53-635: Currie Street is a main street in the Adelaide city centre , South Australia . It runs east–to–west from King William Street , through Light Square , to West Terrace on the western edge of the city centre. The street was named after British MP Raikes Currie (1801–1881), a founder of the South Australian Company and treasurer of the South Australian Church Society . The street was named after Currie by
106-631: A cardinal direction grid pattern of wide streets and terraces and five large public squares: Victoria Square in the centre of the city, and Hindmarsh , Light , Hurtle and Whitmore Squares in the centres of each of the four quadrants of the Adelaide city centre. These squares occupy 32 of the 700 numbered town acre allotments on Light's plan. All east–west roads change their names as they cross King William Street, except for North and South terraces. They also alternate between being wide and narrow, 99 and 66 feet (30 and 20 m), except for
159-570: A Kaurna language program was introduced into Kaurna Plains School in 1992. Elizabeth City High School and Elizabeth West Adult Campus introduced the teaching of the language in 1994, and other schools have followed suit. TAFE courses to train Kaurna language teachers were developed by Mary-Anne Gale. Kaurna linguistics courses have been taught at the University of Adelaide since 1997. and both Kaurna and non-Kaurna have been studying and speaking
212-465: A committee of a number of prominent settlers after themselves, after early directors of the South Australian Company , after Colonisation Commissioners of South Australia (appointed by the British government to oversee implementation of the acts that established the colony), and after various notables involved in the establishment of the colony. The Street Naming Committee comprised: All members of
265-416: A federal government grant, is under way to revise the spellings. Amery has been overseeing much of the work. It is intended that the final version will be released in print and in electronic form, including a phone app . In 2021, a printed Kaurna dictionary was published, as well as a Ngarrindjeri one. Amery and his wife, Ngarrindjeri linguist Mary-Anne Gale, have helped to drive the project. There has been
318-547: A growing number of Kaurna speakers in the 21st century. The first students of courses specially tailored to the teaching of Aboriginal language , run by Tauondi Aboriginal College in Port Adelaide , enabling those who have learnt the language to pass on their skills to communities, graduated in July 2021. With the teachers and students often in the older age group, by July 2022 two of the first graduates had died. There
371-467: A partial restoration in the 1990s, is now used as a performance space and function venue. [REDACTED] Australian Roads portal Adelaide city centre Adelaide city centre ( Kaurna : Tarndanya ) is the inner city locality of Greater Adelaide , the capital city of South Australia . It is known by locals simply as "the City" or "Town" to distinguish it from Greater Adelaide and from
424-488: A sketch grammar , hundreds of phrases and sentences along with English translations, traditional songlines , and textual illustrations of differences among dialects. They also created Kaurna translations of six German hymns as well as the Ten Commandments . Other Europeans such as William Wyatt , William Williams , William Cawthorne and Matthew Moorhouse were interested in the people and learnt some of
477-657: Is a Pama-Nyungan language historically spoken by the Kaurna peoples of the Adelaide Plains of South Australia . The Kaurna peoples are made up of various tribal clan groups, each with their own parnkarra district of land and local dialect. These dialects were historically spoken in the area bounded by Crystal Brook and Clare in the north, Cape Jervis in the south, and just over the Mount Lofty Ranges . Kaurna ceased to be spoken on an everyday basis in
530-413: Is a need for more funding and more teachers. Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi (meaning "creating Kaurna language") is a group developing and promoting the recovery of the Kaurna language. It was established in 2002 by two Kaurna elders , Lewis Yerloburka O'Brien and Alitya Wallara Rigney , and linguist Robert Amery . The group now includes other Kaurna people, teachers, linguists and language enthusiasts. It
583-537: Is a table of some of these cases. Kaurna has 3 numbers: singular , dual (-rla, -dla) and plural (-rna). Efforts to reintroduce Kaurna names, beginning in 1980 with the naming of Warriappendi School, in 1980 by Auntie Leila Rankine , have been made within the public domain. Since the Adelaide City Council drew up a Reconciliation Vision Statement in 1997, they committed to a dual naming project, working with Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi, to cover
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#1732794310930636-537: Is available on the Council website. Between 1980 and 2012, around 1000 entities were assigned Kaurna names, including people, pets, organisations, buildings, parks, walking trails, an allele (a hereditary gene or chromosome), brand names, and the Kari Munaintya tram and Tindo solar bus. Some place names are known from historical sources, but not officially used as yet, such as Patpangga ( Rapid Bay ) "in
689-811: Is known as "Mad March", due to the large number of other cultural festivities at the same time, including the Adelaide 500 and WOMADelaide . North Terrace is considered Adelaide's "cultural boulevard" because it is home to the State Library of South Australia , the South Australian Museum , the Migration Museum , the Art Gallery of South Australia , the University of Adelaide , the city campus of University of South Australia , and several smaller galleries. Lonely Planet labelled Adelaide "Australia's live music city", and
742-404: Is managed by the Kaurna people. Kaurna had not been spoken as a native language since the Kaurna people had been pushed out of their traditional lands since the colonisation of South Australia in the 19th century, with the population in decline due to various factors. Ivaritji ( c. 1849 – 1929) was the last known speaker, but it was probably last only widely spoken in the early 1860s. In
795-502: Is not recorded as a language in the AIATSIS AUSTLANG database. Luise Hercus and J. Simpson (2002, 2006) classify Kaurna as within the subgroup of Thura-Yura languages . The name "Kaurna" was not widely used until popularised by South Australian Museum Ethnographer Norman B. Tindale in the 1920s. The term "Kaurna" was first recorded by Missionary Surgeon William Wyatt (1879: 24) for "Encounter Bay Bob's Tribe". At
848-487: Is surrounded by 6.68 square kilometres (2.58 square miles) of park lands. Within the city are five parks: Victoria Square in the exact centre and four other, smaller parks. Names for elements of the city centre are as follows: Before the British colonisation of South Australia , the Adelaide Plains , on which Adelaide was built, were home to the Kaurna group of Aboriginal Australians . The colony of South Australia
901-465: Is that the namers believed no one should be able to cross the King's path. This applies to all streets that meet King William Street. The Queen's Theatre , on Playhouse Lane and connected to Currie Street by Gilles Arcade, is the oldest theatre in mainland Australia. Built in 1840, the façade dates from 1850. The building has had a number of uses: The building is now owned by Arts South Australia . After
954-842: The Art Gallery of South Australia , the State Library of South Australia , the South Australian Museum , the Migration Museum , the Adelaide Botanic Garden , the University of Adelaide and the "CityEast" campus of the UniSA The population was 18,202 in the 2021 census , 41 percent born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were China 15.7%, India 3.7%, England 3.6%, Malaysia 3.6%, and Hong Kong 2.7%. 49.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 17.8%, Cantonese 4.2%, Vietnamese 2%, Hindi 1.5%, and Korean 1.5%. The most common response for religion in Adelaide
1007-567: The City of Adelaide local government area (which also includes North Adelaide and from the Park Lands around the whole city centre). The residential population was 18,202 in the 2021 census , with a local worker population of 130,404 . Adelaide city centre was planned in 1837 on a greenfield site following a grid layout , with streets running at right angles to each other. It covers an area of 4.33 square kilometres (1.67 square miles) and
1060-461: The Kaurna word for as "male red kangaroo rock", which was the name used for an area along the south bank of what is now known as the River Torrens ( Karrawiri Pari ), which flows through Adelaide. Adelaide was not as badly affected by the 1860s economic depression in Australia as other gold rush cities like Sydney and Melbourne , allowing it to prosper. Historian F.W. Crowley noted that
1113-445: The Kaurna language to each place, was mostly completed in 2003, and the renaming of 39 sites finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. The City of Adelaide Council has defined a number of neighbourhood precincts in the city centre, each with a character of their own: In addition to these, the north-eastern side of North Terrace is often referred to as the "North Terrace cultural precinct" or "cultural boulevard", and includes
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#17327943109301166-543: The Street Naming Committee in 1837. English benefactor William Augustine Leigh (1802–1873), who bought many parcels of land in South Australia through his agent Sir John Morphett , bought two town acres between Currie and Hindley Streets . Hence the naming of Leigh Street, a now pedestrianised street between the two, and a popular dining precinct. Thomas Topham Petheridge, of Plymouth ,
1219-606: The city centre and North Adelaide , including the five public squares and Adelaide park lands . Victoria Square , in the centre of Adelaide city, is now also known as Tarntanyangga , all 29 Parks around the city have been assigned a Kaurna name, and the River Torrens is now also named Karrawirra Parri . The renaming of 39 sites was finalised and endorsed by the council in 2012. Others include Piltawodli (now Pirltawardli ), " brushtail possum home"; Warriparringga ( Warriparinga ) "windy river place". The full list of square and park names, along with meanings and pronunciations,
1272-752: The 1950s. The bridge continued in use until it was in need of replacement. It was demolished in 2006. The bridge was replaced by the Bakewell Underpass which continued under James Congdon Drive to provide a grade-separated intersection. It opened for traffic in January 2008. It then changes name to Henley Beach Road as it continues through the western suburbs to the seaside, terminating at Henley Beach South . Prior to construction of Glover Avenue in 1925, Henley Beach Road did not align to Currie Street. Glover Street veers right (north) from Currie Street. Prior to its construction, Henley Beach Road crossed
1325-468: The 1980s, Kaurna people who had moved back into the Adelaide Plains area began to learn and use their language again. Robert Amery , head of Linguistics at the University of Adelaide , who has devoted much of his life and career to Indigenous languages, in particular Kaurna: "After more than 25 years of painstaking effort, there are now several Kaurna people who can conduct a conversation in Kaurna without resorting to English too quickly, and we are seeing
1378-551: The 19th century and the last known native speaker, Ivaritji , died in 1929. Language revival efforts began in the 1980s, with the language now frequently used for ceremonial purposes, such as dual naming and welcome to country ceremonies. Robert M. W. Dixon (2002) classified Kaurna as a dialect of the Kadli language, along with Ngadjuri , Narungga , and Nukunu , and "Nantuwara", with kadli meaning "dog" in these varieties. However this name has not gained wide acceptance and
1431-634: The Kaurna people while the language was dormant. The Kaurna Warra Karrpanthi Aboriginal Corporation (KWK) was registered in 2013 to support the reclamation and promotion of the language of the Kaurna nation, including training and teaching. In 2022 a dictionary written by Rob Amery and co-authors Susie Greenwood and Jasmin Morley was published. It includes not only the words included on the handwritten lists made by Teichelmann and Schürmann 160 years earlier, but also 4,000 new words that were created in consultation with local elders and Kaurna speakers. The cover
1484-605: The central Grote and Wakefield which are extra-wide, 132 feet (40 m), along with the surrounding four terraces. In the south half of the city, in several places the Adelaide City Council has constructed wide footpaths and road markings to restrict traffic to a lesser number of lanes than the full width of the road could support. The street pairs, design widths, and town acres in Light's Vision are illustrated in this diagram: The streets and squares were named by
1537-419: The city was full of elite upper-class citizens which provided a stark contrast to the grinding poverty of the labour areas and slums outside the inner city ring. Due to its historic wealth during the 20th century, the city retains a notable portion of Victorian architecture. Adelaide is separated from its greater metropolitan area by a ring of public parklands on all sides. The so-called "square mile" within
1590-747: The city was recognised as a " City of Music " by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in 2015. Although there were many pubs hosting live music in the CBD in past, the number has slowly diminished. Two remain very popular with musicians and patrons alike: Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Adelaide Perth Hobart Darwin Canberra 34°55′43″S 138°36′00″E / 34.92861°S 138.60000°E / -34.92861; 138.60000 Kaurna language Kaurna ( / ˈ ɡ ɑːr n ə / or / ˈ ɡ aʊ n ə / )
1643-541: The committee (except Stephens) had one or more of the streets and squares in the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide named after themselves. Brown Street, named for John Brown, was subsequently subsumed as a continuation of Morphett Street in 1967. In the same year, Hanson Street, named for Richard Hanson , was subsumed as a continuation of Pulteney Street . The squares were named after: The east–west streets named on 22 December 1836 were: Most of these people did not reside in or visit South Australia. The naming of
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1696-490: The exception of ⟨rd⟩ /ɾ/ . Pre-stopped consonants are preceded by ⟨d⟩ . Below are the consonants of Kaurna (Amery, R & Simpson, J 2013 ). Kaurna places primary stress on the first syllable. Kaurna has relatively free word order . Kaurna uses a range of suffixed case markers to convey information including subjects, objects, spacio-temporal state and other such information. These sometimes have variations in pronunciation and spelling. Below
1749-459: The first semi-native speakers of Kaurna emerging". Kaurna is now frequently used to give Welcomes to Country . Sustained efforts to revive the language in from 1989 included the writing of several Kaurna songs originally written in the Ngarrindjeri , Narungga and Kaurna languages. A second songbook, Kaurna Paltinna , was published in 1999. Following one-off workshops in 1990 and 1991,
1802-400: The following alternatives: Kaura, Coorna, Koornawarra, Nganawara, Kurumidlanta, Milipitingara, Widninga, Winnaynie, Meyu, Winaini, Winnay-nie, Wakanuwan, Adelaide tribe, Warra, Warrah, Karnuwarra, Jaitjawar:a, Padnaindi, Padnayndie, Medaindi, Medain-die, Merildekald, Merelde, Gaurna, Nantuwara, Nantuwaru, Meljurna, Midlanta. French explorer Joseph Paul Gaimard recorded the first wordlist of
1855-563: The full length of Currie Street. The street changes its name to Glover Avenue at West Terrace . It continues west through the Adelaide Park Lands and Bakewell Underpass. Glover Avenue was opened in 1925 and was named after the previous Lord Mayor of Adelaide , Charles Richmond Glover . The Bakewell underpass opened in 2008. It replaced the Bakewell Bridge which opened with Glover Avenue in 1925. The Bakewell Bridge
1908-660: The language, containing 168 words, after calling in at the Gulf St Vincent en route to Western Australia in 1826, before the colony of South Australia had been established. His sources were listed as Harry and Sally. Schürmann and Teichelmann, who ran a school at Piltawodli , gained most of their knowledge of the language from three respected elders : Mullawirraburka ("King John" / "Onkaparinga Jack"), Kadlitpinna ("Captain Jack") and Ityamaiitpinna ("[King Rodney"). The two missionaries recorded around about 3000 words,
1961-404: The language. The records, including an extensive vocabulary and grammar, compiled by Teichelmann and Schürmann in the 1840s have proven valuable in projects to reconstruct the language. The Kaurna Learners' Guide ( Kulurdu Marni Ngathaitya ) was published in 2013, and Kaurna radio shows have been broadcast since 2012. The Kaurna Dictionary Project at the University of Adelaide , funded by
2014-670: The language; several wrote about the "Adelaide Tribe" in their memoirs. Williams created a list of 377 Kaurna words, published in the Southern Australian on 15 May 1839 and republished in The South Australian Colonist on 14 July 1840. His work entitled A vocabulary of the language of the Aborigines of the Adelaide district, and other friendly tribes, of the Province of South Australia
2067-454: The park lands is defined by a small area of high rise office and apartment buildings in the centre north, around King William Street , which runs north-to-south through the centre. Surrounding this central business district are a large number of medium to low density apartments , townhouses and detached houses which make up the residential portion of the city centre. The layout of Adelaide, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision", features
2120-530: The railway at a level crossing and continued as Mile End Road straight across the Adelaide Park Lands to align with Hindley Street . The tram line followed North Terrace and the first part of Port Road on the bridge over the railway, then swung south to join Henley Beach Road. On the east side of King William Street, it changes name to Grenfell Street . A common belief for the name change that happens at King William Street with Grenfell/Currie St
2173-464: The same time he recorded "Meeyurna" for " Onkaparinga Jack 's Tribe". Kaurna most likely derives from kornar , the word for "people" in the neighbouring Ramindjeri/ Ngarrindjeri language . Mullawirraburka (Onkaparinga Jack, also known to the colonists as "King John"), was one of Lutheran missionaries Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann 's main sources. Encounter Bay Bob , as his name suggests, came from Encounter Bay (Victor Harbor) and
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2226-787: The seat has been held by Lucy Hood of the Labor party. Adelaide's cultural and entertainment precincts/venues are generally concentrated in the city centre, including the Convention Centre ; the Adelaide Oval is just north of the Torrens within the parklands and easily accessible from the city. Most of the events relating to the Adelaide Festival and Adelaide Fringe are held within Adelaide's city centre and surrounding parklands during February and March. This time
2279-602: The south"; Pattawilyangga (Patawalonga, Glenelg ) "swamp gum foliage"; and Yertabulti ( Port Adelaide ). Public artworks, beginning in 1995 with the Yerrakartarta installation outside the Intercontinental Hotel on North Terrace, Adelaide , have also incorporated words, phrases and text drawn from the Kaurna language, and the universities and other organisations have also taken on Kaurna names. The Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute uses
2332-415: The streets was completed on 23 May 1837 and gazetted on 3 June. East–west streets: North–south streets: The Adelaide City Council began the process of dual naming all of the city squares, each of the parks making up the parklands which surround the city centre and North Adelaide , and other sites of significance to the Kaurna people in 1997. The naming process, which assigned an extra name in
2385-498: The vowel. Historically, Kaurna has had ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ used varyingly in older versions of its orthography, but these are not reflected in the phonology of the language. The consonant inventory of Kaurna is similar to that of other Pama-Nyungan languages (compare with Adnyamathanha , in the same Thura-Yura grouping). In the orthography, dental consonants are followed by ⟨h⟩ and palatals by ⟨y⟩ , and retroflex consonants are preceded by ⟨r⟩ , with
2438-712: Was " No Religion " at 52.9% of the population. At federal level, Adelaide is within the Division of Adelaide , a marginal seat which historically has alternated between the Liberal and Labor parties. It has been held since 2019 by Steve Georganas of the Labor party. In the South Australian House of Assembly , Adelaide is within the Electoral district of Adelaide . Since the March 2022 state election,
2491-457: Was a land grantee of Town acre 138 on Currie Street's south side, and of Town acre 176 on Waymouth Street 's north side. Topham Street, now closed, which ran between Currie and Waymouth Streets over the land granted to Petheridge, was named eponymously . The street is now the site of Topham Mall. The Currie Street Model School, one of four "model schools" in the city centre, was established in 1893. In July 2012, bus lanes were introduced along
2544-670: Was created from a series of workshops funded by a University of Adelaide grant in 2000, and is hosted by the department of linguistics at the University of Adelaide. KWP-run language classes through both the Kaurna Plains School and the university. KWP has created a uniform dialect of the language, making new words such as mukarntu ( mukamuka brain + karntu lightning), meaning "computer", and other words for things such as modern appliances, transportation, cuisine, and other common features of life that have changed for
2597-461: Was designed by Kaurna artist Katrina Karlapina Power. Entitled Kaurna Warrapiipa, Kaurna Dictionary , the dictionary contains translations both ways (Kaurna and English ). and is published by Wakefield Press . Kaurna has three different vowels with contrastive long and short lengths (a, i, u, a:, i:, u:), and three diphthongs (ai, au, ui). The three main vowels are represented by ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively, with long vowels indicated by doubling
2650-401: Was established in 1836 at Glenelg , and the city itself established in 1837. The location and characteristic grid layout of the city and North Adelaide, as well as the surrounding parklands, were the result of the work of Colonel William Light (1786–1839), who was the first Surveyor General of South Australia . The area where the Adelaide city centre now exists was once known as "Tarndanya",
2703-472: Was most likely a fully initiated elder Ramindjeri man. Thus "Meyunna" is probably an endonym and would linguistically be preferable as the name for this language group, as suggested in the mid-1990s. However, they are now universally known as the Kaurna people. Library of Congress Subject Headings gives the following variant names (all followed by "language"): Adelaide; Coorna; Gauna; Gaurna; Gawurna; Kaura; Kawurna. The Endangered Languages Project names
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#17327943109302756-562: Was named after Edward Bakewell , the chairman of the Municipal Tramways Trust . The purpose of the Bakewell Bridge was to reduce motor vehicle and tram traffic congestion on limited routes between the western suburbs and the Adelaide city centre . Glover Avenue and the Bakewell Bridge replaced a level crossing and Henley Beach Road crossing the parklands on a different alignment. The bridge carried tram and motor traffic over some busy railway lines. The trams were removed in
2809-498: Was self-published in 1839, to be sold in London as well as Adelaide. Others who recorded some knowledge of Kaurna included James Cronk, Walter Bromley , George Augustus Robinson , Hermann Koeler, Louis Piesse, Edward Stephens and James Chittleborough. In the 19th century, there was also a Kaurna-based pidgin used as a contact language. The former range of the language was mapped by Norman Tindale and later Robert Amery , and
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