65-572: [REDACTED] Look up cubana in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cubana may refer to: Cubana de Aviación , an airline of Cuba Cubana, West Virginia , a town in the United States See also [ edit ] Cuban people Cubano (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Cubana All pages with titles containing Cubana Topics referred to by
130-475: A seamless global air traffic management system. ICAO has published standards for machine-readable passports . Machine-readable passports have an area where some of the information otherwise written in textual form is also written as strings of alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition , which enables border controllers and other law enforcement agents to process such passports more quickly without having to enter
195-477: A direct party to ICAO, its government delegated Switzerland to enter into the treaty on its behalf, and the treaty is applicable in the territory of Liechtenstein. The Republic of China was a founding member of ICAO. Following its retreat to Taiwan , it was eventually replaced by the People's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in 1971. In 2013, Taiwan was for the first time invited to attend
260-532: A domestic network consisting of Baracoa , Camagüey , Holguín , Nicaro , Nueva Gerona , Santiago de Cuba and Las Tunas . In the early 1990s, Cubana pursued a multi-faceted strategy to face the challenges posed by the dissolution of the Socialist bloc and the Soviet Union . This strategy targeted a restructuring of Cubana's fleet, the revamping of the airline's technical capabilities, and upgrading
325-638: A model of the standard variation of pressure , temperature , density , and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere . This is useful in calibrating instruments and designing aircraft. The standardized pressure is also used in calibrating instruments in-flight, particularly above the transition altitude . ICAO is active in infrastructure management, including communication, navigation and surveillance / air traffic management (CNS/ATM) systems, which employ digital technologies (like satellite systems with various levels of automation) in order to maintain
390-583: A strictly operational and non-political point of view, I believe Taiwan should be there." The ICAO Council is elected by the Assembly every three years and consists of 36 members elected in three groups. The present council was elected in October 2022. The structure of the present Council is as follows: The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the ICAO Council technical executive body in charge of 17 of
455-453: A tweet stating that publishers of "irrelevant, compromising and offensive material" would be "precluded". Since that action, the organization has followed a policy of blocking anyone asking about it. The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs harshly criticized ICAO's perceived failure to uphold principles of fairness, inclusion, and transparency by silencing non-disruptive opposing voices. Senator Marco Rubio also criticized
520-404: Is PAMR.) Not all airports are assigned codes in both systems; for example, airports that do not have airline service do not need an IATA code. ICAO also assigns three-letter airline codes versus the more-familiar two-letter IATA codes—for example, UAL vs. UA for United Airlines . ICAO also provides telephony designators to aircraft operators worldwide, a one- or two-word designator used on
585-542: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cubana de Aviaci%C3%B3n Cubana de Aviación S.A. , commonly known as Cubana , is Cuba 's flag carrier , as well as the country's largest airline. It was founded in October 1929, becoming one of the earliest airlines to emerge in Latin America . It has its corporate headquarters in Havana , and its main base
650-639: Is located at José Martí International Airport . Originally a subsidiary of Pan American World Airways and later a private company owned by Cuban investors, Cubana has been wholly owned by the Cuban government since May 1959. Cubana was a founder and is a current member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Association of Aeronautical Telecommunications (SITA) and
715-787: Is pressing ahead with its plans to include aviation. ICAO has been called "flawed and biased in favour of the industry" by Jo Dardenne, the manager for aviation at Transport & Environment . On 6 October 2016, the ICAO finalized an agreement among its 191 member nations to address the more than 1000 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted annually by international passenger and cargo flights. The agreement will use an offsetting scheme called CORSIA (the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) under which forestry and other carbon-reducing activities are directly funded, amounting to about 2% of annual revenues for
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#1732782866695780-556: The Boeing 747 -100, -200 and -300 are given the type designators B741 , B742 and B743 respectively. Since 2010, ICAO recommends a unification of units of measurement within aviation based on the International System of Units (SI), using: Non-SI units have been permitted for temporary use since 1979, but a termination date has not yet been established, which would complete metrication of worldwide aviation, and
845-628: The Douglas DC-7s on the Havana–New York route, Cubana received the first of these aircraft in December 1958; it was put in service on that route immediately after being phased in. In May 1959, Cuba's new revolutionary government decided to take over Cubana, expropriating all its investors. The private passenger airline Aerovías Q and private cargo carriers Cuba Aeropostal and Expreso Aéreo Interamericano, were then merged into Cubana, which
910-800: The International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association representing airlines ; the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), an organization for air navigation service providers (ANSPs); and the Airports Council International , a trade association of airport authorities . In addition there are several regional civil aviation commissions, such as the Latin America Civil Aviation Commission (LACAC) who focus on challenges and growth in specific regions. The forerunner to ICAO
975-700: The United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. The ICAO headquarters are located in the Quartier international de Montréal of Montreal , Quebec, Canada. The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection , prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation . ICAO defines
1040-547: The 19 Annexes to the Chicago Convention. ANC develops and recommend ICAO minimal standards that are related to these Annexes. To review and/or finalize the ongoing developments the commission meets for three sessions per year. Each session normally considers a number of documents being developments of ANC expert Panels. The ANC is composed of nineteen commissioners nominated by ICAO States in various aviation domains. However, legally these commissioners do not represent
1105-406: The 2020 level, allowing unregulated growth until then. Only 65 nations will participate in the initial voluntary period, not including significant emitters Russia, India and perhaps Brazil. The agreement does not cover domestic emissions, which are 40% of the global industry's overall emissions. One observer of the ICAO convention made this summary: Airline claims that flying will now be green are
1170-474: The Chicago Convention, in Chicago , was signed by 52 countries on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization was to be established, to be replaced in turn by a permanent organization when twenty-six countries ratified the convention. PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The 26th country ratified the convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently, PICAO
1235-768: The Convention on International Civil Aviation. Altitude, elevation, height. ICAO has a headquarters, seven regional offices, and one regional sub-office: Emissions from international aviation are specifically excluded from the targets agreed under the Kyoto Protocol . Instead, the Protocol invites developed countries to pursue the limitation or reduction of emissions through the International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO's environmental committee continues to consider
1300-579: The ICAO Assembly, at its 38th session, as a guest under the name of " Chinese Taipei ". As of September 2019 , it has not been invited to participate again, due to renewed PRC pressure. The host government, Canada , supports Taiwan's inclusion in ICAO. Support also comes from Canada's commercial sector with the president of the Air Transport Association of Canada saying in 2019 that "It's about safety in aviation so from
1365-649: The ICAO code for Los Angeles International Airport is KLAX. Canada follows a similar pattern, where a prefix of C is usually added to an IATA code to create the ICAO code. For example, Calgary International Airport is YYC or CYYC. (In contrast, airports in Hawaii are in the Pacific region and so have ICAO codes that start with PH ; Kona International Airport 's code is PHKO. Similarly, airports in Alaska have ICAO codes that start with PA . Merrill Field , for instance
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#17327828666951430-488: The ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14. In January 2020, ICAO blocked several Twitter users, including think-tank analysts, U.S. Congressional staff, and journalists, who mentioned Taiwan in tweets related to ICAO. Many of the tweets were related to the COVID-19 pandemic and Taiwan's exclusion from ICAO safety and health bulletins due to pressure from China . In response, ICAO issued
1495-788: The International Association of Latin American Air Transportation (AITAL). The airline was established by Clement Melville Keys on 8 October 1929 as Compañía Nacional Cubana de Aviación Curtiss S.A., initially as a flying school as well as a charter carrier , beginning scheduled services in 1930. The airline's name indicated its association with the Curtiss aircraft manufacturing company. Cubana's early fleet used Curtiss Robin , amphibian Sikorsky S-38 , Ford Trimotor , and Lockheed Electra (L-10) aircraft. Pan American acquired Cubana in 1932, and
1560-680: The International Flight Network, Philbin refused to acknowledge the existence of Taiwan. On 1 February 2020, the United States Department of State issued a press release heavily criticizing ICAO's actions, characterizing them as "outrageous, unacceptable, and not befitting of a UN organization." The 9th edition of the Convention on International Civil Aviation includes modifications from years 1948 up to 2006. ICAO refers to its current edition of
1625-649: The Kyoto targets agreed by countries. This has led to some national policies such as fuel and emission taxes for domestic air travel in the Netherlands and Norway , respectively. Although some countries tax the fuel used by domestic aviation, there is no duty on kerosene used on international flights. ICAO is currently opposed to the inclusion of aviation in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The EU , however,
1690-717: The US, FAA practices require the digits of the flight number to be spoken in group format ("Japan Air One Eleven" in the above example) while individual digits are used for the aircraft tail number used for unscheduled civil flights. ICAO maintains the standards for aircraft registration , including the alphanumeric codes that identify the country of registration. ICAO is also responsible for issuing two to four character alphanumeric aircraft type designators for those aircraft types which are most commonly provided with air traffic service. These codes provide an abbreviated aircraft type identification, typically used in flight plans . For example,
1755-775: The airline industry, such as the Aeronautical Message Handling System (AMHS). This makes it a standards organization . Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), based on standards defined by ICAO, containing information essential to air navigation . Countries are required to update their AIP manuals every 28 days and so provide definitive regulations, procedures and information for each country about airspace and airports. ICAO's standards also dictate that temporary hazards to aircraft must be regularly published using NOTAMs . ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere (also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere),
1820-582: The airline placed an order for two convertible Ilyushin Il-96-300s in a US$ 110 million deal; 85% of that price was financed by a loan from Roseximbank , while Cuba's Aviaimport raised the money for the balance. In December 2005, Cubana received the first of these aircraft, becoming the first customer of the type beyond the Russian borders. In April 2006, Cuba signed another deal —worth US$ 250 million this time— on behalf of Cubana for
1885-619: The airline the first Latin American one to establish scheduled passenger services to this city. In April 1948, a transatlantic route was started between Havana and Madrid (via Bermuda , the Azores and Lisbon ) using Douglas DC-4 aircraft. The Madrid route was extended to Rome in 1950. The new route to Europe made Cubana one of the earliest Latin American carriers to establish scheduled transatlantic service. In 1953, Airwork sold Cubana three Viscount 755s in advance of delivery. Cubana
1950-483: The airline's Soviet-built airplanes in service. Cubana had received its last three new Il-62Ms in late 1990 and early 1991 [along with two other (also new) similar aircraft in 1988 and 1989], and was able to keep them in service long after the Soviet Union's dissolution and the end of all Il-62 production in the mid-1990s. Cubana started leasing some Western aircraft ( Airbus , Boeing ) for limited periods of time in
2015-458: The code LFPO (the 3rd letter sometimes refers to the particular flight information region (FIR) or the last two may be arbitrary). In most parts of the world, ICAO and IATA codes are unrelated; for example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an IATA code of CDG. However, the location prefix for the continental United States is K , and ICAO codes are usually the IATA code with this prefix. For example,
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2080-529: The convention as the Statute and designates it as ICAO Document 7300/9. The convention has 19 Annexes that are listed by title in the article Convention on International Civil Aviation . As of April 2019 , there are 193 ICAO members, consisting of 192 of the 193 UN members (all but Liechtenstein , which lacks an international airport), plus the Cook Islands . Despite Liechtenstein not being
2145-506: The deal was mixed. The agreement has critics. It is not aligned with the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which set the objective of restricting global warming to 1.5 to 2 °C. A late draft of the agreement would have required the air transport industry to assess its share of global carbon budgeting to meet that objective, but the text was removed in the agreed version. CORSIA will regulate only about 25 percent of aviation's international emissions, since it grandfathers all emissions below
2210-488: The direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the commission, standards are sent to the council, the political body of ICAO, for consultation and coordination with the member states before final adoption. ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations, particularly because it alone is vested with international authority (among signatory states): other organizations include
2275-729: The early 1960s ( Ilyushin Il-14 and Il-18 ), and were used in Cubana's domestic routes. Cubana thus became the first airline in the Americas at that time to operate Soviet-built aircraft. During the decade, the An-12 and the An-24s were also added to the fleet. Cubana's cooperation made it possible for Aeroflot to establish 18-hour non-stop scheduled services between Moscow and Havana in 1963, using Tupolev Tu-114 turboprop airliners, which were
2340-568: The early 1980s. As of March 1990, Cubana had 5,658 employees and its fleet consisted of 12 An-24RVs , 26 Antonov An-26s , four Il-18s , 11 Ilyushin Il-62Ms, two Il-76Ds , eight Tupolev Tu-154s (five Tu-154B2s and three Tu-154Ms) and 12 Yakovlev Yak-40s . At this time, the airline flew internationally to Barbados , Basel , Berlin , Bissau , Buenos Aires , Georgetown , Kingston , Lima , Luanda , Madrid , Managua , Mexico City , Montreal , Panama City , Paris and Prague ; it also served
2405-485: The early and mid- 1970s. Cubana also began operating Tupolev Tu-154 , Ilyushin Il-76 , Yakovlev Yak-40 and Yak-42 jets in the mid-1970s. These aircraft made it possible to upgrade Cubana's domestic services and to expand or start new services to Central and South America, and to some Caribbean nations. Regular services to Canada were also started, as Cuba began to develop its tourism sector. Routes to Africa were started in
2470-507: The first of these aircraft, in late 1954, the airline deployed it on the Mexico City –Madrid route. Cubana transported more than 227,000 passenger in 1955, and by that year end it had 715 employees. In May 1957, the airline ordered two Bristol Britannia 318s , intended to serve New York and Spain . An order for another two aircraft of the type was placed in mid-1958; the combined deal was worth US$ 14 million. Aimed at replacing
2535-420: The following airlines: As of October 2019 , Cubana operates the following aircraft: The airline operated the following aircraft all through its history: [REDACTED] Media related to Cubana at Wikimedia Commons International Civil Aviation Organization The International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO / ˌ aɪ ˈ k eɪ oʊ / eye- KAY -oh ) is a specialized agency of
2600-1165: The following units are still in widespread use within commercial aviation: inches of mercury are used in Japan and North America to measure pressure, although sometimes METAR at Japanese airports show only hPa . Aviation in Russia and China currently use km/h for reporting airspeed, and many present-day European glider planes also indicate airspeed in kilometres per hour. China and North Korea use metres for reporting altitude when communicating with pilots. Russia also formerly used metres exclusively for reporting altitude, but in 2011 changed to feet for high altitude flight. From February 2017, Russian airspace started transitioning to reporting altitude in feet only. Runway lengths are now commonly given in metres worldwide, except in North America where feet are commonly used. The following table summarizes units commonly used in flight and ground operations and their recommended replacement. A full list of recommended units can be found in annex 5 to
2665-498: The information manually into a computer. ICAO's technical standard for machine-readable passports is contained in Document 9303 Machine Readable Travel Documents . A more recent standard covers biometric passports . These contain biometrics to authenticate the identity of travellers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like information stored on smart cards . Like some smart cards,
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2730-401: The interest of their State or any particular State or region. They have to conduct independently in the interest of the entire international civil aviation community. Additionally, several other representatives from ICAO States and up to eight members from the civil aviation industry may be invited to take part in ANC meetings as observers. ICAO also standardizes certain functions for use in
2795-631: The longest non-stop flights in the world at that time. Cooperation with the East German airline Interflug also made it possible for this carrier to establish its first scheduled transatlantic services, linking East Berlin with Havana. In March 1970 the number of employees was 1,971; at this time the carrier 's fleet consisted of five Antonov An-24Bs , four Britannias 318s , two C-46s , four DC-3s , one DC-4 , ten Il-14s and four Il-18s . Regular services to Peru , Chile , Panama , Guyana and several Caribbean destinations were started in
2860-485: The mid-1970s, serving Angola , Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde . Cubana subsequently ceded one of its Il-62M jets to Angola's national airline TAAG so that it could start its own Luanda -Havana flights, in cooperation with Cubana's services on that route. This allowed TAAG to start its own, first-ever transatlantic route. In the late 1970s Cubana started services to Iraq , becoming the first Latin American carrier to serve Asia , although these services were discontinued in
2925-408: The mid-1990s, to help sustain its services to Europe, Canada and some Latin American destinations, given the rapid growth of Cuba's tourism sector. In the early 2000s, Cubana refurbished several of its Il-62Ms to use on some of its international routes (all but one of these aircraft were removed from service in 2011), and in 2004 it embarked on a long-term renovation programme. The strategy is based on
2990-559: The move. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan) (MOFA) and Taiwanese legislators criticized the move with MOFA head Jaushieh Joseph Wu tweeting in support of those blocked. In January 2020, Anthony Philbin, Chief of Communications for the ICAO Secretary General, defended ICAO's actions, stating, 'We felt completely justified in taking steps to protect the integrity of the information and discussions that our followers reasonably expect from our feeds.' In exchanges with
3055-705: The operation of the Britannias. CSA's new service started in February 1962 initially flying the Prague– Manchester – Prestwick –Havana route, and then switching to the Prague– Shannon – Gander –Havana run. With the U.S. breaking relations (in 1961) and the imposition of the U.S. embargo on Cuba (in 1962), Cubana was forced to cancel all its U.S. services and turned to the Soviet Union to obtain new aircraft. The first Soviet-built aircraft were delivered in
3120-540: The passport book design calls for an embedded contactless chip that is able to hold digital signature data to ensure the integrity of the passport and the biometric data. Both ICAO and IATA have their own airport and airline code systems. ICAO uses 4-letter airport codes (vs. IATA's 3-letter codes ). The ICAO code is based on the region and country of the airport—for example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an ICAO code of LFPG, where L indicates Southern Europe, F , France, PG , Paris de Gaulle, while Orly Airport has
3185-405: The potential for using market-based measures such as trading and charging, but this work is unlikely to lead to global action. It is currently developing guidance for states who wish to include aviation in an emissions trading scheme (ETS) to meet their Kyoto commitments, and for airlines who wish to participate voluntarily in a trading scheme. Emissions from domestic aviation are included within
3250-583: The protocols for air accident investigation that are followed by transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation . The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The commission is composed of 19 commissioners, nominated by the ICAO's contracting states and appointed by the ICAO Council. Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. International Standards and Recommended Practices are developed under
3315-468: The purchase of $ 100 million a year in new generation Russian-built aircraft until 2012. As of 2012, Cubana had completely renovated its fleet with new-generation Russian airliners. As part of its renovation strategy, Cubana has sought to upgrade its technical support capabilities. The airline established a joint venture company with Iberia Airlines of Spain in 2005, to maintain and overhaul Western-built aircraft, such as Airbus and Boeing . In July 2004,
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#17327828666953380-582: The purchase of another two Il-96-300s and three Tupolev Tu-204s . Two of these Tu-204s , one passenger and one cargo version, were handed over to the carrier in June and August 2007, respectively. During the August 2007 MAKS Airshow Cubana signed a memorandum of understanding with Ilyushin Finance Company (IFC) for the purchase of another two Tu-204s and three Antonov An-148s . A Tu-204 freighter
3445-403: The quality of passenger services. After the early 1990s, spare parts for Cubana's Soviet-built aircraft became increasingly harder to source. Limited financial resources and lack of Western financing to replace these aircraft, coupled with restrictions imposed by the U.S. embargo on the sale of American-built aircraft and components (including engines and avionics), made it necessary to keep some of
3510-457: The radio, usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft operator name. For example, the identifier for Japan Airlines International is JAL and the designator is Japan Air , but Aer Lingus is EIN and Shamrock . Thus, a Japan Airlines flight numbered 111 would be written as "JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One One One" on the radio, while a similarly numbered Aer Lingus would be written as "EIN111" and pronounced "Shamrock One One One". In
3575-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cubana . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cubana&oldid=1193819962 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3640-414: The sector. Rules against 'double counting' should ensure that existing forest protection efforts are not recycled. The scheme did not take effect until 2021 and will be voluntary until 2027, but many countries, including the US and China, have promised to begin at its 2020 inception date. Under the agreement, the global aviation emissions target is a 50% reduction by 2050 relative to 2005. NGO reaction to
3705-578: The third example marked the signing of another contract for three more aircraft of the type, scheduled for delivery in 2014. A fourth An-158 was delivered in April 2014; as of July 2014 , Antonov was to deliver to the airline a fifth aircraft of the type. Cubana operates flights to over 20 destinations in Cuba, Europe, the Caribbean, North, Central and South America. Cubana de Aviación codeshares with
3770-545: The word Curtiss was deleted from the carrier's name. By the end of the decade, the carrier had a fleet of four Ford Trimotors and three Lockheed Electras that operated on the domestic Havana– Camaguey , Havana– Guantanamo – Baracoa and Santiago –Baracoa routes. In 1944, the first International Conference on Civil Aviation was convened, which later would lead to the creation of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Cuba
3835-658: Was a participant in this conference and a founding member of ICAO. In April 1945, the conference that created the International Air Transport Association (IATA) was held in Havana . Cubana became a founding member of IATA, and participated in the creation of that organization through its involvement with the Havana conference and the resulting accords. Both conferences and the organizations they spawned helped establish Cubana as an internationally recognized airline company. In May 1945 Cubana started its first scheduled international flights to Miami , using Douglas DC-3 aircraft, making
3900-625: Was also the first Latin American airline to operate turboprop aircraft, starting in the mid-1950s with the Vickers Viscount (VV-755), which were put in service in its Miami and domestic routes, and later the Super Viscount (VV-818). By March 1953, the carrier's fleet consisted of DC-3s and DC-4s . A year later, the strength of the fleet was 11 —six DC-3s, three Lockheed Constellations , one C-46 and one Stinson — while two Super Constellations were on order. Upon delivery of
3965-537: Was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, which began operations the same day. In October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the United Nations under its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In April 2013, Qatar offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization. Qatar promised to construct a massive new headquarters for ICAO and to cover all moving expenses, stating that Montreal "was too far from Europe and Asia", "had cold winters",
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#17327828666954030-478: Was hard to attend due to the Canadian government's slow issuance of visas, and that the taxes imposed on ICAO by Canada were too high. According to The Globe and Mail , Qatar's invitation was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Approximately a month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a separate proposal to the ICAO's governing council to move
4095-469: Was never delivered to the company due to financing problems. In July 2012, Cubana de Aviación signed a contract with IFC for the delivery of three Antonov An-158 aircraft. In February 2013, Cubana signed a deal for the order of three 350-seater Ilyushin Il-96-400s . In April the same year, Cubana received its first Antonov An-158 ; Cubana received another two An-158s during 2013. The delivery of
4160-568: Was rebranded as Empresa Consolidada Cubana de Aviación and had an initial state investment of 80%; it started operations on 27 June 1961. The airline had expanded earlier that year its scheduled transatlantic services, adding Prague to its European route network that solely included Madrid. Having stopovers at Bermuda and the Azores , the route was flown with Bristol Britannia 318s. Cubana later sold one of its Britannias to Czechoslovak Airlines (CSA) so that this carrier could start their own Prague–Havana flights. Cubana trained CSA's personnel in
4225-730: Was the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN). It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin , Germany , but no agreements were reached among the eight countries that attended. At the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin, twenty-seven countries attended. The third convention, held in London in 1912, allocated the first radio callsigns for use by aircraft. ICAN continued to operate until 1945. The Convention on International Civil Aviation , also known as
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