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98-470: The Street Naming Committee was set up to decide the names of the streets, the squares and the river of the new settlement of Adelaide, as it had been laid out by Colonel William Light in 1837. Light's map corresponds to the modern Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide . The committee met on 23 May 1837 and chose the names, which were gazetted on 3 June. The committee was not harmonious, with Governor John Hindmarsh in particular taking exception to some of

196-718: A captain , after purchasing the rank in November 1814. After quitting the army with the brevet rank of major , Light married Miss E. Perois in Derry, Ireland , on 24 May 1821, and moved in literary and artistic circles in Paris , Italy and Sicily for a couple of years. However, his young wife died sometime during those years. In 1823 he returned to Spain to fight the French invasion as aide-de-camp to Sir Robert Wilson , who had raised an international (mostly French) force to help

294-745: A midshipman . After a spell as a civilian internee in France in 1803–04, he attended his sister Mary's wedding to indigo plantation owner George Boyd in Calcutta in March 1805, remaining in India until November 1806, before returning to Europe. He bought a cornetcy in the 4th Dragoons regiment of the British Army on 5 May 1808, being promoted to lieutenant in April 1809 en route to Spain to serve in

392-465: A "rare and historic painting", who was "bitterly disappointed" that it would be lost to South Australian society. He said that "months of painstaking art history and genealogical research" into its provenance had led to a man called Shimmin, who had worked for Light’s colleague William Jacob in the Barossa Valley and in whose family it had remained for generations. In the week before the auction,

490-498: A beautiful and healthy city, melded sensitively and intelligently with the landscape, is unique. "Light's vision" was to create an urban form which complemented nature, done with conscious purpose. Long before Light was engaged, the colonisation of South Australia had been designed as a kind of social experiment, drawing on the thinking of many notable minds: Jeremy Bentham , George Grote , Robert Owen , John Stuart Mill , and, closest to home, Edward Gibbon Wakefield . Cities such as

588-420: A binder. Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an apothecary or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity. William Reeves started his business as

686-536: A binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural gum arabic , with glycerin and/or honey as additives to improve plasticity and solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life. The term " bodycolor " refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as gouache . Modern acrylic paints use an acrylic resin dispersion as

784-642: A colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the Society of Arts , for the invention of the moist watercolor paint-cake , a time-saving convenience, introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when touched by a wet brush. Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in tubes, pans and liquids. The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes in standard sizes and formulated to

882-508: A consistency similar to toothpaste by being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (actually small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans and half pans. Owing to modern industrial organic chemistry , the variety, saturation , and permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved. Correct and non-toxic primary colors are now present through

980-427: A memorial. The foundation stone for the memorial was laid by James Hurtle Fisher in 1843, and witnessed by a select few, but the edifice itself, designed by George Strickland Kingston free of charge, was not completed until February 1845. It was a pentagonal elaborate structure, built of freestone and topped with what was described by Francis Dutton as a Gothic cross 45 ft (14 m) high. The plan of

1078-467: A new appointment under Gawler as Deputy Surveyor-General. His war wounds troubled him, and he suffered from tuberculosis , but he gained enjoyment from cultivating good crops of vegetables in his garden. On 22 January 1839 the Land and Survey Office, along with the adjoining huts belonging to Light and Resident Commissioner James Hurtle Fisher , and the first Government House, burned down, taking some of

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1176-723: A new colony in Australia. Light made numerous sketches and Mary studied Egyptology while in Egypt, becoming a friend and keen correspondent of Egyptologist John Gardner Wilkinson . The couple became friends with Muhammad Ali , Pasha and founder of modern Egypt. Light sailed for England in 1831 in his own yacht to help recruit British men for the Pasha's navy. The process became prolonged, and Light stayed in England until 1835, while Mary continued her studies, travelling to Thebes for

1274-658: A number of his works, including an incomplete self-portrait in oils, are in the collection of Art Gallery of South Australia on North Terrace . Others are housed in the State Library of South Australia and in the Adelaide Town Hall . He often sold his works to support himself, but many were lost when fire destroyed the Land and Survey Office and his adjacent hut in January 1839. In December 1837 Light led an exploration from Adelaide, discovering and naming

1372-470: A quarrel between Hindmarsh and Resident Commissioner Fisher, which also drew in other settlers and officials, Colonial Secretary Gouger, one of Light's chief supporters, was suspended and replaced. In December 1837, Judge John Jeffcott was drowned at Encounter Bay (himself being a supporter of Hindmarsh's view and at the time trying to prove the safety of the Bay). Soon after this, Hindmarsh complained formally about

1470-433: A second time and writing detailed journals of her travels and discoveries. Light separated from Mary in 1832, after she had formed a relationship with another officer. The couple never divorced, and Mary retained the surname Light for herself and three children she had by other men in 1833, 1834 and 1835. Light helped Muhammad Ali to establish a modern navy, sailing his own yacht to England to help recruit British men for

1568-411: A series of hugely popular books describing his picturesque journeys throughout rural England, and illustrated them with self-made sentimentalized monochrome watercolors of river valleys, ancient castles, and abandoned churches. This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal. The confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in

1666-400: A television station had aired an "item from an interstate amateur art historian debunking the provenance of [the] work". Watercolour painting Watercolor ( American English ) or watercolour ( British English ; see spelling differences ), also aquarelle ( French: [akwaʁɛl] ; from Italian diminutive of Latin aqua 'water'), is a painting method in which

1764-563: A watercolor tutorial by English art critic John Ruskin , has been out of print only once since it was first published in 1857. Commercial brands of watercolor were marketed and paints were packaged in metal tubes or as dry cakes that could be "rubbed out" (dissolved) in studio porcelain or used in portable metal paint boxes in the field. Breakthroughs in chemistry made many new pigments available, including synthetic ultramarine blue , cobalt blue , viridian , cobalt violet , cadmium yellow , aureolin ( potassium cobaltinitrite ), zinc white , and

1862-446: A weight at least 300 gsm (140 lb). Under 300 gsm (140 lb) is commonly not recommended for anything but sketching. Transparency is the main characteristic of watercolors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white . This is not a method to be used in "true watercolor" (traditional). Watercolor paint is an ancient form of painting, if not the most ancient form of art itself. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks

1960-670: A wide range of carmine and madder lakes . These pigments, in turn, stimulated a greater use of color with all painting media, but in English watercolors, particularly by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States during the 19th century; outstanding early practitioners included John James Audubon , as well as early Hudson River School painters such as William H. Bartlett and George Harvey . By mid-century,

2058-418: A wider industrial use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments, mill them with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments, in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied with water. In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache

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2156-794: Is Building 6 Portrait: Interior. Produced by American artist Barbara Prey on commission for MASS MoCA , the work can be seen at MASS MoCA's Robert W. Wilson Building. Although the rise of abstract expressionism , and the trivializing influence of amateur painters and advertising- or workshop-influenced painting styles, led to a temporary decline in the popularity of watercolor painting after c.  1950 , watercolors continue to be utilized by artists like Martha Burchfield , Joseph Raffael , Andrew Wyeth , Philip Pearlstein , Eric Fischl , Gerhard Richter , Anselm Kiefer , and Francesco Clemente . In Spain, Ceferí Olivé created an innovative style followed by his students, such as Rafael Alonso López-Montero and Francesc Torné Gavaldà . In Mexico ,

2254-677: Is an extant original 1838 cadastral map of Adelaide, held by the State Library of South Australia. It was commissioned from Light, Finniss & Co. by the South Australian Company, shows the company's properties, and is signed with his firm's name by William Light, at the firm's office in Stephens Place, [Adelaide] in Oct 1838. By this time Light had spent a considerable amount of his own fortune on his work, and

2352-427: Is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese , Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns, often using inkstick or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well. Many Western artists, especially in the early 19th century, used watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for

2450-600: The Rapid ), and draughtsman Robert G. Thomas (being among those who came out on the Cygnet ), offering a range of services to prospective purchasers of city and country properties, and to local government bodies. By agreement with the new Governor George Gawler , Light surveyed the Port River , and, for William Finke , the town of Glenelg. However Light had to resign due to ill health by September, after Finniss had taken up

2548-566: The Barossa Range , after which the Barossa Valley was named. Maria (pronounced "Mariah" ) Gandy (23 November 1811 – 14 December 1847) was designated by Light's Will as his housekeeper, but thought to be his de facto wife. The status of their relationship caused the couple to be shunned by Adelaide society, and they had few visitors at their home (only two society women ever visited Gandy at her home), which they shared with Gandy's young brothers for some years. They first lived aboard

2646-716: The Murray River , as well as the beauty of the country. The letter included a personal note: "The reasons that led me to fix Adelaide where it is I do not expect to be generally understood or calmly judged of at present. My enemies however, by disputing their validity in every particular, have done me the good service of fixing the whole of the responsibility upon me. I am perfectly willing to bear it, and I leave it to posterity and not to them, to decide whether I am entitled to praise or to blame". An amendment proposed by Dr Wright and seconded by Deputy Surveyor George Strickland Kingston upheld Light's selection in March 1837. After

2744-608: The Peninsular War , where he learnt Spanish . After courageous service against Napoleon 's forces from 1809 to 1814, he served under the Duke of Wellington working on mapping, reconnaissance and liaison. He showed both outstanding bravery and kindness in his actions, and was a favourite of Wellington. He went on to serve in the infantry in various parts of Britain – the Channel Islands , Scotland and Ireland – as

2842-743: The Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours ). (A Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colour was founded in 1878, now known as the Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour .) These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists. They also engaged in petty status rivalries and aesthetic debates, particularly between advocates of traditional ("transparent") watercolor and

2940-593: The Society of Dilettanti (founded in 1733), to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. These expeditions stimulated the demand for topographical painters, who churned out memento paintings of famous sites (and sights) along the Grand Tour to Italy that was undertaken by every fashionable young man of the time. In the late 18th century, the English cleric William Gilpin wrote

3038-517: The miniature painter Charlotte Jones . After a whirlwind romance, they married on 16 October 1824. They travelled to Europe, spending a couple of years in France , Switzerland and Italy (mainly Rome ), where Light published his Views of Pompeii in 1828. Light returned to England, where he bought a yacht , Gulnare , after which the couple cruised the Mediterranean for some years. In 1830 they went to Egypt , where Light first met promoters of

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3136-432: The paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork . Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called aquarellum atramento ( Latin for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has now tended to pass out of use. The conventional and most common support —material to which

3234-402: The paper surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible between the particles. Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Typically, most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from changing the visibility of

3332-726: The pedestal . The statue of Light was unveiled on 27 November 1906 in its original location at the northern end of Victoria Square , (opposite the General Post Office ). The ceremony was presided over by the Mayor of Adelaide , Theodore Bruce , attended by many notables, including the Chief Justice , John Hannah Gordon , and the Premier , Thomas Price . The Governor of South Australia , Sir George Le Hunte , gave an address in which he praised Light highly, cheered on by

3430-571: The "Liberales" in their constitutional struggle against King Ferdinand VII . Originally volunteering as a private in the Vigo militia, Light was made a lieutenant-colonel . He was badly wounded at Corunna in Spain. Returning to England in 1824, Light met and fell in love with the beautiful and wealthy 19-year-old Mary Bennet, illegitimate daughter of the 3rd Duke of Richmond , in the London studio of

3528-418: The "father of the English watercolor"; Thomas Girtin (1775–1802), who pioneered its use for large format, romantic or picturesque landscape painting; and Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851), who brought watercolor painting to the highest pitch of power and refinement, and created hundreds of superb historical, topographical, architectural, and mythological watercolor paintings. His method of developing

3626-487: The "finished" work in oil or engraving. Until the end of the eighteenth century, traditional watercolors were known as 'tinted drawings'. Watercolor art dates back to the cave paintings of paleolithic Europe and has been used for manuscript illustration since at least Egyptian times , with particular prominence in the European Middle Ages . However, its continuous history as an art medium begins with

3724-686: The 1920s to 1940s. In particular, the " Cleveland School " or "Ohio School" of painters centered around the Cleveland Museum of Art , and the California Scene painters were often associated with Hollywood animation studios or the Chouinard Art Institute (now California Institute of the Arts ). The California painters exploited their state's varied geography, Mediterranean climate, and " automobility " to reinvigorate

3822-680: The 19th century with artists such as John James Audubon , and today many naturalist field guides are still illustrated with watercolor paintings. Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, particularly in England. Among the elite and aristocratic classes, watercolor painting was one of the incidental adornments of a good education; mapmakers, military officers, and engineers valued it for its usefulness in depicting properties, terrain, fortifications, field geology, and for illustrating public works or commissioned projects. Watercolor artists were commonly taken on geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by

3920-427: The 21-year-old Maria Gandy (born 23 November 1811 ), a woman of humble stock, who was his companion for the rest of his life. By 1835, negotiations had been completed for the founding of the new British Province of South Australia , according to the scheme of Edward Gibbon Wakefield , intended as a self-supporting free colony. Light had given Hindmarsh a letter of introduction to Colonel Charles James Napier , who

4018-519: The British Museum in 1857, led to a negative reevaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor. This caused a sharp decline in their status and market value. Nevertheless, isolated practitioners continued to prefer and develop the medium into the 20th century. Paul Signac created landscape and maritime watercolors, and Paul Cézanne developed a watercolor painting style consisting entirely of overlapping small glazes of pure color. Among

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4116-729: The Doughtys, and later named his house in Adelaide after the family home. He was well educated, and soon became proficient in French , as well as showing a talent for drawing, watercolour painting and music. He became known in London as a rich East Indian , and attended the court of the Prince of Wales, later King George IV . At the age of 13 in about 1799, Light volunteered for the Royal Navy , in which he served for two years, leaving as

4214-544: The Indies ". They included the grid pattern with a main thoroughfare, centred around a main square. There are many historical precedents for five squares, including Philadelphia in America , designed in 1682 by surveyor Thomas Holme , however Light's Plan has six public squares. There are however no records showing that Light deliberately copied any cities or rules for planning, and his implementation of planning principles for

4312-648: The Maria Gandy Bicentennial Memorial was unveiled on the corner of Albert and Maria Streets in the inner western suburb of Thebarton (so named because of a typographical error ) near the site of their cottage, to honour Maria. On each of four sides is an inscription celebrating her roles as pioneer, settler, carer and mother. Some strange drawings and diagrams discovered in the Flinders University library collections of Mayo and Dutton papers suggested that Gandy "moved around

4410-640: The Pasha's navy. He captained the paddle steamer the Nile from London to Alexandria to join the Egyptian Navy , reaching Alexandria in September 1834. John Hindmarsh had prepared the steamer for delivery at Blackwall Yard on the River Thames , travelled as a passenger on the ship on its journey to Alexandria, and was made captain of the ship by November. Light started a relationship with

4508-1012: The Renaissance . The German Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest examples of watercolor. An important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol (1534–1593) as part of the Dürer Renaissance . Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons (full-scale design drawings) Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were Van Dyck (during his stay in England), Claude Lorrain , Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione , and many Dutch and Flemish artists. However, botanical illustration and wildlife illustration perhaps form

4606-548: The South Australia Bill, but was later won over and convinced others also to change their votes. Through the Governor's interference, the name was changed to Archer, after a landowner who had given him some sheep. O'Connell Street and Kermode Street were named after Jeffcott's friends Daniel O'Connell , who had defended him over a duel, and Robert Kermode , the brother of his fiancée. With a very few exceptions,

4704-567: The Thebarton cottage for a while, before moving to Carrington Street . In 1847, aged 36, Maria Mayo died of tuberculosis, not long after the death of their fourth child, and was buried in an unmarked grave in West Terrace Cemetery . The 100 acres of Section 1 and the four Town Acres bequeathed to her were intact, and their rents and profits were accorded to her husband. On the 200th anniversary of her birth on 23 November 2011,

4802-604: The Torrens (North Adelaide) and 700 acres (2.8 km ) to the south (South Adelaide, now known as the city centre). Light's Plan reserved 42 acres (0.17 km ) for town squares (38 acres) and government buildings (4 Town Sections of Public Reserves with Victoria Square frontages: now the Old Treasury Building/Lands Offices; GPO; Supreme Court, and Magistrates Court sites). In March 1837, after 116 preliminary buyers had selected their portions,

4900-468: The West coast of St Vincent's Gulf and Holdfast Bay (now known as Glenelg ) had been rejected. The site had many challenges, but Light wrote that he chose the site "because it was on a beautiful and gently rising ground, and formed altogether a better connection with the river than any other place". Despite the natural advantages of the site, Light faced opposition, mainly from Hindmarsh, who wished to locate

4998-571: The age of six (1793), when he was sent to Theberton , a village in Suffolk, England to be educated by friends of his father. These friends were George Doughty, Sheriff of Suffolk , and his wife Anne. He never saw his parents again. His father died in October 1794, and although providing generously for his son's education, Light did not inherit his father's considerable wealth, as the estate had been ruined by maladministration. He became attached to

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5096-540: The ancient Greek city-states , those in Spain’s colonies of the New World and British Canada , Pennsylvania and other American cities, New South Wales , Van Diemen’s Land and Swan River Colony had been carried out. His plan bears a close resemblance to Gother Mann’s 1788 "Plan for Torento Harbour" (which was never laid out as planned, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, although a differently laid out town, named York,

5194-470: The artwork. The traditional claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on paper—the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false. Watercolor paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or oil paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across

5292-497: The celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English "national art". William Blake published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to Dante's Inferno , and he also experimented with large monotype works in watercolor. Among the many other significant watercolorists of this period were Thomas Gainsborough , John Robert Cozens , Francis Towne , Michael Angelo Rooker , William Pars , Thomas Hearne , and John Warwick Smith . From

5390-648: The city in only eight weeks, after a 14-day delay caused by George Strickland Kingston's incompetence. The site chosen by Light spanned the River Torrens , or Karra Wirra Parri, as it was known by the local people. One of the reasons he chose the location was because he observed that the Adelaide Hills would result in higher rainfall on the Adelaide plain. This was a promising indicator of good conditions for avoidance of drought -prone areas. Settlement sites on Encounter Bay, Kangaroo Island, Spencer's Gulf,

5488-547: The city near the River Murray mouth near Encounter Bay , and some of settlers, who objected to the distance from the port. The opposition to the plan culminated in a meeting on 10 February, at which a letter from Light to Resident Commissioner James Hurtle Fisher outlining the reasons for his choice, praising the good soil, extensive neighbouring plains and sheep grazing, a plentiful year-round supply of excellent fresh water, easy communication with its harbour, proximity to

5586-639: The city of Adelaide stands as a lasting legacy to Light's genius, praised both in the early days and more recent literature. The most well-known memorial of Light is the statue now on Montefiore Hill and known as Light's Vision, which points southwards towards the River Torrens and the city centre. Edinburgh sculptor William Birnie Rhind 's design for the statue was selected by committee on 23 December 1904, and architects Garlick, Sibley and Wooldridge (consisting of only Henry Evan Sibley (1867–1917) and Charles W. Wooldridge at that point ) designed

5684-476: The crowd. The statue was moved in 1938 to its present position on Montefiore Hill at the suggestion of the Pioneers' Association of South Australia, to commemorate the centenary of Light's death, and the renamed "Light`s Vision" at the suggestion of PASA president Sir Henry Newland. Legend says that Light stood on Montefiore Hill when he began planning the city, but this is not confirmed. The inscription on

5782-527: The early adopters of the denser color possible with body color or gouache ("opaque" watercolor). The late Georgian and Victorian periods produced the zenith of the British watercolor, among the most impressive 19th-century works on paper, due to artists Turner, Varley, Cotman, David Cox , Peter de Wint William Henry Hunt , John Frederick Lewis , Myles Birket Foster , Frederick Walker , Thomas Collier , Arthur Melville and many others. In particular,

5880-599: The eldest son of Captain Francis Light , founder and Superintendent of Penang , and Martinha (or Martina) Rozells, who was of Portuguese or French , and Siamese or Malay descent. He was thus legally classed as Eurasian, an ethnic designation which granted the designated a middle position between the natives and the Europeans. He was baptised on 31 December 1786, Georgetown, Penang . He lived in Penang until

5978-574: The expedition "for the purpose of effecting such a survey of the different harbours and the adjoining land as may be necessary to the correct determination of the best site for the first town" were given in a document dated 9 March 1836. There Light was the first to accurately chart the Port Adelaide River , before selecting the location and designing and laying out the plan of the City of Adelaide . This he did, and managed to plan and found

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6076-565: The first time at Rapid Bay (belonging to one of the Ramindjeri tribes) and was reported to have established a friendly and cooperative relationship with them. After finding the Port River, Light then sailed across to Port Lincoln , on Spencer's Gulf , but found the area unsuitable. In addition to lack of surface water, Light found navigation of Spencer's Gulf and southern entry into Boston Bay more hazardous. On 18 December he decided on

6174-406: The graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors ("genre paintings") by Richard Parkes Bonington created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s. In the latter half of the 19th century, portrait painter Frederick Havill became a key player in the establishment of watercolour in England. Art critic Huntly Carter described Havill as a "founder of

6272-540: The influence of John Ruskin led to increasing interest in watercolors, particularly the use of a detailed "Ruskinian" style by such artists as John W. Hill Henry, William Trost Richards , Roderick Newman , and Fidelia Bridges . The American Society of Painters in Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society ) was founded in 1866. Late-19th-century American exponents of the medium included Thomas Moran , Thomas Eakins , John LaFarge , John Singer Sargent , Childe Hassam , and, preeminently, Winslow Homer . Watercolor

6370-470: The introduction of hansa yellow , phthalo blue and quinacridone (PV 122). From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments was not driven by artistic demand. The art materials industry is too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have

6468-645: The late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium. Watercolors were used as the basic document from which collectible landscape or tourist engravings were developed, and hand-painted watercolor originals or copies of famous paintings contributed to many upper class art portfolios. Satirical broadsides by Thomas Rowlandson , many published by Rudolph Ackermann , were also extremely popular. The three English artists credited with establishing watercolor as an independent, mature painting medium are Paul Sandby (1730–1809), often called

6566-409: The major exponents are Ignacio Barrios , Edgardo Coghlan , Ángel Mauro , Vicente Mendiola , and Pastor Velázquez . In the Canary Islands , where this pictorial technique has many followers, there are stand-out artists such as Francisco Bonnín Guerín, José Comas Quesada , and Alberto Manrique. Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients: a pigment ; gum arabic as a binder to hold

6664-532: The many 20th-century artists who produced important works in watercolor were Wassily Kandinsky , Emil Nolde , Paul Klee , Egon Schiele , and Raoul Dufy . In America, the major exponents included Charles Burchfield , Edward Hopper , Georgia O'Keeffe , Charles Demuth , and John Marin (80% of his total work is watercolor). In this period, American watercolor painting often emulated European Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, but significant individualism flourished in "regional" styles of watercolor painting from

6762-438: The meantime Cygnet had arrived at Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island, with the assistant surveyors. Soon afterwards Africaine arrived, with Colonial Secretary Robert Gouger and other colonial officers anxious to know where the settlement should be situated. Light suggested that the ships land at Holdfast Bay for the meantime, while he went with a group to explore further. The group encountered a group of Indigenous Australians for

6860-398: The names. Some of his alterations were included in the final gazetted version. The names are of prominent pioneers or people who otherwise made some notable contribution to the founding of South Australia, many of whom never actually visited or lived in the colony. Some exceptions are due to Governor Hindmarsh and Judge Jeffcott wishing to name streets after their friends. Strangways Terrace

6958-557: The oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted woodblock illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper. Botanical artists have traditionally been some of the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today, watercolors—with their unique ability to summarize, clarify, and idealize in full color—are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in

7056-505: The original names have been retained, although a large number of streets have since been added, particularly in the city centre. Brown Street and Hanson Street have been subsumed into Morphett Street and Pulteney Street respectively. Roberts Place has been renamed Sir Edwin Smith Avenue. The Street Naming Committee comprised: William Light William Light (27 April 1786 – 6 October 1839), also known as Colonel Light ,

7154-497: The outdoor or "plein air" tradition. The most influential among them were Phil Dike , Millard Sheets , Rex Brandt , Dong Kingman , and Milford Zornes . The California Water Color Society, founded in 1921 and later renamed the National Watercolor Society, sponsored important exhibitions of their work. The largest watercolor in the world at the moment (at 9 feet (3 m) tall and 16 ft (5 m) wide)

7252-550: The paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is watercolor paper . Other supports or substrates include stone, ivory, silk, reed, papyrus , bark papers, plastics, vellum , leather , fabric , wood, and watercolor canvas (coated with a gesso that is specially formulated for use with watercolors). Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton. This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet. Watercolor papers are usually cold-pressed papers that provide better texture and appearance with

7350-622: The pigment in suspension; additives like glycerin , ox gall , honey , and preservatives to alter the viscosity , hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and, evaporating water, as a solvent used to thin or dilute the paint for application. The more general term watermedia refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a brush , pen , or sprayer. This includes most inks , watercolors , temperas , caseins , gouaches , and modern acrylic paints . The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble, complex carbohydrates as

7448-574: The plaque at the front reads: Colonel William Light First Surveyor General; Fixed the site and laid out the city of Adelaide in 1836; Erected by citizens; 1906. Several plaques have been added to the back. Light's achievements have been commemorated in a number of ways, including: His life was dramatised in the Max Afford stage play Awake My Love , which was based on an earlier play of Afford's, Colonel Light - The Founder . A watercolour painted by Light between January and April 1837 depicting

7546-503: The province's early records and many of Light's possessions with it. The fire was attributed to arson . He had just begun work on preparing his journals, kept for 30 years, for publication, having left cases of papers for safety in the survey office, and apart from an excerpt already prepared, the journals were lost – a great blow to Light. Light spoke several languages and was a gifted and prolific painter and sketcher. Many of his watercolours were published in London in 1823 and 1828, and

7644-500: The purchase of the lands of Light's Adelaide Park, and repeated correspondence and discussions about the Adelaide Park land/lands eventually corrupted his original name to "Adelaide Park Lands". Light placed the city to the north and south of the river, avoiding areas prone to flooding and making best use of the local topography . His survey plan divided the land into 1042 square one-acre lots; 342 acres (1.38 km ) north of

7742-472: The rest of the Town Sections were auctioned. Due to local demands Light also planned Town Sections at the old Port Adelaide harbour and 29 were selected. Adelaide's characteristic geometrical grid pattern is not unprecedented: apart from earlier examples going back to ancient Greece, it follows part of a series of rules created by Spanish planners for their colonial cities, known as the " Laws of

7840-459: The satirist Honoré Daumier . Other European painters who worked frequently in watercolor were Adolph Menzel in Germany and Stanisław Masłowski in Poland. The adoption of brightly colored, petroleum-derived aniline dyes (and pigments compounded from them), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to properly conserve the twenty thousand J. M. W. Turner paintings inherited by

7938-427: The site of Adelaide for the new capital, and headed north to survey the coast 8 mi (13 km) north with a view to its being the site for a harbour. HMS Buffalo arrived at Holdfast Bay on 28 December. That same day Governor Hindmarsh landed and, all pre-requisites having been met, proclaimed the commencement of colonial government (henceforth celebrated as Proclamation Day ). Instructions for Light's role in

8036-671: The site of the Land/Survey Office and Light and Fisher's huts, being a variation on Light's " Commencement of Settlement in South Australia, 1837 ", with Mount Lofty in the background, was discovered in a garage in September 2019. It is regarded as hugely significant, being one of the earliest depictions of Adelaide. However, the painting passed in at auction and was afterwards sold to a private collector for A$ 20,000 , despite being valued at between A$ 90,000 and A$ 120,000 and being hailed by fine arts dealer Jim Elder as

8134-607: The slow progress of the surveys, while at the same time hindering Light's work. Parties explored nearby areas, Light continued with his work on plans, supported by most settlers, and in July of that year, Hindmarsh was recalled. When Light was designing Adelaide, his plans included surrounding the city with 2,332 acres (9.44 km ) of park . Of these, he reserved 32 acres for one of the world's earliest public cemeteries, now called West Terrace Cemetery . Light referred to his unique figure-eight of open space as "Adelaide Park". Later,

8232-427: The state with an entourage of dwarfs". Today, historians view Gandy as providing strength to the sickly Light, helping him to achieve his goals while being treated as a pariah by many fellow pioneers. Gandy nursed Light for three years while he was invalided by tuberculosis , until his death on 6 October 1839 in Adelaide, aged 53. Reverend Charles Beaumont Howard , the only Anglican clergyman in South Australia at

8330-582: The survey brig Rapid , then in a tent at Rapid Bay, and then in a house made of bark and reeds, which was completely destroyed by fire, along with all of their personal belongings, in 1839. The four-roomed brick built cottage, built by William Gandy, was named Theberton House, after Light's childhood residence at Theberton Hall in Suffolk. Another brother, George Gandy, who arrived in 1838, named his child William Light Gandy in 1840. On 7 July 1840, nine months after Light's death, Maria Gandy married Dr George Mayo , with whom she had 4 children. They lived in

8428-421: The time, had refused to visit him because of his relationship with Gandy. On 10 October 1839, after a group of mourners met at his home, his funeral service took place at Trinity Church on North Terrace , after which the procession walked to the nearby Light Square. It was attended by hundreds, many of whom wept openly, and a gun salute was fired and the flag at Government House lowered to half-mast . Gandy

8526-413: The water colour school." The popularity of watercolors stimulated many innovations, including heavier and more sized wove papers , and brushes (called "pencils") manufactured expressly for watercolor. Watercolor tutorials were first published in this period by Varley, Cox, and others, establishing the step-by-step painting instructions that still characterize the genre today; The Elements of Drawing ,

8624-600: The watercolor painting in stages, starting with large, vague color areas established on wet paper, then refining the image through a sequence of washes and glazes, permitted him to produce large numbers of paintings with "workshop efficiency" and made him a multimillionaire, partly by sales from his personal art gallery, the first of its kind. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin were John Varley , John Sell Cotman , Anthony Copley Fielding , Samuel Palmer , William Havell , and Samuel Prout . The Swiss painter Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros

8722-471: Was executrix and sole beneficiary of Light's estate (which consisted mainly of unpaid debts ) and paid for the funeral. The funeral took place on 10 October, and his body taken for burial at Light Square . More than 3,000 people attended the burial, including many who had been antagonistic towards him. The sole remaining document authored by Light was his will. A few days later a meeting of his friends, chaired by John Morphett , assembled to raise money for

8820-567: Was a British- Malayan naval and army officer. He was the first Surveyor-General of the new British Province of South Australia , known for choosing the site of the colony's capital, Adelaide , and for designing the layout of its streets, six city squares, gardens and the figure-eight Adelaide Park Lands , in a plan later sometimes referred to as Light's Vision . Light was born in Kuala Kedah , Kedah (now in Malaysia ) on 27 April 1786,

8918-561: Was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor. The confluence of amateur activity, publishing markets, middle class art collecting , and 19th-century technique led to the formation of English watercolor painting societies: the Society of Painters in Water Colours (1804, now known as the Royal Watercolour Society ) and the New Water Colour Society (1832, now known as

9016-541: Was appointed Surveyor-General of South Australia instead. On 1 May 1836 Light sailed for South Australia with Maria Gandy, two of her young brothers (William (19) and Edward (10) ), and some of his survey staff, on the survey brig , Rapid , along with the nine other ships in the "First Fleet" . The ship reached Kangaroo Island on 17 August 1836. Sailing from Nepean Bay on 23 September, Light started exploring Gulf St Vincent , sailing first past Rapid Bay , then up to Port Adelaide before returning to Rapid Bay. In

9114-421: Was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high hiding power or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th century lead white was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining

9212-454: Was established to its west, which later eventually expanded east and north covering the unrealised 'Torento' model township site, and renamed Toronto, Canada ), particularly in the square "Town Acres". The oldest known version of Light's plan was drawn by a 16-year-old draughtsman in 1837, to instructions from Light, some time after the streets were named on 23 May of that year. Primary source researcher Kelly Henderson has confirmed that there

9310-619: Was less popular in Continental Europe. In the 18th century, gouache was an important medium for the Italian artists Marco Ricci and Francesco Zuccarelli , whose landscape paintings were widely collected. Gouache was used by a number of artists in France as well. In the 19th century, the influence of the English school helped popularize "transparent" watercolor in France, and it became an important medium for Eugène Delacroix , François Marius Granet , Henri-Joseph Harpignies , and

9408-409: Was named after Thomas Bewes Strangways , a committee member who was also a prospective son-in-law to the Governor. Pulteney Street was named after Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm who had recommended that Hindmarsh be appointed first Governor of the colony. More controversially, Archer Street was to have been named Willoughby Street, after Sir Henry Willoughby, a British MP who had initially opposed

9506-434: Was suffering ill-health. He resigned from his position on 21 June 1838, after being directed to survey 150 sq mi (390 km ) within a week and refusing to use less accurate surveying methods for country surveys. In July 1838, he formed a private company, Light, Finniss & Co., with assistant surveyors B. T. Finniss (arr. Cygnet ), Henry Nixon (arr. Navarino ) and William Jacob (among those who came out on

9604-528: Was the recently designated Governor of the new colony. However, Napier was not interested in the position, and upon hearing this, Hindmarsh rushed to London and lobbied for the position, after seeing Napier in Portsmouth in May 1835. Napier recommended to the authorities that Light be given the post of Governor, but Hindmarsh had already been promised it. Light returned to London in January 1836, and on 4 February

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