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23-685: Czarna Woda [ˈt͡ʂarna ˈvɔda] ( Kashubian : Czôrnô Wòda ; formerly German : Schwarzwasser ) is a town in Starogard County , Pomeranian Voivodeship , Poland , with 2,735 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie . The town's name translates to "Black Water". This Pomeranian Voivodeship location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kashubian language In Poland , it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005. Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It

46-688: A divergent dialect of Polish . Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which is most of its vocabulary, are highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian. Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5% loanwords from German (such as kùńszt "art"). Unlike Polish, these are mostly from Low German and only occasionally from High German . Other sources of loanwords include

69-745: Is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by the Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language of the Polish Parliament . The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population. The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them. Friedrich Lorentz wrote in

92-515: Is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language . It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages. The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education. Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of Pomeranians called Kashubians , in

115-400: Is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress. All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel alterations. Kashubian features free placement of stress , and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result in vowel reduction . An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in

138-427: Is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests. In Winona, Minnesota , which Ramułt termed the "Kashubian Capital of America", Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century. Important for Kashubian literature

161-476: The Baltic languages . The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source. In the 2021 census, approximately 87,600 people in Poland declared that they used Kashubian at home, a decrease from over 108,000 in the 2011 census. Of these, only 1,700 reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their homes, down from 3,800 in 2011. However, experts caution that changes in census methodology and

184-609: The Pomeranian Voivodeship . Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends. This is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings. During the Kashubian diaspora of 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to North America , with around 15,000 emigrating to Brazil . Among the Polish community of Renfrew County, Ontario , Kashubian

207-641: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Gmina Sierakowice Gmina Sierakowice ( Kashubian : Gmina Sërakòjce ) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kartuzy County , Pomeranian Voivodeship , in northern Poland . Its seat is the village of Sierakowice , which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) west of Kartuzy and 49 km (30 mi) west of

230-528: The comparative degree of adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in -ô , in diminutives . ending in -ik / -yk , nouns formed with -c and -k , and some prepositional phrases with pronouns. Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e. k'òlano but kòl'anami , and in some verb forms, i.e. k'ùpi vs kùp'ita . Some dialects have merged ë with e , making

253-500: The 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church: Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing. It has been included in

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276-504: The distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian. Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word. Proclitics such as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such as nié may take initial stress. Eastern groups place accents on

299-866: The early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the Other researches would argue that each tiny region of the Kaszuby has its own dialect, as in Dialects and Slang of Poland : The phonological system of the Kashubian language is similar in many ways to those of other Slavic languages . It is famous for Kaszëbienié (Kashubization) and has a large vowel inventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels. Friedrich Lorentz argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length

322-480: The end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879. Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical development Lechitic West Slavic language , but in terms of modern influence Polish is a prestige language. Kashubian is closely related to Slovincian , and both of them are dialects of Pomeranian . Many linguists , in Poland and elsewhere, consider it

345-554: The establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions. He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that Kashubia was a separate nation. The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor Aleksander Majkowski , who wrote for the paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the Zrzëszincë group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from

368-538: The most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body of Christian literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the New Testament , much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora ( OFM ). Franciszek Grucza graduated from a Catholic seminary in Pelplin . He was the first priest to introduce Catholic liturgy in Kashubian. The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to

391-477: The penultimate syllable. The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to the Proto-Slavic vowel length system . Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation. Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation as standard Polish . German has been

414-561: The program of school education in Kashubia although not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned Kashubian. Kashubian has some limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an official regional language . It

437-698: The region of Pomerania , on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea between the Vistula and Oder rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in the western (Kashubian) part of the area. In the 19th century Florian Ceynowa became Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through

460-1318: The regional capital Gdańsk . The gmina covers an area of 182.36 square kilometres (70.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 16,570. It belongs to bilingual communes in Poland . The gmina contains part of the protected area called Kashubian Landscape Park . Gmina Sierakowice contains the villages and settlements of Ameryka , Bącka Huta , Bór , Borowy Las , Bukowo , Ciechomie , Dąbrowa Puzdrowska , Długi Kierz , Dolina Jadwigi , Gowidlinko , Gowidlino , Gowidlino-Wybudowanie , Jagodowo , Janowo , Jelonko , Kamienica Królewska , Kamienicka Huta , Kamienicki Młyn , Kamionka Gowidlińska , Karczewko , Karłowo , Karwacja , Kokwino , Koryta , Kowale , Kujaty , Kukówka , Łączki , Lemany , Leszczynki , Lisie Jamy , Łyśniewo Sierakowickie , Migi , Moczydło , Mojusz , Mojuszewska Huta , Mrozy , Nowa Ameryka , Nowalczysko , Olszewko , Paczewo , Pałubice , Patoki , Piekiełko , Poljańska , Poręby , Przylesie , Puzdrowo , Puzdrowski Młyn , Rębienica , Sierakowice , Sierakowice-Wybudowanie , Sierakowska Huta , Skrzeszewo , Smolniki , Sosnowa Góra , Srocze Góry , Stara Huta , Stara Maszyna , Szklana , Szopa , Szramnica , Tuchlinek , Tuchlino , Welk , Wygoda Sierakowska , Załakowo and Zarębisko . Gmina Sierakowice

483-504: The socio-political climate may have influenced these results. The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is higher, around 366,000. All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in Gmina Sierakowice , Gmina Linia , Gmina Parchowo , Gmina Luzino and Gmina Żukowo in

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506-576: The source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish. Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others. [œ], [ø] (northern dialects) The following digraphs and trigraphs are used: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashubian: Article 1 of

529-615: Was Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov by Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881). Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902 in Winona, Minnesota ) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938) from Kościerzyna , who wrote the Kashubian national epic The Life and Adventures of Remus . Jan Trepczyk was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was Stanisław Pestka . Kashubian literature has been translated into Czech , Polish , English , German , Belarusian , Slovene and Finnish . Aleksander Majkowski and Alojzy Nagel belong to

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