjoy
441-462: A riverfront park system. Park advocates defined the Bow River within Calgary as the city's nature: it was something to be protected for and enjoyed by the public. However, as progress was made in the parks' creation, this "environmental" view of the Bow's nature proved selective. For example, trees were not to be cut down, but landscaping to accommodate cyclists was endorsed. In short, the river
504-596: A scenic viewpoint. Communities have also recently begun to appear around Ghost Dam as well. In 1904 the Bow River Weir was constructed close to Calgary's downtown core in order to divert water into the Western Irrigation District. Since its construction a side effect of the weir had been that it created a circulating wave, with a lethal and powerful undertow, immediately downstream of it. Because rafting , canoeing, and kayaking down
567-405: A series of interdependent parts, and engineering all of them could give technicians control over the system as a whole for the benefit of society. In this process, Calgary Power ultimately fulfilled conservationist ideology as it increasingly brought the Bow River's interdependent sectors, and thus it as a whole, under control, while failing to embody conservationist ideals of rationally developing
630-539: A small ammolite carving of a buffalo skull to the Six String Nation project. The object was permanently mounted on the interior of Voyageur , the guitar at the heart of the project. Following a presentation about the project in September 2014 at Tatsikiisaapo'p Middle School, project creator Jowi Taylor was presented with a braid of sweet grass by school principal Ramona Big Head. The braid resides in
693-515: A visual record. This documentary was later referenced by electronic music duo Boards of Canada on their debut album Music Has The Right to Children , with song titles such as "Kanai Industries" and "Pete Standing Alone" paying homage to the tribe and its leader. In 1973, the NFB released the documentary Kainai , which discusses the construction and consequences of a factory on their property. In 2006, community leader Rick Tailfeathers contributed
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#1732801671966756-462: A whole for maintaining its water quality and quantity. In the mid-1990s, the upper Bow River began being treated explicitly biocentrically . This was part of the larger pursuit of treating Banff National Park's ecosystems as something intrinsically valuable: maintaining these ecosystems was now prioritized over human enjoyment of the parks. In June 2013, southern Alberta had such heavy rainfall that catastrophic flooding occurred throughout much of
819-541: Is a First Nations band government in southern Alberta , Canada, with a population of 12,965 members in 2024, up from 11,791 in December 2013. Akáínaa translates directly to 'many chief' (from aká , 'many' and nínaa , 'chief') while Káína translates directly to 'many chief people'. The enemy Plains Cree call the Kainai mihkowiyiniw , 'stained with blood', thus 'the bloodthirsty, cruel', therefore,
882-474: Is currently the largest in Canada with 4,570 inhabitants on 1,410 km (545 sq mi) and is located 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Calgary . The Kainai Nation is engaged in diverse enterprises and they trade with domestic and international partners. Ammolite mining for example provides a rare highly demanded gem mineral to Asia for Feng Shui . Ammolite is currently known only to be found in
945-951: Is overlain by the Stettler Formation and overlays the Southesk Formation . It is equivalent to the Calmar Formation and part of the Graminia Formation in central Alberta and to the Torquay Formation in Saskatchewan , Manitoba and Montana . Bow River The Bow River is a river in Alberta , Canada. It begins within the Canadian Rocky Mountains and winds through the Alberta foothills onto
1008-606: Is that trees must be cleared in order to prevent roots from damaging the pipeline, changing the habitat. in 1987 the EID in association with the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Division and Ducks Unlimited Canada established a partnership to create additional wildlife habitat within the Eastern Irrigation District's boundaries. This demonstrated the EID's goal of encouraging wildlife in order to contribute to
1071-708: The iikunuhkahtsi were a society responsible for the punishment of misdeeds. As of 2015 the Blood reserve was policed by the Blood Tribe Police, with 31 officers. In 1960, the Kainai and their Sun Dance were featured in the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) documentary Circle of the Sun . Tribal leaders had been concerned that the Sun Dance might be dying out, and had permitted filming as
1134-563: The Bearpaw Formation as unique conditions of prehistoric times were optimal for the fossilization of marine life into ammolite . Over the years, mining operations have uncovered several oceanic dinosaur fossils which have been stored for study at the Royal Tyrrell Museum ; however, they belong to the Kainai Nation.(Lawrynuik) The Kainai Nation filed many specific claims with the federal government . In 2017,
1197-546: The Kainai , Piikanai, and Siksika peoples. The Kutenai had migrated westward, possibly in the early eighteenth century, but still occasionally ventured into the Bow region to hunt bison. First Nations used the river's valleys for the buffalo hunt, in which herds of buffalo were driven over cliffs or into valleys where they could be killed more easily with bows and arrows. Of all the First Nations groups that lived in
1260-478: The 1920s forward, the National Parks of Canada began to focus on the economic benefits of accessible, mass marketable tourism. Changes included new highways and the creation of storage reservoirs for the water needed to sustain the burgeoning community. The Bow River was now seen both for its aesthetic qualities and for new utilitarian aspects. By the 1950s Banff's raw sewage began to be discharged into
1323-483: The 1920s, the company began planning new projects to control the Bow River. The Bow River's hydroelectric development both conforms to and contrasts with elements of conservationist ideology in the United States during this era. This ideology espoused that rational and planned resource development guided by technicians should benefit the greatest number of people possible. In this light, rivers could be seen as
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#17328016719661386-441: The Bow River are such popular summer activities, there had been many fatalities. Furthermore, because fish were not able to pass through the structure, they too became trapped in the circulating wave and a dense, unnatural concentration of pelicans congregated immediately following the weir. Kainai The Kainai Nation ( Blackfoot : ᖿᖱᖻᖳ , romanized: Káínaa or ᖿᖱᖻᖷ , romanized : Káínawa , Blood Tribe )
1449-518: The Bow River area, only the Nakoda fished the river regularly. While other groups likely caught fish during harder times, they primarily hunted buffalo during the summer season when fishing would have been most plentiful. The river's water naturally attracted game, which the First Nations men also hunted, while women gathered the roots, nuts and berries and processed them for food. The river's game, its local sources for firewood, and its valleys' shelter made
1512-541: The Bow River pathway, many people partake in canoeing, kayaking, rafting, paddle boarding, and other activities on the water. Dog owners and families often use the river banks and beaches for outdoor recreation. The recreation and tourism sector of the Bow developed closely alongside the river's water irrigation projects. Projects such as the McGregor, Chestermere, and Ghost dams were originally built for either agricultural or electrical purposes but are also important for
1575-413: The Bow River's January flow had approximately doubled 30 years later. Parts of the river, such as that preceding Ghost Dam, had practically turned into lakes. These developments had ecological effects, too. For example, reservoirs allowed certain fish species, such as the brown trout , to outcompete others, while other species virtually disappeared. By the 1950s, the Bow River's south bank in Calgary
1638-511: The Bow River's bank, the "blob" in the river had released a carcinogenic plume that stretched more than 250 kilometres (160 mi) downstream. Its discovery caused alarm in the media and amongst those living along the Bow River (two years earlier, 70 percent of Calgarians reported using the Bow recreationally). As a result, Alberta's premier, Ralph Klein , established the Bow River Water Quality Council as
1701-427: The Bow River. Because of the self-purification powers of the cold, braided water, however, the Bow was incredibly effective as a natural sewage-treatment facility. Tourists and residents were often unaware of the transformation of the Bow River into a sewage system. As Banff continued to grow, the river continued to digest the increased volume of sewage. This practice, however, began to touch an ideological nerve among
1764-561: The Bow include Lake Louise, Banff, Canmore, Cochrane, Calgary, and Arrowwood . The Bow Falls are on the river's course, near Banff. The Bow River has a total length of 587 km (365 mi) and a drainage area of 26,200 km (10,100 sq mi). First Nations populations have lived in the Bow region for thousands of years. Among them were the Nakoda , Tsuu Tʼina , and the Blackfoot Confederacy , consisting of
1827-468: The Bow initially. Also in line with conservationism, bureaucrats allowing the construction of the Minnewanka reservoir espoused that the nation's development as a whole superseded the need to protect a small part of Banff National Park's nature. Calgary Power's ad hoc hydroelectric development of the Bow continued. Ghost Dam was built in 1929; a major development on the Bow's tributary, Spray River ,
1890-436: The Bow. The river's aesthetic qualities had increasing priority in terms of effects of development within the borders of a National Park. The Bow river contains seven dams and weirs on its main stream and ten other dams on its tributaries. In response to the 2013 Alberta floods a new reservoir storage is being proposed on the river. Three options are being considered including a new dam near Morley , an expanded Ghost Dam or
1953-457: The Canadian Pacific Railway, the company who led the development of Banff, realized this element. When work began on a new luxury hotel in Banff in 1886–87, Van Horne personally redesigned and reoriented the plans so that the guests of the hotel would be able to see the vista of the Bow River. Many early postcards from Banff, as well as some current ones, prominently featured the Bow River. From
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2016-723: The Canadian government at Blackfoot Crossing on the Bow River and signed Treaty 7 on 22 September 1877, ceding lands in exchange for defined reserves. From the perspective of the Canadian government, these groups had surrendered all their land privileges outside their reserves. The reserves of the Nakoda, Tsuu Tʼina, and Siksika were established along the Bow River. Calgary was growing rapidly after 1900. The city businessmen pressed for dam construction in order to generate cheaper power from hydroelectric sources. William Maxwell Aitken , later with R. B. Bennett , formed Calgary Power Company in 1910. That year, on property purchased from
2079-455: The Nakoda, Calgary Power began constructing Alberta's first major hydroelectric plant, Horseshoe Dam. Calgary Power had problems before this dam was completed in 1911. The Bow River originates from a northern mountain, and its flow varies considerably depending upon the amount and location of winter snowfalls. A comprehensive study of the Bow's flow measurements had not been conducted. In its operations, Calgary Power relied upon estimates of
2142-471: The band's ranching assets. The community received a $ 150 million cash settlement. Chief Roy Fox said that $ 123 million of this settlement will be used to develop "housing, capital works, a new administration building and a new skating rink ". The Kainai Nation is governed by an elected council of twelve to fifteen, with one chief. The term of office is four years. Historical chiefs of the Kainai are below: Blood Tribe Councillors (2019) In pre-treaty times,
2205-543: The city began negotiating a CPR reroute that would follow the south bank of the Bow River, turning it into a parkway and the CPR's rail mainline. Among the plan's critics was the Local Council of Women, reminding the city of its 1955 promise for a river park. After negotiations between the CPR and Calgary ended in failure in 1964, urban elites, such as golf clubs, increasingly endorsed the Local Council of Women's idea for
2268-674: The common English name for the tribe is the Blood tribe . The Kainai speak a language of the Blackfoot linguistic group ; their dialect is closely related to those of the Siksika and Piikani . They are one of three nations comprising the Blackfoot Confederacy . At the time treaties such as Treaty 7 were signed, the Kainai were situated on the Oldman , Belly , and St. Mary rivers west of Lethbridge , Alberta. The Kainai reserve Blood 148
2331-529: The confluence of the Elbow River and the Bow. In order to proceed with railway construction through present-day Alberta and an orderly settlement of the Bow region, the government sought to extinguish title of First Nations to specific lands, and negotiated to do so through treaties . With bison numbers declining and white settlers becoming increasingly common in the region, the Nakoda, Tsuu Tʼina, Kainai, Piikanai, and Siksika met with representatives of
2394-660: The district's irrigation development. The EID currently owns and operates the Rolling Hills Reservoir Campground. In 1951, the Province of Alberta also established Kinbrook Island Provincial Park on the eastern bank of the Newell reservoir, which has been stocked with native species of fish. The Western Irrigation District (WID), headquartered in Strathmore, Alberta , was the second half of
2457-626: The emergence of an advanced consumer society. Unlike the pre-World War II elitist ideology of conservationist production, this emergent approach in North America was of grassroots consumers democratically engaging in environmental issues, and there was often tension between the public and managers of the environment. After an Alberta Environment official discovered a toxic "blob" in the Bow in October 1989, human needs again were given priority. Originating from an abandoned wood-preserving plant on
2520-443: The growth of its tourist sector. Hunting and fishing are now promoted on the EID's website. The Bow River provides habitat for wildlife and many opportunities for recreation such as fishing and boating. Both fly fishermen and spinner fishermen share the river in all four seasons of the year. Serious anglers from all over the world visit the Bow River for its thriving population of brown trout and rainbow trout . The Bow River holds
2583-669: The land divested by the CPR. The WID was established in 1944. The water of the WID, diverted at the Calgary Weir, is instrumental to southern Alberta agriculture and, unlike the other two districts, supports the urban needs city of Calgary. It is able to supply both agricultural and urban needs since the WID has higher levels of rainfall than the other two districts, and it receives much of Calgary's storm water. The Bow River Irrigation District (BRID), headquartered in Vauxhall, Alberta ,
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2646-470: The neighbouring lake and in 1992, because of these developments, Chestermere was declared a town. Similarity, after a three-year refurbishing project ending in 1987, the town of Bassano , about 8 kilometres (5 mi) northeast of the dam, began advertising the Bassano dam as a tourist attraction for the town. At this point the Bassano dam now also started offering group tours, fishing and picnic areas, and
2709-650: The prairies, where it meets the Oldman River , the two then forming the South Saskatchewan River . These waters ultimately flow through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay . The Bow River runs through the city of Calgary , taking in the Elbow River at the historic site of Fort Calgary near downtown. The Bow River pathway , developed along the river's banks, is considered a part of Calgary's self-image. First Nations made varied use of
2772-409: The railway. In 1929 the CPR split the property into two parts and divested itself of both sections. In 1935 a delegation of irrigation farmers took control of the eastern section and established the EID. The EID, diverting its water at the Bassano and Newell dams, is the largest private land owner in Alberta. Recently the EID began promoting the recreational possibilities that have developed alongside
2835-527: The recreational facilities they offer. Since their construction, the dams along the Bow River have played a central role in the development of the adjacent communities. Two key examples that demonstrate the connection of recreation and tourism with irrigation are the Chestermere and Basano dams. Following the construction of the Chestermere Dam in 1907, housing developments began to occur around
2898-445: The river a common camp location for First Nations during the prairie winters. The danger of crossing the river meant it was a natural boundary for First Nations. The two main fords of the lower Bow River, Blackfoot Crossing and a ford near the Bow's confluence with the Elbow River (where today's central Calgary developed), became important gathering points for First Nations to exchange goods and celebrate festivities. Blackfoot Crossing
2961-418: The river for sustenance before settlers of European origin arrived, such as using its valleys in the buffalo hunt . The name Bow refers to the reeds that grew along its banks and were used by the First Nations to make bows; the Blackfoot language name for the river is Makhabn , meaning "river where bow reeds grow". The river is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking water. Between
3024-480: The river was not used extensively in the fur trade. First Nations already weakened by declining buffalo numbers and disease were further devastated by the introduction of the whisky trade. Fort Whoop-Up was established in 1869, and whisky traders were active along the Bow River during the 1870s. To stop these operations, the recently formed North-West Mounted Police (later the RCMP ) established Fort Calgary in 1875 at
3087-415: The river's environment. Their attitudes were not strictly human-centric, but, like those favoring a park system in Calgary, they defined the Bow River's environment as something worth preserving for human use. Greater changes in attitude toward the river were manifest in the Bow River Water Quality Council's reports over time. By 1994, the reports emphasized the importance of the Bow's ecological balance as
3150-719: The river's minimum flow during winter conditions. Thus, despite the amount of energy the company had contracted, it could not reliably fulfill these obligations during winters. With capital already invested in Horseshoe, Calgary Power opened another hydroelectric plant and reservoir two years later at Kananaskis Falls just upstream from Horseshoe Falls. A storage reservoir was also created within Banff National Park in 1912 at Lake Minnewanka . Despite this additional reservoir and both plants, Calgary Power still struggled to fulfill its power contracts during winter months. In
3213-458: The river, the inflatable boat , the Jon boat and the canoe . There are several spots on the river to launch watercraft , including Graves Landing, Highway 22X Bridge, Policeman's Flats and McKinnon Flats. The Bow River pathway , is developed on both banks of the river throughout the city of Calgary and is used for cycling , hiking , jogging , as well as rollerblading and skateboarding . Along
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#17328016719663276-494: The second time in eight years, the BRID will increase its demand on the Bow River by roughly 10 percent. Of the 45 crops that are grown in the Bow River basin, only 10 could be produced without irrigation. Because of the dependence of the region on Bow River irrigation water, in the early 21st century all three irrigation districts began to make major changes in order to continue to serve their large mandated areas. In 2006, as
3339-555: The southern half of the province along the Bow, Elbow , Highwood and Oldman rivers and tributaries. A dozen municipalities declared local states of emergency on June 20 as water levels rose, and numerous communities were placed under evacuation orders. In 1887 the Canadian parliament, under the urging of the Canadian Pacific Railway vice-president, William Van Horne , and the federal land agent, William Pearce , created Rocky Mountains Park, later renamed Banff National Park . Originally 647 square kilometres (250 sq mi), it
3402-433: The tourists and residents of Banff. Pouring raw sewage into one of the main attractions of the park polluted both the river and, more importantly, the image of Banff. There was also fear that continued reliance on the Bow as a natural sewer would either cap the development of Banff or eventually have great risk to public health. By the 1960s, the town built a modern sewage facility and stopped releasing untreated waters into
3465-551: The town of Banff and through Canmore . The Ghost Lake reservoir is formed upstream from the town of Cochrane . The Bow flows eastward to the city of Calgary ; it continues on to form the South Saskatchewan River when the Bow joins with the Oldman River near Grassy Lake in southern Alberta . It reaches the Hudson Bay through the Saskatchewan River , Lake Winnipeg , and Nelson River . Communities along
3528-641: The years 1910 and 1960, the Bow River and its tributaries were engineered to provide hydroelectric power, primarily for Calgary's use. This significantly altered the river's flow and certain ecosystems. The river's source is from the Bow Glacier , which is part of the Wapta Icefield . The outflow from this source flows into Bow Lake in the Canadian Rockies . It flows south to the village of Lake Louise then turns east and flows through
3591-542: Was Canada's first national park and included part of the Bow River. Eventually the park grew to include the Bow Glacier, an outflow of the Wapta Icefield and the source of the Bow River. The designation of the national park marked a turning point in the public's perception of the Bow River. The river began to be appreciated for its aesthetic value in addition to its industrial and agricultural uses. Officials of
3654-508: Was a generally derelict commercial zone. The Calgary Local Council of Women was the most vocal advocate for turning this area into a park system as a part of a broader campaign for improved public and social services. Calgary City Council agreed to the idea in 1955, but by 1959 little progress had been made to fund the project. To accommodate increasing traffic flow through the growing city, the Canadian Pacific Railway and
3717-601: Was built within Banff National Park, this time on the Cascade River , a tributary of the Bow. Between 1910 and 1960, the Bow River was radically changed as it was systematically engineered to control its water flow and provide hydroelectric power. The seasonal summer flooding in Calgary was an issue of the past. Water was held by reservoirs during spring and summer, permitting steady power generation during fall and winter. Comparing 1924–33 to 1954–63,
3780-476: Was completed in 1951; and, at the behest of the provincial government, Bearspaw Dam was built in 1954 just west of Calgary to control flooding (the dam included a generating station) and 1955 saw the development of two reservoirs on the Kananaskis River in what is now Peter Lougheed Provincial Park World War II's industrial demand increased pressure on the river: another hydroelectric development
3843-547: Was created in 1968, making it the most recent district to be supplied by the Bow. The BRID diverts the Bow at the Carseland weir and also uses the McGregor, Travers, and Little Bow dams. Each has a reservoir that is also used for recreational purposes. In March 2012, the citizens of the BRID voted in favour of expanding the area of the district by 110 square kilometres (28,000 acres). An expansion of 85 square kilometres (21,000 acres) passed in 2004 as well. This means that, for
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#17328016719663906-541: Was used by the Siksika as a winter campsite and is today a part of their reserve. The fur trader James Gaddy and the Hudson's Bay Company explorer David Thompson are traditionally considered to be the first people of European origin to see the Bow River. They camped along the Bow with a group of Piikani during the 1787–88 winter. Fur traders began to move to the Bow River region following Thompson's expedition, but
3969-446: Was valued above all when it suited human goals. Calgary eventually developed an extensive plan for the Bow River's park system , and it is considered an important element of Calgary's self-image today. The grassroots advocacy done by the Local Council of Women denotes emerging environmental sensibilities that are representative of larger trends occurring in North America during this period. Samuel Hays associated such movements with
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